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Topic: Solid rocket

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	Solid rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Solid rocket or a solid fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).
		The earliest rockets were solid fuelled, powered by gunpowder, used by the Chinese in warfare as early as the 13th century.
		Solid fuel grains are usually molded from a thermoset elastomer, fuel, oxidizer and catalyst.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solid_rocket (1007 words)

	Solid rocket booster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Solid rocket boosters (SRB) are used to provide the main thrust in spacecraft launches from the launchpad up to an altitude of about 45 kilometres.
		Relieving the rocket or shuttle of this weight eases the amount of liquid-fuel needed and lowers the launch vehicle mass.
		Solid rocket motors cannot easily be turned off or have their thrust terminated during flight, which is a risk factor for manned spacecraft.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solid_rocket_booster (402 words)

	Rocket Engine Performance
		Model rocket engines come in a variety of sizes and weights, with different amounts of propellant, with different burn patterns which effects the thrust profile, and with different values of the delay charge which sets the amount of time for the coasting phase of the flight.
		Solid rocket propellant only burns at the surface of the propellant and the surface burns away as the propellant turns into a gas.
		Designers of solid rockets can produce the given thrust curves by changing the total amount of propellant placed in the engine, by varying the the angle of the cone in the propellant, and by varying the diameter of the propellant and casing.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/rktengperf.html (767 words)

	Model Rocket Engine
		In a liquid rocket, the fuel and the source of oxygen (oxidizer) necessary for combustion are stored separately and pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
		In a solid rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together into a solid propellant which is packed into a solid cylinder.
		Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps used to move the fuel and oxidizer, and you usually load the fuel and oxidizer into the rocket just before launch.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/rktengine.html (730 words)

	Chapter 6 -- Rockets and Rocket Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The rocket's ignition commences by shooting flames down its entire length to initiate the combustion evenly throughout the grain, another term for solid rocket propellant.
		This system is really only a partially reusable rocket because the orbiter, the space shuttle main engines and the solid rocket boosters return to be used again, but the shuttle's largest component, the external tank, is thrown away after use by letting it crash into either the Indian or Pacific Oceans.
		Rockets did not just appear for modern humanity to start using; they are the result of years and years of evolution.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter6.html (2268 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Solid rocket propellants, which are dry to the touch, contain both the fuel and oxidizer combined together in the chemical itself.
		Rockets that do not have the hollow core must be ignited at the lower end of the propellants and burning proceeds gradually from one end of the rocket to the other.
		The fuel of a liquid-propellant rocket is usually kerosene or liquid hydrogen; the oxidizer is usually liquid oxygen.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/rockets/rocketry.html (3796 words)

	Rocket Propulsion
		In a liquid rocket, the propellants, the fuel and the oxidizer, are stored separately as liquids and are pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
		In a solid rocket, the propellants are mixed together and packed into a solid cylinder.
		With a liquid rocket, you can stop the thrust by turning off the flow of propellants; but with a solid rocket, you have to destroy the casing to stop the engine.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/rocket.html (570 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Jets and Rockets
		The difference between a solid rocket and a liquid rocket, however, is that the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together and cast into a solid mass.
		However, while solid rockets are typically safer, they are usually not as powerful or efficient as their liquid cousins.
		The ducted rocket works in the same way as the hybrid rocket except that the oxygen is taken from the external atmosphere, like a jet, instead of carried aboard the vehicle.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/propulsion/q0161.shtml (969 words)

	NASA Glenn Learning Technologies Project (LTP)
		Today's rockets are remarkable collections of human ingenuity that have their roots in the science and technology of the past.
		By the 16th century rockets fell into a time of disuse as weapons of war, though they were still used for fireworks displays, and a German fireworks maker, Johann Schmidlap, invented the "step rocket," a multi-staged vehicle for lifting fireworks to higher altitudes.
		Nearly all uses of rockets up to this time were for warfare or fireworks, but there is an interesting old Chinese legend that reported the use of rockets as a means of transportation.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/TRC/Rockets/history_of_rockets.html (2198 words)

	Spaceflight :Solid Propellants for Missiles and Rockets
		In fact, the rockets that Francis Scott Key observed during the War of 1812, called Congreve rockets after their English inventor William Congreve, and which are mentioned in the U.S. national anthem, were virtually identical to those fired by the Chinese eight centuries before.
		Solids were used for many military applications, such as short-range rockets, but they were not used for any long-range applications, and certainly not for spaceflight due to their comparative lack of power.
		Soviet rocket designers produced better liquid propellants than their early ones that could be stored inside the missile for long periods of time, but they lagged far behind the United States in solid propellant technology.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/solids/SP13.htm (1531 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Rocket Engines Work"
		A rocket engine is generally throwing mass in the form of a high-pressure gas.
		The fact that the fuel turns from a solid or liquid into a gas when it burns does not change its mass.
		If you burn a pound of rocket fuel, a pound of exhaust comes out the nozzle in the form of a high-temperature, high-velocity gas.
	www.howstuffworks.com /rocket2.htm (431 words)

	NASA - NASA Successfully Completes Solid Rocket Motor Test
		The shuttle's reusable solid rocket motor is the largest solid rocket motor ever flown, the only one rated for human flight and the first designed for reuse.
		It is the primary component of the shuttle's twin solid rocket boosters.
		During a shuttle launch, the solid propellant rockets take the shuttle to an altitude of 28 miles at a speed of 3,094 mph before they separate and fall into the ocean to be retrieved, then refurbished and prepared for another flight.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2006/06-031.html (469 words)

	[No title]
		Rocket fire-arrows were certainly used to repel Mongol invaders at the battle of Kai-fung-fu in 1232 A.D. The rockets were huge and apparently quite powerful.
		The rocket researchers quickly outgrew their facilities at Kummersdorf on the outskirts of Berlin and, in 1936, operations were transferred to a remote island on Germany's Baltic coast -- Peenemuende.
		Rocket propulsion experts devised a number of modifications to the solid rocket motor design to remedy the fault.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /history/rocket-history.txt (4214 words)

	Space and its Exploration: How a Solid Propellant Rocket Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Preluding the liquid fueled rocket, this rocket type began with contributions to the field by such scientists as Zasiadko, Constantinov, and Congreve.
		Function: A solid propellant is a monopropellant fuel-a single mixture of several chemicals (the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent or fuel).
		The Saturn V moon rocket used nearly 8 million pounds of thrust that would not have been feasible with the use of solid propellant, requiring a high specific impulse liquid propellant.
	adc.gsfc.nasa.gov /adc/education/space_ex/solid.html (894 words)

	NASA - Solid Rocket Boosters
		The Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) operate in parallel with the main engines for the first two minutes of flight to provide the additional thrust needed for the Orbiter to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth.
		The solid rocket motor is the largest solid propellant motor ever developed for space flight and the first built to be used on a manned craft.
		The solid fuel is actually powdered aluminum -- a form similar to the foil wraps in your kitchen -- mixed with oxygen provided by a chemical called ammonium perchlorate.
	www.nasa.gov /returntoflight/system/system_SRB.html (381 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Delta Launch Report \| Solid rocket booster problem delays SIRTF until August
		Worried that a suspect rocket nozzle on one of the Boeing Delta 2's solid-fueled boosters could trigger a catastrophic failure during launch, NASA on Friday grounded the Space Infrared Telescope Facility until mid-August.
		Both SIRTF and that second Mars rover use the Delta 2 Heavy rocket configuration, which is distinguished by the larger solid rocket motors originally developed for the Delta 3 vehicle.
		NASA said the 46-inch solids earmarked to be used on the Mars launch have been cleared for flight.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0304/18sirtfdelay (906 words)

	solid-propellant rocket motor
		A solid-propellant rocket motor consists of a casing, usually steel, filled with a solid propellant charge, called the grain, which contains all the chemical constituents (fuel plus oxidizer) for complete burning.
		Solid propellant motors have a variety of uses.
		Small solids often power the final stage of a launch vehicle, or attach to payloads to boost them to higher orbits.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/solid-propellant_rocket_motor.html (299 words)

	Richard Nakka's Experimental Rocketry Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ideal rocket represents the maximum performance condition that could be attained if it were not for real-world factors and other approximations that lead to performance reductions in actual solid rocket motors.
		Solid propellant, however, typically has a high combustion efficiency if well mixed and the oxidizer particle size is very fine.
		As amateur experimental rocket motors typically have short burn times, a significant portion of the total impulse may result from the pressure start-up or tail-off phases of the burn, when the chamber pressure is well below the steady-state operating pressure level.
	members.aol.com /ricnakk/th_corr.html (831 words)

	Candlestick Rocket Ship
		In contrast, today's solid-fuel rockets use solid materials such as perchlorate compounds as oxidizers, and the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together before being packed into the rocket.
		Rocket launches are still so rare that the total pollution they emit is tiny compared to that from cars, airplanes, and coal-fired power plants.
		The fuel is a form of powdered aluminum (16 percent), with an iron oxidizer powder (0.07) as a catalyst.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/28jan_envirorocket.htm (1239 words)

	Solid Rocket Booster Photos
		Workers monitor the solid rocket booster before its being lifted to mate with the Delta II rocket carrying the Mars Polar Lander.
		A solid rocket booster is raised to a vertical position for mating with the Delta II rocket.
		A solid rocket booster hangs in place between two other rocket boosters waiting to be mated with the Delta II rocket.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /msp98/images/delta981202.html (533 words)

	SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS
		The solid rocket motor ignition commands are issued when the three SSMEs are at or above 90-percent rated thrust, no SSME fail and/or SRB ignition PIC low voltage is indicated and there are no holds from the LPS.
		The solid rocket motor ignition commands are sent by the orbiter computers through the MECs to the safe and arm device NSDs in each SRB.
		SRB separation is initiated when the three solid rocket motor chamber pressure transducers are processed in the redundancy management middle value select and the head- end chamber pressure of both SRBs is less than or equal to 50 psi.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/srb.html (3986 words)

	51-L
		Main engines had been throttled up to 104 percent thrust and the Solid Rocket Boosters were increasing their thrust when the first flickering flame appeared on the right Solid Rocket Booster in the area of the aft field joint.
		The first visual indication that swirling flame from the right Solid Rocket Booster breached the External Tank was at 64.660 seconds when there was an abrupt change in the shape and color of the plume.
		At about 72.20 seconds the lower strut linking the Solid Rocket Booster and the External Tank was severed or pulled away from the weakened hydrogen tank permitting the right Solid Rocket Booster to rotate around the upper attachment strut.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/51-l/mission-51-l.html (1602 words)

	Hybrisol Rocket Engines
		It would also enable a reduction in overall rocket mass because there would be no need to carry a device to ignite the solid propellant.
		The rocket would operate initially in the hybrid mode, which would afford the inherent safety of that mode plus the controllability that is typically needed during the early phase of ascent.
		Potential applications for hybrisol rocket engines range beyond the spacecraft launching market to such terrestrial applications as sounding rockets for science, distress markers, and rockets for triggering small avalanches to prevent larger ones.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Sept99/NPO20387.html (398 words)

	Rocket Drive Solid State Disk System - Aspacia
		The Rocket Drive Solid State Disk is delivered pre-configured and only takes 3-5 minutes to install in servers and workstations.
		The Rocket Drive does not cannibalize existing system memory nor is it a memory expansion card.
		Multiple Rocket Drives can be used simultaneously, as long as there are available PCI slots, by spanning the drives or striping the drives.
	www.aspacia.com /Products/Hardware/SSD/rocketdrive.htm (289 words)

	Stardust \| JPL \| NASA
		A fourth and final Solid Rocket Booster, to be mated with a Boeing Delta II rocket, starts its lift up the tower at Pad 17A.
		At Pad 17A, Cape Canaveral Air Station, a fourth and final solid rocket booster (SRB) (right) is moved from the mobile tower by a crane before mating with the Delta II rocket (left).
		At Pad 17A, Cape Canaveral Air Station, a Boeing Delta II rocket waits with its four solid rocket boosters for final preparations to launch the Stardust satellite on Feb. 6, 1999.
	stardust.jpl.nasa.gov /photo/ksc990107.html (410 words)

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