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	Socialism Today - The Rise and fall of Solidarnosc
		The lack of a determined national general strike and the dispersed nature of the protests were results of the disillusionment at the way the national leadership of Solidarnosc had acted in the months up to the coup and the lack of a revolutionary alternative that could have led the opposition.
		KOR gained widespread influence in Solidarnosc because it publicised the conditions in which workers lived, and the heroism of its members, many of whom spent long periods in jail.
		But as wide layers of Solidarnosc activists had been convinced that the bureaucrats were the ‘owners’ of industry, they no longer saw the need to defend state ownership and often supported privatisation, which they thought would free them of these horrendous bureaucrats.
	www.socialismtoday.org /63/solidarnosc.html (3483 words)

	Internationale Socialisters Ungdom ->>Socialistisk Arbejderavis -> Solidarnosc
		For i virkeligheden havde udviklingen af Solidarnosc ikke kun betydning i Polen og Østeuropa.
		Solidarnosc var skabt i en dobbeltmagtsituation og udgjorde den ene pol i den.
		Colin Barker : Solidarnosc — Polen 1980-81, Kbh.
	www.socialister.dk /avisen/viewarticle.asp?ArticleID=823 (1212 words)

	Welcome to NSZZ Solidarnosc Web Site!
		It is certain that the imposition of Martial Law in December, 1981 and the detention of several thousand of its leaders, members and sympathisers resulted in the suspension of the union's activity and its aspirations in making reforms, however the union continued to exist.
		In 1987, the symptoms of disintegration on the part of the Communist regime in Poland were evident to such a degree that it became possible to reveal NSZZ "Solidarnosc" leadership structures on all levels, even though there continued to be a formal, legal ban on independent trade union activity.
		The Communist authorities, which had tried for seven years to ruin the union, and which had even banned the use of the word "solidarity", were forced to accept NSZZ "Solidarnosc" as a party to negotiations, and the Union's president, Lech Walesa, as the undisputed leader of the entire democratic opposition.
	www.solidarnosc.org.pl /english/about/eng_about_02.htm (1943 words)

	Solidarnosc: Acid Test for Trotskyists (1988)
		Solidarnosc was born in August 1980 as a response of the Polish workers to the profound economic crisis engendered by the Stalinist regime.
		Solidarnosc won a round at Bydgoszcz, but the willingness of the leadership to reach a settlement with the government—which the episcopacy was pushing for—created dissatisfaction among elements of its base who felt that more concessions could have been won.
		Solidarnosc's leadership was united in recognizing that the explosion of uncontrolled strikes was eroding their position in the struggle with the authorities.
	www.bolshevik.org /Pamphlets/Solidarnosc/solidarnosc.html (16259 words)

	Poland 1981: Acid Test for Trotskyists - Theses on Solidarnosc
		The conduct of the leadership of Solidarnosc in preparation for the September 1981 Congress indicated its pro-capitalist character.
		The fact that Solidarnosc was consolidated around a pro-capitalist leadership and program is eloquent testimony to the complete political bankruptcy of the anti-working class Stalinist parasites who, in over three decades of administering ‘‘socialism’’ in Poland, only succeeded in driving a large chunk of the working class into the arms of nationalist/clerical reaction.
		While Trotskyists took an attitude of critical support to the 13 December military suppression of the counterrevolutionary threat posed by Solidarnosc, it was necessary to maintain an attitude of irreconcilability toward Jaruzelski and the rest of the Stalinist bureaucracy.
	www.bolshevik.org /1917/no3/no03pol.html (942 words)

	Address to the members of the Polish Solidarnosc (Solidarity) Union
		In that year the sense of unity for good and the common desire for prosperity of the oppressed Nation overcame hatred and the desire for revenge and became the seed of a democratic State.
		However, we should ask ourselves whether they can influence the engagement of new employees - since they appear to be hired more and more frequently on a temporary basis - or the method of dismissal, as they are fired with total disregard for the fate of the individuals and their families.
		It seems that "Solidarnosc", at a certain stage in history, on entering directly into the world of politics and assuming responsibility for governing the country, had no option but to give up defending the interests of workers in many economic and public sectors.
	www.vatican.va /holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/november/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031111_solidarnosc_en.html (1405 words)

	Poland: Solidarnosc’s rise and fall
		Even the Solidarnosc leadership, in their report to their September 1981 congress, recognised, “To our moderation, they respond with still greater aggressiveness.” At that congress a minority argued that the union should demand democratic control over the economy, but they were defeated.
		Solidarnosc leader Lech Walesa even declared, “We will build America here in Eastern Europe.” It’s a historical irony that the Solidarnosc leaders went over to support the restoration of capitalism at exactly the same time as the ruling Stalinist bureaucracy in Poland, Eastern Europe and Russia, for their own reasons, reached the same conclusion.
		Solidarnosc’s political party was wiped out in the 2001 parliamentary elections, and today the Solidarnosc trade union exists as a shadow of its former self trying to resist the effects of the neo-liberal policies it ended up promoting!
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2005/08/23poland.html (2780 words)

	Programme resolution Xth National Congress of Delegates of NSZZ "Solidarnosc" : Jastrzebie Zdroj, 24.-26.1998. - ...
		Independent and Self Governing Trade Union (NSZZ) "Solidarnosc" was created in 1980 in order to defend the interests of the workers and their families in the peaceful way, and following the social teaching of the Roman-Catholic Church it is building the social relationships based on the truth, respect for human dignity, freedom and patriotism.
		The tasks defined by the programme resolution of the VII National Congress of Delegates of NSZZ "Solidarnosc" - the increase of the incomes, reduction of unemployment, ensuring of common access to the health care and education, the protection of the families against poverty, ensuring the benefits from the social insurance - remain valid.
		The issues of the transition period for full harmonisation with the acquis communicataire, the institutional reform of the EU connected directly with the accession of new countries and also the reform of the common agricultural policy and the restructuring of the Union budget are especially important.
	www.fes.de /fulltext/ialhi/90041/1.htm (3510 words)

	Permanent Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But the flood could not be held back: 60 per cent of Solidarnosc members joined while they were still party members and by early February 1981 half a million had given up their party cards.
		The Solidarnosc “radicals”, the most working class orientated of the different tendencies within the union, advocated power sharing between the workers, the church and the Stalinists.
		On the night of 12 December, after the leadership of Solidarnosc had met to plan their resistance to new attacks, the army closed down the phone network, sealed off the roads and arrested the national and regional leaders from their beds in a Gdansk hotel.
	www.permanentrevolution.net /?view=entry&entry=606 (1760 words)

	NSZZ Solidarnosc demonstration against changes in the Polish labour code
		"Solidarnosc" delegation was met by Marek Wagner, Chief of PM Chancellery, and Jerzy Hausner, Minister of Labour.
		Although before the manifestation the National Commission of NSZZ "Solidarnosc" issued an appeal to other trade unions for active support for the protest, only a few other unions joined the protest, including Solidarnosc '80 and Independent Miner's Union.
		All of them NSZZ Solidarnosc would like to express words of gratitude and thank for their solidarity.
	www.labournet.de /internationales/pl/demo.html (561 words)

	Declining trade union density examined
		In January 1989, 'Solidarnosc' was legalised and, in February 1989, negotiations with the government began at a 'round table'.
		The leader of 'Solidarnosc', Lech Walesa, and his close colleagues declared that the reborn 'Solidarnosc' should not increase its membership, as a large union centre assembling industrial workers could hamper the programme of indispensable reforms.
		Paradoxically, the great force and authority of the 'Solidarnosc' trade union, which fought the previous autocratic regime in order to introduce a market economy and restore democracy, has turned out to be a factor which has decreased trade union density among Polish workers.
	www.eiro.eurofound.eu.int /2002/08/feature/pl0208105f.html (2296 words)

	The birth of Solidarnosc \| Workers' Liberty
		Solidarnosc was a hybrid organisation — trade union movement and workers’ political organisation combined.
		One of the main reasons for the caution and vacillation of the Solidarnosc leaders was the perceived threat of a Russian invasion.
		What was lacking in Poland was an organised party of socialists that could have acted as a pole of attraction to militants opposed to the Solidarnosc leadership’s conciliatory policy, and fought to win the whole organisation to a struggle for revolution against Poland’s bureaucratic state and social system.
	www.workersliberty.org /node/4945 (1230 words)

	Lech Walesa
		Polish trade union (Niezalezny Samorzad Zwiazkow Zawodowych Solidarnosc) that in the early 1980s became the first independent labor union in a country belonging to the Soviet bloc.
		Solidarity was founded in September 1980, was forcibly suppressed by the Polish government in December 1981, and reemerged in 1989 to become the first opposition movement to participate in free elections in a Soviet-bloc nation since the 1940s.
		On August 30, accords reached between the government and the Gdansk strikers sanctioned free and independent unions with the right to strike, together with greater freedom of religious and political expression.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/walesa.html (848 words)

	AFL-CIO News: World’s Workers Celebrate 25 Years of Solidarnosc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In a letter to Solidarnosc President Janusz Sniadek, AFL-CIO President John Sweeney wrote, “We firmly believed then and firmly believe now that democracy and freedom are attained not by the good graces of those most advantaged in society but through daily struggle from the ground up.”
		Solidarnosc’s strike launched a national democracy movement that culminated in free elections in 1989 and ended Poland’s communist regime.
		The leader of the Gdańsk strike and Solidarnosc, Lech Walesa, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 and served as president of Poland from 1990–1995.
	www.aflcio.org /issues/jobseconomy/globaleconomy/ns08292005.cfm (306 words)

	Socialist Worker / www.socialist.ca
		Solidarnosc, the Polish workers’ free trade union, was born out of crisis.
		Many socialists and trade unionists in the West refused all-out support to Solidarnosc, because they still believed there was something "socialistic" about Poland.
		But the Solidarnosc that formed the first non-communist government in 1989 was a very different animal from the workers’ movement of 1980-81.
	www.socialist.ca /En/SW2005/456-07-Solidarnosc.htm (1033 words)

	UNI Commerce and Poland's Solidarnosc run succeessful organising project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Now, the situation in normal and the Solidarnosc enterprise structure is able to do its job under proper conditions.
		Solidarnosc has initiated discussions also with other leading retailers, with a view of organising and securing collective agreement recognition.
		Solidarnosc has invested much effort in this work, which has been carried out in cooperation with UNI Commerce and many of its affiliates.
	www.union-network.org /UNIsite/Sectors/Commerce/Activities/Uni_Commerce_and_Solidarnosc_work_on_organising.htm (623 words)

	„Wir haben dem Bären die Zähne ausgerissen“
		Beide feierten die Solidarnosc als leuchtendes Vorbild für die orangefarbene und die Tulpenrevolution in ihren eigenen Ländern und dankten Polen für die Unterstützung auf dem Weg der früheren Sowjetrepubliken in den Westen.
		Bundespräsident Horst Köhler nannte die Solidarnosc ein „weltweites Symbol der Freiheit“ und würdigte ihre Gründung als eine „Voraussetzung für die Einheit Deutschlands und Europas“.
		Den Höhepunkt der Feiern bildete ein Gottesdienst vor den Toren der ehemaligen Danziger Lenin-Werft.
	archiv.tagesspiegel.de /archiv/01.09.2005/2025893.asp (412 words)

	Solidarnosc et le «démenti éclatant donné à l’idéologie marxiste»
		Solidarnosc et le «démenti éclatant donné à l’idéologie marxiste»
		Solidarnosc et le « démenti éclatant donné à l’idéologie marxiste » : le cardinal Lustiger a mis en évidence « L’impensé du marxisme léninisme » dans sa conférence pour les 25 ans de « Solidarnosc ».
		Solidarnosc faisait voler en éclats les idées toutes faites de la plupart des gens, quelles que soient leurs positions théoriques et leurs options politiques ».
	www.cardinalrating.com /cardinal_54__article_2110.htm (1232 words)

	Entries for Thursday 10 November 2005, Polonia
		As Lech Walesa, founder of the movement and former Polish president pointed out, Solidarnosc "changed the face of the Earth", and possibly not just as traditionally seen within the bloc of communist countries during the 1980s, but also within the western political spheres.
		It will be interesting to get a better sense of how Solidarnosc was regarded and how it managed to influence political opinion as well as British foreign policy at the time.
		One of them is an exciting initiative by Warwick Polonia to organise a conference on the worker's union Solidarnosc (outside of the Polish-speaking world better known as Solidarity) which this year celebrated its 25th anniversary.
	blogs.warwick.ac.uk /polonia/daily/101105 (1241 words)

	Andy Zebrowski: Poland - Turning the tables? (1988)
		Already, talks between Poland's top policeman General Kiszczak, Solidarnosc leader Lech Walesa, and representatives of the church and intellectuals, have taken place to plan the more formal Round Table discussions in mid October.
		For years the regime maintained a hard face towards the opposition, keeping Solidarnosc leaders in prison and feigning indifference to the underground union.
		Firstly, the leaders were cut off from their former base in the factories and presented less of a threat.
	www.marxisme.dk /arkiv/zebrowskia/1988/10/poland.htm (1779 words)

	Essays About the Artist
		Sometime before that fateful day, Sawka had also been requested by the leaders of Solidarnosc, the powerful Polish union, to design the official Solidarnosc poster which would express, among other things, the hopes of the Polish people.
		The original artwork was secretly transported into Poland and proudly displayed in the headquarters of the Solidarnosc until it was destroyed by the Polish government.
		The poster, however, could not be suppressed; nor could Solidarnosc, which contributed to the toppling of the Communist regime in Poland.
	www.jansawka.com /bio/essays2.html (897 words)

	Welcome to FreshPlaza
		The agreement was negotiated a few years ago, inspired by the social partnership arrangements between Usdaw and Tesco in the United Kingdom, and with the active involvement of UNI Commerce.
		At the meeting in Krakow, it was agreed to intensify the contacts between Usdaw and Solidarnosc in supporting further developments of trade union work in Tesco in Poland.
		In all these companies, Poland's Solidarnosc trade union is well established, much as a result of years of close project cooperation between its Gdansk headquarters and UNI Commerce.
	www.freshplaza.com /2006/06dec/rn_pl_tescowages.htm (563 words)

	IALHI News Service: Solidarity? Western Trade Unions and Solidarnosc
		At the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the proclamation of the Martial Law in Poland, I want to organize a conference about the reactions of western trade unions on Solidarnosc, and the motives and interests behind eventual support, or the reasons for eventual indifference or reserve.
		Both after the Gdansk agreements and the foundation of the free trade union Solidarnosc (August-September 1980), and after the proclamation of the Martial Law (December 1981), support was organized by social organizations (trade unions, human rights organizations,...) and newly founded committees.
		What was the place of the Solidarnosc campaigns within the international attention and/or action of the trade unions (both towards the Second and the Third World)?
	www.ialhi.org /news/i0602_1.php (511 words)

	Welcome to NSZZ Solidarnosc Web Site!
		26 Oct. - Magdalena Zawislak dared to organise "Solidarnosc" in one of Lidl supermarkets in Gorzow.
		11 Oct. - The National Commission of NSZZ "Solidarnosc" adopted its first statement after the Congress, appealing to the workers to organise trade unions and oppose violation of workers' right as it was the recent case in Lidl and Media Markt.
		01 Aug. - President Lech Kaczynski met with the leaders of regional and branch structures of NSZZ "Solidarnosc".
	www.solidarnosc.org.pl /eng1.htm (670 words)

	European Leaders Honor "Solidarnosc" \| Europe \| Deutsche Welle \| 31.08.2005
		The idea of Solidarity is the "most important answer to the globalized world in the 21st century," Kwasniewski said.
		"The message of 'Solidarnosc' lives on, as we recently saw in during the orange revolution in the Ukraine," Kwasniewski shouted as he greeted his Ukrainian counterpart, Viktor Yushchenko.
		Solidarnosc, the workers' union that played an important role in the fall of communism in Poland, was founded 25 years ago.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,1564,1696713,00.html (697 words)

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