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	Solidarity (sociology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Solidarity in sociology refers to the feeling or condition of unity based on common goals, interests, and sympathies among a group's members.
		Solidarity refers to the ties in a society - social relations - that bind people to one another.
		Solidarity is commonly associated with political socialism, being the driving force and defining temperament behind the ideal classless work force.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_solidarity (172 words)

	Sociology
		Sociology is the science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamental laws of social relationships, institutions, etc.
		Sociology is a branch of the science of human behaviour that seeks to discover the causes and effects that arise in social relations among persons and in the intercommunication and interaction among persons and groups.
		The relation of sociology to social anthropology is even closer, and until about the first quarter of the 20th century the two subjects were usually combined in one department, differentiated mainly by the emphasis of the anthropologists on the sociology of preliterate peoples.
	www.crystalinks.com /sociology.html (3876 words)

	Principles of Group Solidarity
		Social scientists have long recognized that solidarity is essential for such phenomena as social order, class, and ethnic consciousness, and the provision of collective goods.
		In presenting a new general theory of group solidarity, Michael Hechter here contends that it is indeed possible to build a theory of solidarity based on the action of rational individuals and in doing so he goes beyond the timeworn disciplinary boundaries separating the various social sciences.
		Michael Hechter is Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/2118.html (195 words)

	Introduction to Sociology/Print version - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Sociology, then, is an attempt to understand the social world by situating social events in their corresponding environment (i.e., social structure, culture, history) and trying to understand social phenomena by collecting and analyzing empirical data.
		The term sociology was coined by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in 1838 from the Latin term socius (companion, associate) and the Greek term logia (study of, speech).
		In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber and in 1920 in Poland by Florian Znaniecki.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Print_version (12410 words)

	WowEssays.com - Polish Solidarity
		The Solidarity Movement in Poland The Solidarity movement in Poland was one of the most dramatic developments in Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
		The Solidarity movement originated in the working class, but unlike the previous three risings it also worked with and was involved with the Polish intellectual community.
		Solidarity forced the roundtable talks that led to free elections in 1989, and the eventual fall of communism, not only in Poland, but in all the Soviet bloc countries.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ad1/aym172.shtml (2359 words)

	Walter B. Bodenhafer: The Comparative Role of the Group Concept in Ward's Dynamic Sociology and Contemporary American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Still another extension of the principle of group solidarity in legislation is found in the social treatment of disease, both by preventive sanitation, and dissemination of information, and by public and quasi-public agencies and institutions.
		Possibly the contrast with contemporary sociology which may appear as a result of the study will prove to be one mainly of degree rather than of kind, or of less emphasis as against greater emphasis.
		The contribution of sociology to ethics rests largely upon the assumption of the group approach to the whole moral problem, both for an explanation of the origin and for the tests of validity of ethical codes.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Bodenhafer/Bodenhafer_1920_1.html (13944 words)

	Empathic Solidarity
		Empathic solidarity -- a reciprocated sense of merged consciousness and alliance, with faith in other's commitments to shared purposes -- is proposed to arise when people take on the same identity, experience the same event with regard to an outside figure, and thereby observe each other emoting the same and performing collateral actions.
		This provisional solidarity is fragile in the sense that there is no real event with remembered emotions and collateral activity to recall if a chasm begins opening between the two, so the grounds for solidarity are easily undermined by future events indicating disparity.
		For example, soldiers who have achieved solidarity in a combat zone lose it after the war is ended; and a community's solidarity in the wake of a natural disaster dissipates within weeks.
	www.indiana.edu /~socpsy/papers/solidarity.html (5151 words)

	SUNY Press :: Whitehead's Metaphysics of Extension and Solidarity
		This vision of universal solidarity, Nobo demonstrates, is the fundamental metaphysical thesis whose truth the categories and principles of Whitehead's philosophy were expressly designed to elucidate.
		The received interpretations of Whitehead's thought, Nobo shows, have ignored the mutual relevance of the solidarity thesis and the organic categoreal scheme and, for that reason, have grossly misrepresented many of Whitehead's most important metaphysical doctrines.
		He then shows that the extensional solidarity of all final actualities is an essential ingredient of the generalized conception of experience on which Whitehead builds his ontology, cosmology, and epistemology.
	www.sunypress.edu /details.asp?id=51012 (456 words)

	International Institute of Sociology
		Among the themes dealt with were organization of sociology, the organic theory of societies, the development of the language, man in his relationship to society, and the topic of social change.
		The general secretary evoked the international solidarity which was expressed by the fact that the first congress was held in France, chaired by an Englishman, concluded by a Russian, and was closed by the election of a German as chairman of the IIS for the next year.
		Once again, a conception of sociology appears which is influenced by the ideas of Comte, to whom knowledge must have a practical value so that the improvement of science may contribute to the welfare of all.
	www.tau.ac.il /~iisoc/history.html (8420 words)

	Sociological Forum Volume 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The former is best evident among primitive societies where a "mechanical solidarity," evidenced by repressive law, prevails; the latter in advanced societies where populations evidence greater "dynamic density," and juridical rules define the nature and relations of functions.
		Rather than an end in itself, Durkheim's sociology should thus be seen as a means to other ends--i.e., the "construction" of a particular kind of "fact"--within a specific social and historical context.
		Sociology appears to be one of the most internally divided disciplines, if not the most.
	www.nyu.edu /pubs/sociological.forum/volume09.html (3357 words)

	Michael Strangelove's Dissertation
		According to Giddens, mechanical solidarity "presumes identity between individuals" but organic solidarity "presupposes not identity but difference between individuals in their beliefs and actions." Societies characterised by organic solidarity establish social cohesion not through shared beliefs but through the interdependence created within the increasing division of labour.
		In the transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity social conduct becomes controlled less by the moral consensus promoted through the conscience collective and falls under the influence of the restitutive law and its regulating effect.
		Giddens notes that, within Durkheim's explanation of organic solidarity, the conscience collective continues to have an effect upon behaviour through the persistence of moral codes which were necessary for the fulfilment of contracts within the division of labour.
	www.strangelove.com /diss/append-b.html (2065 words)

	Social Science History 6: Durkheim and Weber's Contrasting Imaginations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There is a paradox in organic solidarity because the division of labour in society is a separation of its parts, but at the same time, Durkheim argues it is a strengthening of the bond between them.
		Sociology should start inside the individual with what his or her actions mean to him or her, and work outwards to understanding any laws or regularities that govern the whole of society.
		Most of the sociology you read in text books is written in the light of this integration, and the criticisms that have been made of it.
	www.mdx.ac.uk /www/study/ssh6.htm (10790 words)

	Sociology: Faculty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Hammond then moved to Sociology and earned his Ph.D. After completing his Doctorate, Hammond joined the faculty of the Department of Sociology and between 1993 and 1997, was cross-appointed to the Center for the Study of Religion.
		In 1981, his article, "The Sociology of Emotions and the Analysis of Social Differentiation: A New Path Out of Durkheim" was nominated for the Theory Prize from the American Sociological Association (ASA).
		Hammond spent six years as an Associate Editor of Sociology of Emotions, a publication of the Sociology of Emotions section of the ASA, and was selected by the Canadian Journal of Sociology to edit a special issue on the sociology of science.
	www.utoronto.ca /sociology/faculty/hammond.html (727 words)

	Durkheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sociology is a science concerned with social reality, what Durkheim refers to as “social facts.” Social facts are real things that have their own specific and objective properties.
		Sociology is, or at least should be, its own science mostly because natural science method is not prepared to study the sort of things that make up social reality—things such as morality, values, juridical affairs, economics, and art.
		Features of the density characteristic of organic solidarity: concentration of population; formation of towns; the number of rapidity of the means of communication and transportation.
	www.uwgb.edu /austina/courses/theory/theory/Durkheim.htm (6307 words)

	Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Solidarity will be seen as one of the most important social movements of the century.
		First, he explains the background to the nature of the conflict between Solidarity and the authorities by examining the relation between the distribution of power and movement strategies.
		Second, he considers the implications of Solidarity's struggle for the theory of the Soviet-type system's reproduction and transformation by offering a critique and synthesis of relevant theories of class and civil society.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521390834&print=y (356 words)

	Oxford University Press: The Civil Sphere: Jeffrey C. Alexander
		Feelings for others -- the solidarity that is ignored or underplayed by theories of power or self-interest -- are at the heart of this novel inquiry into the meeting place between normative theories of what we think we should do and empirical studies of who we actually are.
		Solidarity is "a common secular faith" driving people to coexist and respect one another.
		Jeffrey C. Alexander is Lillian Chavenson Saden Professor of Sociology at Yale University, and co-Director of the Center for Cultural Sociology.
	www.oup.com /us/catalog/general/subject/Sociology/SocialMovementSocialChange/~~/cHI9MTAmcGY9MCZzcz1hdXRob3IuYXNjJnNmPWFsbCZzZD1hc2Mmdmlldz11c2EmY2k9MDE5NTE2MjUwMQ== (863 words)

	Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bounded solidarity is the unification of a group that comes about due to the existence of a common enemy or experience.
		Bounded solidarity is seen as a byproduct of possible discrimination due to ethnicity.
		Finally, bounded solidarity can isolate members from contact with the outside - if they escape the socioeconomic class that defines the group they are seen as traitors and no longer considered members.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /PRM/PREMHome.nsf/788610011854ce9c852565e70067772a/d859f8775b59b2ef8525681500702e96?OpenDocument (427 words)

	Department of Sociology
		The Department offers a major in Sociology, the requirements for which are set forth in the College of Arts and Science Bulletin.
		Sociology students often move on to advanced study in law, medicine, and public service and administration.
		The Sociology curriculum teaches practical skills of research and analysis that are helpful for those interested in social research and policy-making, as well as many other career options.
	www.nyu.edu /cas/dept/soci.htm (972 words)

	Emile Durkheim's HomePage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mechanical solidarity is "solidarity which comes from likeness," Durkheim writes, and "is at its maximum when the collective conscience completely envelops our whole conscience and coincides in all points with it." This occurs, Durkheim claims, in early societies in which there is not much division of labor.
		The second form of solidarity Durkheim terms "organic." Organic solidarity develops as a by-product of the division of labor.
		He hypothesized that a significantly higher rate of suicide in a particular group was an indication that the social cohesion of that group was weak, and that its members were no longer protected during personal crises.
	www.faculty.rsu.edu /~felwell/Theorists/Durkheim (3828 words)

	009sport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Below is an outline of a paper on the Sociology of Sport...one may get the full paper by double clicking on the title.
		..more than that, sports offers a solidarity with which to transcend the social differentiations which produce conflict and anomie...it is a matter of pride that sports has lead the way in dismantling the legacies of racism which we inherited from slavery.
		Solidarity supplies will re-sanctify the social bonds; along with the drama of violence played out on the television screen, alchohol, special fatty foods, chants, dances and gaming will generate those extra-ordinary states which Durkheim noted as proof demonstrative of the Super-Organic; of the reality of society assembled.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /RED_FEATHER/learningcircus/009sport.html (1317 words)

	Solidarity - The MIT Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Solidarity, Hauke Brunkhorst brings a powerful combination of theoretical perspectives to bear on the concept of "democratic solidarity," the bond among free and equal citizens.
		Drawing on the disciplines of history, political philosophy, and political sociology, Brunkhorst traces the historical development of the idea of universal, egalitarian citizenship and analyzes the prospects for democratic solidarity at the international level, within a global community under law.
		Hauke Brunkhorst is Professor of Sociology and Head of the Institute of Sociology at the University of Flensburg, Germany.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item?ttype=2&tid=10549 (395 words)

	Counago & Spaves: Parerga and Paralipomena
		I’m too young and fresh-faced to be able to recall Solidarity at the height of their powers and influence, back in the 60s and 70s.
		My first encounters with them must have been at anarchist bookfairs in London in the very early 80s, when I was studying sociology at the LSE and contemplating a move away from the Marxism I’d been drawn to by ‘A level’ sociology and my erstwhile mentor, the late Don Henry.
		And this is where we came in: Solidarity confirmed for me the falsehood underlying the Marxist belief that because there are no differences in property relations between the Party and the proletariat, there can be no conflict of interest, a belief disproved by Marxism in practice.
	counago-and-spaves.blogspot.com /2005/05/parerga-and-paralipomena_19.html (696 words)

	Ronald Reagan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example Lech Wałęsa, leader of the Solidarity movement in Poland, said in 2004, "When talking about Ronald Reagan, I have to be personal.
		This can't be said often enough by people who lived under oppression for half a century, until communism fell in 1989." [3] Helmut Kohl, chancellor of West Germany, said, "He was a stroke of luck for the world.
		Following this policy, the administration funded groups they called "freedom fighters" such as the mujahideen in Afghanistan, the Contras in Nicaragua, and Jonas Savimbi's rebel forces in Angola all of which were fighting Soviet or Cuban backed Marxist governments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ronald_Reagan (9534 words)

	SUNY Press :: Racial Competition and Class Solidarity
		This book explores the role of racism and racial solidarity in union organizing efforts or strikes during the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement, covering both those conditions and actions that enabled unions to realize interracial solidarity and those more common circumstances in which union organizing was defeated by racial competition.
		Terry Boswell is Professor of Sociology at Emory University and the author (with Christopher Chase-Dunn) of The Spiral of Capitalism and Socialism: Toward Global Democracy.
		Cliff Brown is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire.
	www.sunypress.edu /details.asp?id=61235 (412 words)

	Social Solidarity and the Gift - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is concluded that over the past century solidarity has undergone a fundamental transformation, from Durkheim’s “organic” solidarity to a type of solidarity that can be called “segmented”: separate, autonomous social segments connecting with other segments, no longer out of necessity and mutual dependency but on the basis of individual choice.
		Her articles on informal giving, reciprocity and solidarity, power, morality, and gender issues have appeared in international journals such as Sociology, the Journal of Marriage and the Family, and the Journal of Family Issues.
		During the second half of the 1990s a remarkable development occurred in the political tide in Holland: after having led a hidden existence during several decades, the themes of solidarity and social cohesion suddenly came to be exposed in full daylight.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521841003&ss=fro (1195 words)

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