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Topic: Solar thermal energy

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	Renewable Energy - Solar Energy, radiant/light energy, heat/thermal energy
		Solar energy is the solar radiation that reaches the earth.
		Solar thermal power generation is essentially the same as conventional technologies except that in conventional technologies the energy source is from the stored energy in fossil fuels released by combustion.
		Energy losses from thermal-energy transport are minimized as solar energy is being directly transferred by reflection from the heliostats to a single receiver, rather than being moved through a transfer medium to one central location, as with parabolic troughs.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/solar.html (1834 words)

	Thermomax Industries Western USA, Canada — Facts About Solar Energy, what is solar energy and solar thermal energy?
		Solar thermal technologies use the sun's heat energy to heat substances (such as water or air) for applications such as space heating, pool heating and water heating for homes and businesses.
		Solar thermal collectors can be mounted on the roof of a building or in another location that has exposure to the sun.
		Solar energy can be integrated with existing energy methods, such as wood stove and demand boiler, to produce 100% of the required thermal loads.
	www.solarthermal.com /facts_about_solar_energy.asp (298 words)

	Solar thermal energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The major applications of solar thermal energy at present are heating swimming pools, heating water for domestic use, and space heating of buildings.
		For these purposes, the general practice is to use flat-plate solar energy or evacuated tube collectors with a fixed orientation (position).
		the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_thermal_energy (339 words)

	Solar thermal energy receiver - Patent 5113659
		To provide for even distribution of the energy despite uneven impingement of solar energy on the heat pipes, absence of solar energy at times, or failure of one or more heat pipes, energy storage means are disposed on the heat pipes which extend through a heat pipe thermal coupling means into the heat activated device.
		Thermal storage canisters 14 are disposed on the heat pipes 13 to provide heat to the heat pipes 13 when insufficient sunlight is received through the aperture 12 as would occur during part of the orbit of a space vehicle.
		Energy storage is accomplished by melting and freezing of the thermal energy storage material in the canisters.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5113659.html (3246 words)

	Solar thermal energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is a test facility devoted to the development of the use of solar energy.
		Australian Solar and Air Energy efficient solar water heating equipment, including household and swimming pools in conjunction with solar electric.
		Surry Solar Services Solar Hero is a low cost solar thermal system that can be installed as a complete new system or used for repairing and/or retrofitting existing systems.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Solar_thermal_energy.html (648 words)

	Solar energy, thermal energy, solar basics
		Solar energy is the cleanest and most inexhaustible of all known energy sources.
		Thermal solar on the other hand has average efficiency levels 4-5 times that of PV, and is therefore much cheaper per unit of energy produced.
		Thermal energy can be used to passively heat buildings through the use of certain building materials and architectural design, or used directly to heat water for household use.
	www.apricus.com /html/solar_energy.htm (459 words)

	Solar Thermal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Solar radiant energy is captured and converted into thermal energy by the collector.
		This thermal energy is transferred to water (heating it) in a storage tank.
		Leave the solar heater and control bucket out in the sun for 1 or 2 hours and measure the temperature of the water periodically, as well as the temperature inside the heater.
	www.pluggingintothesun.org.uk /solarthermal.htm (936 words)

	Encyclopedia: Solar thermal energy
		Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun.
		Renewable energy (sources) or RES capture their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows.
		Solar heating is a style of building construction which uses the energy of sunshine to heat a structure.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Solar-thermal-energy (492 words)

	SEDA Renewable Energy & Cogeneration: Solar Thermal Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Solar energy is Australia's largest energy resource: the average amount of solar energy that falls on Australia is about 15,000 times the nation's energy use.
		The nature of solar energy, however, is that it is an intermittent and diffuse source - it's not available on cloudy days or at night - and it is not concentrated.
		Solar thermal energy is that part of the solar spectrum that provides heat.
	www.seda.nsw.gov.au /ren_solarthermal_body.asp (482 words)

	solar thermal power
		Solar thermal electric power plant generates heat by using lenses and reflectors to concentrate the sun's energy.
		Solar thermal electric systems operating in the US today [Solar Parabolic Troughs] meet the needs of over 350,000 people (equal to the population of the city of Fresno, CA or Miami, FL) and displace the equivalent of 2.3 million barrels of oil annually.
		Solar Parabolic Dish systems consist of a parabolic-shaped concentrator (similar in shape to a satellite dish) that reflects solar radiation onto a receiver mounted at the focal point at the center.
	www.solardev.com /SEIA-makingelec.php (538 words)

	Modul 3.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The water heated by solar energy is stored in the storage tanks, one made of mild steel and the second of stainless steel with a total capacity of about 52000 litres.
		The principle advantage of using solar energy for cooling purpose is that cooling is required (either for comfort or for preservation of food) most when the solar radiation is greatest.
		The performance of solar stills can be studied by writing the mass and energy balances for different sections of the still as well as the complete still and is shown in figure 3.1.8.
	www.courses.ait.ac.th /ED06.22/course1/lecs/module3/m31o98.html (4507 words)

	SOLAR-8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many utilities studying the potential of using solar thermal water heating technologies as a tool or distributed generation and renewable energy deployment understand that allowing solar thermal technologies to be included in the definition of renewables may add significant value to future investments in solar water heating technologies.
		Solar thermal water heating systems can be measured in the exact same manner by which other end-use renewable energy technologies are measured.
		This change in the definition of renewable energy will most certainly give utilities an option that is low-cost and extremely valuable to fulfill renewable energy portfolio standard requirements and is essential to assuring that the US fully recognize its renewable energy generation potential.
	www.cc.state.az.us /working/solar-8.htm (504 words)

	ANU - Solar Thermal Energy Research - Solar Thermal
		When the solar field is operating, the molten nitrate salt moves from a cold (288oC) storage tank via the receiver at the top of the tower, where it is heated, to the hot storage tank (566oC).
		Independantly of the solar energy collection process, salt from the hot tank is passed through a heat exchanger where heat is transferred to produce superheated steam, with the salt passing back to the cold storage tank.
		Solar thermal power in the form of mechanical energy for water pumping was established for the first time near Cairo in 1914 (~ 40 kW).
	engnet.anu.edu.au /DEresearch/solarthermal/high_temp/concentrators/basics.php (4126 words)

	Solar Energy
		Solar energy is produce by the nuclear reaction in the sun.
		Solar energy is a term used to identify the electromagnetic radiation given of by the sun and intercepted by Earth.
		The disadvantages of solar thermal energy are that few areas of country don't have enough sunshine to be able to work it.
	mclane.fresno.k12.ca.us /wilson98/MWHI/1998/xiong.html (1340 words)

	Solar thermal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Energy in the form heat is one of the main energy requirements in domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors of our economy.
		There are two reasons for this – first, the solar pond can provide the thermal energy required for the process; and second, the pond can be a repository for the concentrated waste brine, disposal of which often prove to be a difficult problem, particularly with anti-pollution laws becoming stricter every day.
		A solar pond – coupled to an energy-efficient, low temperature, multi-effect, multi-stage, flash desalination system offers the highest potential for producing potable water on a large scale, at competitive costs compared to the existing fossil-fuel-powered desalination systems, for the locations where salt/bittern is available cheaply.
	www.teriin.org /renew/tech/solth/about.htm (1800 words)

	Solar thermal energy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For these purposes, the general practice is to use flat-plate (Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy) solar energy collectors with a fixed orientation (position).
		In active heating systems, fans and pumps are used to circulate the air or the heat absorbing fluid.
		See also: (Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy) solar power, (Click link for more info and facts about solar heating) solar heating, (Click link for more info and facts about renewable energy) renewable energy
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/solar_thermal_energy.htm (252 words)

	Solar Energy by Solel : Solar Thermal Electricity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Solar Power plants considered of fringe interest to mainstream energy producers till not long ago, are now likely to play a bigger role in power generation for ecological, economical and political reasons.
		Solel Solar Systems Ltd. is the world leader in the development and manufacture of solar thermal collectors for power, heating, cooling and steam generation.
		Solel provides turn-key distributed solar thermal power plants in the range of 0.5,1.2.5 5,and 10 MW for electricity, heating, cooling and steam generation for temperature ranges of up to 220 Deg C. The plants are suited to a wide range of commercial and industrial uses, both on and off the grid.
	www.solel.com /energy/article1 (636 words)

	Thermal solar energy Hot water House
		For it, the installation of solar panels called collectors is made, who absorb the heat of the sun and they transmit it to a closed circuit by which a fluid runs that, as well, transmits the heat to the heating system.
		The thermal solar energy is a strong bet of Soliclima; in addition to being economic and profitable of the renewable energies, she is the one that more possibilities of use presents/displays at the time of as much saving costs in pyme as in the domestic economy.
		A thermal solar power plant concentrates the heat of the accumulated Sun in denominated panels collectors and it transmits it, either to the running water who we used in our houses to shower to us, to mop, etc., or to the used fluid to heat by means of radiators or radiating ground.
	www.soliclima.com /en/solar_thermal_energy.htm (1267 words)

	Solar Energy Alternative
		This is not to say that solar thermal energy is better than PV power or hydrogen fuel cells or wind or geothermal any other source of energy.
		Once a person learns how to build and install solar hot water systems he or she will gain the experience needed to build a solar thermal roof or Trombe Walls or solar thermal engines by understanding the basic principles of thermodynamics for transferring heat and for generating power.
		An entire energy independent house can be designed and built by anyone with basic construction skills and with a background in solar thermal energy.
	www.jc-solarhomes.com /energy-alternative.htm (1184 words)

	California Solar Center - Solar Thermal History
		The first solar water heaters were bare metal tanks painted fl containing water and tilted to face the sun.
		The solar water heater, Kemp advertised, would simplify housekeeping duties for this class of men already burdened by their wives and domestic staffs absence and unaccustomed to such work as lighting the gas furnace or stove to heat water.
		He separated the solar water heater into two parts: a heating element exposed to the sun and an insulated storage unit tucked away in the house so families could have sun heated water day and night and early the next morning.
	www.californiasolarcenter.org /history_solarthermal.html (2622 words)

	APP - Current Research > Solar thermal energy
		Solar thermal electricity has been successfully demonstrated on a large scale in California over the last 20 years.
		For large-scale solar electricity generation, cost reductions are still needed to compete with low cost traditional electricity in developed nations.
		ork is underway in the areas of solar thermal power plants (heat transfer and optics), solar water heating using advanced flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors for water and process heating, and radiative cooling.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /app/research/solar (223 words)

	Solar Thermal Energy Will be Tapped to Heat Pools - IREC Interstate Renewable Energy Council
		Solar Mining Co. was responsible for the design and operation of a system at Packerland Packing in Green Bay, one of the largest solar energy
		Previously installed solar energy systems were often not well understood nor uniformly maintained by the agencies occupying the buildings they were in.
		DSF and Solar Mining will continue to explore and analyze additional applications and locations within State facilities for installation of solar thermal systems where the installation and operation cost can be competitive with current fuel rates.
	www.irecusa.org /articles/static/1/1070219977_1018302029.html (362 words)

	glossary of solar heating terms used for solar thermal energy applications
		The ratio of solar energy absorbed by a surface to the solar energy striking it.
		A solar collection device in which sunlight is converted into heat on a plane surface without the aid of reflecting surfaces to concentrate the rays.
		A solar heating or cooling system in which the solar heat is collected exterior to the building and transferred inside using ducts or piping and, usually fans or ducts.
	solarexpert.com /Glossary.html (1709 words)

	SOLAR
		Solar photovoltaic (solar cell) is a direct conversion of the sun's electromagnetic radiation to electricity, and is not limited by Carnot cycle efficiency considerations.
		The solar cell structure consists of two layers of material: one layer is doped with an impurity such as boron to make it negative (n-type), and the other is similarly doped to make it positive.
		Solar thermal is the use of a vapor power cycle that requires the concentration of solar energy to reach high temperatures and reasonable thermal efficiency.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~holbert/eee463/SOLAR.HTML (994 words)

	Solar thermal route (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While working to develop prefabricated ferrocement biogas plants, CSR experimented with passive solar curing systems consisting of fixed curing trays and mobile curing hoods which were placed on top of the elements to be cured.
		Solar drying systems are home made, and are operational in houses and food processing units for drying fruits, melting jaggery, etc.
		A 15 meter diameter solar bowl is installed and operates at the Solar Kitchen to produce sufficient steam (600kg) to cook 2,000 meals on clear days.
	www.auroville.org /research/ren_energy/solar_thermal.htm (604 words)

	definition of solar energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These hearings were held to determine if pending levels of funding were consistent with programs proposed in the program definition for the Solar Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Act of...
		solar panel, solar water heating installation, definition of solar energy, graphs on wind energy, solar...
		Of this approximately 19% of the energy is absorbed by...
	www.retreatcentre.ca /definition-of-solar-energy.html (319 words)

	Worldwide capacity of solar thermal energy greatly underestimated \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		The underestimation of the capacity of solar thermal was due largely to the fact that solar thermal installations have traditionally been counted in square meters of collector area, a unit not comparable with other energy sources.
		Making the installed capacity of solar thermal collectors comparable with that of other energy sources was a top priority at a joint meeting of the IEA-SHC Programme and major solar thermal trade associations, which was held in September 2004 in Austria.
		The represented associations from Austria, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the USA as well as the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) and the IEA SHC Programme agreed to use a factor of 0.7 kWth/m2 to derive the nominal capacity from the area of installed collectors.
	www.energybulletin.net /3998.html (469 words)

	PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
		Solar pool heating payback can be as low as two years and the solar system can extend the swimming season by several weeks without any additional cost (unlike a conventional pool heater).
		The power saved by all the solar hot water heating and pool heating systems currently installed in the U.S. is equivalent to 9 megawatts per year, or the annual output of a typical nuclear powerplant.
		When a solar hot water heating system is included in the financing for a new home, the typical cost of the system ranges from $13 to $20 month and because the system is included in the home's mortgage, the homeowner can take advantage of a federal income tax interest rate deduction.
	www.ecomall.com /greenshopping/renewable.htm (412 words)

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