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Topic: Solar wind

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	Solar Wind
		The solar magnetic fields embedded in the plasma are carried into space by the solar wind to form the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).
		Because of solar rotation, the point where the open field line is anchored to the Sun moves and as a result the interplanetary magnetic field has the form of a spiral (This spiral pattern is not unlike the one seen for water emanating from a rotating garden sprinkler).
		As the solar wind expands, its density decreases as the inverse of the square of its distance from the Sun.
	fusedweb.pppl.gov /CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/SolarWind.html (1088 words)

	[No title]
		The solar corona material is massive in size (they can occupy up to a quarter of the solar limb), and frequently accompanied by the remnants of an eruptive prominence, and less often by a strong solar flare.
		Note also that data from Ulysses during solar minimum have shown that the solar wind from the Sun's poles has a higher speed than the speed in the ecliptic, so then the heliopause should be further from the Sun in the polar direction.
		The earlier spots in the solar cycle appear at higher latitudes and the later spots in the solar cycle emerge nearer to the equator.
	solar-center.stanford.edu /gloss.html (2724 words)

	Solar Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The solar wind is the supersonic outflow into interplanetary space of plasma from the Sun's corona, the region of the solar atmosphere beginning about 4000 km above the Sun's visible surface and extending several solar radii into space.
		Embedded in the outflowing solar wind plasma is a weak magnetic field known as the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).
		The solar wind varies--in density, velocity, temperature, and magnetic field properties--with the solar cycle, heliographic latitude, heliocentric distance, and rotational period.
	pluto.space.swri.edu /IMAGE/glossary/solar_wind.html (638 words)

	SPARTAN 201-3: The Solar Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The solar wind, in fact, is the medium which connects the magnetic variation of the Sun out through the heliosphere, the volume of interplanetary space which is influenced by solar magnetic fields, to various bodies found in the solar system.
		The scientific interest in the solar wind stems from this fact, and has held the attention of researchers for two reasons: (1) To the extent that the physics of the solar wind is known, it is possible to establish causality, and establish predictive capability for solar-geophysical events.
		In the space between the orbits of Mercury and Jupiter, research in the solar wind was dominated by data obtained from instruments carried on spacecraft restricted to near the ecliptic plane.
	umbra.nascom.nasa.gov /spartan/the_solar_wind.html (905 words)

	NGDC/STP - On-Line Glossary of Solar-Terrestrial Terms
		Solar flares that occur repetitively in the same ACTIVE REGION, with essentially the same position and with a common pattern of development.
		Of the white-light CORONA (that is, the corona seen by the eye at a total solar eclipse), that portion which is caused by sunlight scattered by electrons in the hot outer atmosphere of the sun.
		Solar magnetograms are a graphic representation of solar mag- netic field strengths and polarity.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/GLOSSARY/glossary.html (2480 words)

	NASA - Deep Roots of Solar Wind Help Predict Space Weather Across the Solar System
		A layer deep in the solar atmosphere can be used to estimate the speed of the solar wind, a stream of electrified gas that constantly blows from the Sun.
		Like wind on Earth, the solar wind is gusty, ranging in speed from about 750,000 miles per hour (approximately 350 km/second) to 1.5 million miles per hour (700 km/second).
		Since the solar wind is made up of electrically-charged particles, it responds to magnetic fields that permeate the solar atmosphere.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/solarsystem/solar_wind_speed.html (1013 words)

	SOLAR WIND NEAR EARTH: INDICATOR OF VARIATIONS IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The strongest contributors to the solar wind intensity are energetic solar eruptions (coronal mass ejections, flares, and eruptive prominences) which create the highest velocities in the solar wind and shock waves that com- press and intensify magnetic fields in the solar wind plasma.
		Willis (1976) has calculated that the solar wind energy flux is less than one millionth of the Sun's electromagnetic power deposited near Earth.
		Herman and Goldberg (1978) have shown that the solar wind energy concentrates on a narrow circumpolar latitude belt near the auroral zone.
	mitosyfraudes.8k.com /Calen/SolarWind.html (2849 words)

	The Sun
		The solar wind and the much higher energy particles ejected by solar flares can have dramatic effects on the Earth ranging from power line surges to radio interference to the beautiful aurora borealis.
		Recent data from the spacecraft Ulysses show that during the minimum of the solar cycle the solar wind emanating from the polar regions flows at nearly double the rate, 750 kilometers per second, that it does at lower latitudes.
		Further study of the solar wind will be done by the recently launched Wind, ACE and SOHO spacecraft from the dynamically stable vantage point directly between the Earth and the Sun about 1.6 million km from Earth.
	www.seds.org /billa/tnp/sol.html (1435 words)

	Apollo 11 Solar Wind Composition Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Two different experiments, the Solar Wind Composition Experiment and the Solar Wind Spectrometer, were deployed on the Moon to study solar wind.
		This allowed the chemical composition of the embedded solar wind to be determined more accurately than would be possible if the measurement were made using remotely controlled instruments on the Moon, but limited the periods at which observations could be made.
		Some variation in the composition of the solar wind was observed in the measurements from the different mission.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo11/A11_Experiments_SWC.html (272 words)

	SPACE.com -- Solar Surprise: Electrified Wind Has Deep Origins
		The findings were a surprise because the solar wind appears to blow out of the lower portions of the hot, wispy corona, which extends for millions of miles above the chromosphere.
		The solar wind is composed of electrically charged particles that are partly accelerated by magnetic fields that permeate the corona.
		But with the correlation between the solar wind and the chromosphere, scientists will be able to use the data from TRACE to forecast the weather in half of the solar system, they said.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/050524_solar_surprise.html (881 words)

	The Solar Wind
		The first indication that the sun might be emitting a "wind" came from comet tails, observed to point away from the Sun, whether the comet was approaching the Sun or whether it was moving away.
		The distribution of ions in the solar wind generally resembles the distribution of elements on the Sun-- mostly protons, with 5% helium and smaller fractions of oxygen and other elements.
		It is the IMF that allows the solar wind to "pick up" the ions in a comet's ion tail, as it also did to an "artificial comet" produced in a 1985 experiment (see positive ions, "clouds of barium ions").
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wsolwind.html (819 words)

	Solar wind and IMF [Oulu]
		The solar wind originating from the streamers (closed field lines) is slow, while that originating from the coronal holes is fast.
		Typical periodicities in the solar wind can be divided into those that reflect the time scales of the solar processes themselves, those that reflect the rotation of the Sun, and those that reflect the orientation of Earth (the most typical observation point) with respect to the Sun.
		All planets are surrounded by the hot, magnetized, supersonic collisionless solar wind plasma capable of conducting electrical current and carrying a large amount of kinetic and electrical energy.
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/solarwind.html (844 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Solar Wind Origin in Coronal Funnels
		In the solar case, plasma motion towards us, which means away from the solar surface, is detected as blue shift in the ultraviolet spectrum, and thus can be used to identify the beginning of the solar wind outflow.
		The SUMER spectrometer scrutinized the sources of the solar wind by observing ultraviolet radiation coming from a large area of the northern polar region of the Sun.
		The solar wind plasma is now considered to be supplied by plasma stemming from the many small magnetic loops, with only a few thousand kilometres in height, crowding the funnel.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=36998 (995 words)

	The Solar Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the vicinity of the earth, the particles of the solar wind are traveling about 400 km/s.
		Inside a boundary called the magnetopause, the earth's magnetic field is dominant over the effects of the solar wind.
		The solar wind was first detected directly by the spacecraft Mariner 2.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/solwin.html (451 words)

	DLEG - Wind and Solar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Solar technologies include photovoltaic systems that convert sunlight to electricity, solar hot water systems that heat water for swimming pools and buildings, and solar space heating systems that provide heat for buildings.
		Wind energy systems use the wind to turn a set of aerodynamic blades attached to an electric generator or turbine.
		Wind energy resource maps are estimates of wind resources and are based primarily upon computer modeling.
	www.michigan.gov /cis/0,1607,7-154-25676_25774---,00.html (345 words)

	The Solar Wind
		The solar wind may be viewed as an extension of the outer atmosphere of the Sun (the corona) into interplanetary space.
		The solar wind escapes primarily through coronal holes, which are found predominantly near the Sun's poles; in the equatorial plane the magnetic field lines of the Sun are more likely to close on themselves, particularly in periods of low solar activity.
		As we have already discussed in the section on the Earth, the solar wind can have a large influence on our planet, particularly in times of the active Sun (near sunspot maximum) when the wind is strong and can contain bursts corresponding to flares and coronal mass ejections from the Sun.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/sun/wind.html (749 words)

	The Solar Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The solar wind is the continuous flow of charged particles, ions, electrons and neutrons that comes from the Sun in every direction.
		The solar wind is not restricted by the field lines, however, and easily expands.
		Slow--The slow solar wind is associated with closed magnetic field lines, which causes its speed to be less than that of the fast solar wind.
	solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu /hjenning/TourSolarWind.html (453 words)

	Characteristics of the Solar Wind
		This is a cropped portion of a data plot showing the solar wind speed and density from December 1999 - December 2000.
		The solar wind is made of Hydrogen (95%) and Helium (4%) and Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Neon, Magnesium, Silicon and Iron (~1%).
		So even though the solar wind moves incredibly fast (normally in the range from 300 to 600 km/s), it wouldn't even ruffle your hair if you were to stand directly in the midst of a solar wind breeze!
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/sun/wind_character.html (370 words)

	Current Solar Wind Conditions
		This index is keyed to the estimated instantaneous asymptotic voltage across the polar cap, the single most important measure of electrical power delivered to the atmosphere from the solar wind.
		We now use data from the ACE Real-Time Solar Wind package since this spacecraft is tracked more often than WIND.
		, Solar Wind, and NOAA/SEC.) The earliest logged transition occurred on September 25, 2003.
	space.rice.edu /ISTP/dials.html (351 words)

	ScienceDaily: Solar Wind Originates In Coronal Funnels
		The solar wind consists of protons, alpha particles (two-fold ionized helium), heavy ions and electrons flowing from the surface of the Sun with speeds ranging from 300 to 800 km/s.
		Solving the nature and origin of the solar wind is one of the main goals for which SOHO was designed.
		The solar wind plasma is now considered to be supplied by plasma stemming from the many small magnetic loops, with only a few thousand kilometers in height, crowding the funnel.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/05/050519143633.htm (2318 words)

	Solar and Renewable Energy Products: Solar Power, Wind Power, Alternative Energy, Photovoltaics, Off Line, Water ...
		Wind has the potential to supply one third of the world's electricity by 2050, according to a report by umbrella group the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) and Greenpeace International.
		The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) applauded the one-year extension of the solar ITC in H.R. 6111, the "Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006." At the same time, the industry cautioned that the lifespan of the credits is too short to encourage significant industry growth and cost reductions.
		World wind electric generating capacity climbed from 17,800 MW in 2000 to an estimated 23,300 MW in 2001, according to preliminary data released January 8 by Lester Brown's Earth Policy Institute--a dramatic one-year gain of 5,500 MW or 31%.
	www.ecomall.com /biz/solarcat.htm (1919 words)

	Solar and Wind Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Whatever combination of solar, wind, and utility power is available, the entire power system would be greatly enhanced by a reliable, zero maintenance, ultra-long life, lower life-cycle cost power storage and management system.
		Stand-alone solar and wind powered buildings might include amenities that don't need power constantly, such as pumps for pools and pool filters, exterior lighting, etc. These discretionary loads may be progressively enabled when stored power exceeds 90% of maximum capacity and is increasing.
		Vavg is the average wind speed at the windmill.
	home.earthlink.net /~fradella/green.htm (2724 words)

	Solar Power Wind Power Generators - AIRX Whisper 100 200 300 Skystream 3.7
		During the day, if your solar system produces more electricity than is used in your home, the extra electricity produced is fed into the utility grid generating a credit on your electric bill.
		If you have determined that you have a proper location and you have a wind resource that is at least 9 mph, you will need to ensure that your state allows the connection of a small wind turbine into the grid and perhaps offers incentives.
		Wind is the “fuel” for your wind generator.
	www.alpinesurvival.com /solar-power-wind-power.html (1095 words)

	ScienceMaster - JumpStart - Solar Wind
		It is held at bay by the Earth’s vast magnetic field, which deforms under the onslaught of this solar gale, like a jellyfish buffeted by water currents, or a large tent flapping in a desert wind storm.
		The electrically charged particles of the solar wind infiltrate the Earth’s magnetic realm with an intensity and impact that depends on solar conditions and the direction of the magnetic field carried by the solar wind.
		The Wind and Polar missions, along with NASA’s contributions to SOHO, Cluster, and Geotail, constitute the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) science initiative, whose purpose is to understand how the Earth’s geospace environment responds to changes in the solar wind.
	www.sciencemaster.com /jump/space/solar_wind.php (1208 words)

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