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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Constitution
		The second is the constitution of society, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it establishes the third, a constitution of government.
		For example, in the Constitution of Australia, most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government, and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia.
		A "constitutional violation" is an action or legislative act that is judged by a constitutional court to be contrary to the constitution, that is, "unconstitutional".
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Constitution (4790 words)

	Encyclopedia: Constitution (politics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For example, in the Constitution of Australia, most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government, and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia.
		In entrenched constitutions, a constitutional court usually exists to enforce the constitution if a case is brought before it, and some constitutional courts, such as the US Supreme Court can declare laws unenforceable that are in its interpretation "unconstitutional".
		A "constitutional violation" is an action or legislative act that is judged by a constitutional court to be contary to the constitution, that is, "unconstitutional".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Constitution-%28politics%29 (7672 words)

	Solonian Constitution -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Solonian Constitution was the earliest (A resident of Athens) Athenian constitution, created by (A man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs) Solon in the early 6th century BC.
		Solon's constitution reduced the power of the old aristocracy by making wealth rather than birth a criterion for holding political positions.
		The constitution was written as (Literature in metrical form) poetry, and as soon as it was introduced, Solon went into self-imposed (Voluntarily absent from home or country) exile for 10 years so he would not be tempted to take power as a (A cruel and oppressive dictator) tyrant.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/S/So/Solonian_Constitution.htm (360 words)

	Solonian Constitution
		The Solonian Constitution was the earliest Athenian constitution, created by Solon in the early 6th century BC.
		Solon's constitution reduced the power of the old aristocracy by making wealth rather than birth a criterion for holding political positions, a system called timokratia or Timocracy.
		The constitution was written as poetry, and as soon as it was introduced, Solon went into self-imposed exile for 10 years so he would not be tempted to take power as a tyrant.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/SolonianConstitution.html (279 words)

	Solon: Definition and links.
		His ordinances were such a success that he was given the task of rewriting the constitution, creating what was later called the Solonian Constitution.
		After having his constitution accepted he left Athens for over ten years, travelling to Egypt, Cyprus and Lydia.
		According to the historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, in Lydia he offended Croesus when he was asked "Who is the happiest man you have ever seen?", instead of complementing the king he said "I can speak of no one as happy until they are dead".
	www.encyclopedian.com /so/Solon.html (351 words)

	Office of Vermont Secretary of State Deb Markowitz -- Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The constitution is a law to the legislature as well as to us; and, should they inadvertently act in violation of this law, their doings must be void.
		The constitution was intended to provide for the future as well as the past, to protect the rights of the people by every safeguard which their wisdom and experience then approved, whether those rights then existed by the rules of the common law, or might from time to time arise out of subsequent legislation.
		The constitution says the right of trial by jury "ought to be held sacred." These are not mere sounding words, but they express the excellence of this mode of trial in the judgment of every American citizen, and the liberties of the people everywhere depend upon the sacredness in which this right is held.
	vermont-archives.org /governance/Judicial/seminar.html (11340 words)

	Philosophy- Squashed Aristotle - The Politics - Condensed and Abridged
		The normal forms, which aim at the good of the community, are called kingship, aristocracy (the rule of the best) and constitutional government; the abnormal deviations which seek the benefit of the rulers, are called tyranny, oligarchy and democracy.
		Under a constitution, the two methods should be combined, keeping both poor and rich up to the mark; and citizenship and carrying heavy armour should go together.
		In these, and in constitutional governments - the most stable of all - the main cause is the incomplete fusion of the three criteria, wealth, numbers and merit.
	www.btinternet.com /~glynhughes/squashed/aristotlepolitics.htm (3647 words)

	Solonian Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Solonian Constitution was the earliest Athenian constitution,created by Solon in the early 6thcentury BC.
		Solon's constitution reduced the power of the old aristocracy by making wealth rather than birth a criterion for holdingpolitical positions.
		The only parts of Draco's code that Solon kept were the laws regarding homicide.The constitution was written as poetry, and as soon as it was introduced, Solon wentinto self-imposed exile for 10 years so he would not be tempted to take power as a tyrant.
	www.therfcc.org /RFCC/solonian-constitution-190423.html (253 words)

	84.02.08: The Athenian Court and the American Court System
		Our sources, primarily Aristotle’s Constitution of Athens, suggest it was apparently the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor which caused the collapse of the existing constitution.
		A solution was built into the U.S. Constitution to help federal and state courts deal with conflicts which arise when state statutes are in direct conflict with federal statutes.
		With the growth of the U.S. and the development of constitutions (federal and state) common law became intertwined with civil law.
	www.cis.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1984/2/84.02.08.x.html (5569 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		The '''Solonian Constitution''' was the earliest Athens Athenian constitution, created by Solon in the early 6th century BC.
		These reforms were known as the ''Seisachtheia'', the "shaking off of burdens." Solon's constitution reduced the power of the old aristocracy by making wealth rather than birth a criterion for holding political positions.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Solonian Constitution.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Solonian_Constitution.html (318 words)

	The Solonian Reform
		Certainly the Solonian constitution is composed of something more than a system of measures, but the wording makes clear that the nomoi of Solon are considered only as a part of his system of measures.
		Masaracchia properly connects the shift in the role of the ideal of the Solonian constitution with the shift in the alighnment of the moderate party of Teramenes that at first favored the establishment of oligarchy and then turned against the Thirty and aligned itself with the defenders of the democratic constitution.
		The Athenians were correct in considering him the founder of their democratic constitution, even though he may have not passed any law concerning constitutional matters in the narrow formal sense of the word.
	www.metrum.org /measures/solonian.htm (8745 words)

	The Sortition Option
		Sortition, or selection by lot, from the Latin sortiri, has a long history of use, going back to the ancient Solonian Constitution of Athens, and serving the Republic of Venice well for 1000 years.
		The Athenian Constitution: Government by Jury and Referendum, by Roderick T. Long, Autumn 1996, published by the Libertarian Nation Foundation.
		Citizens´ Constitution of Czech Republic (Draft No 1, 2002) — Proposes "citizens commissions" selected by sortition as a key governing component.
	www.constitution.org /elec/sortition.htm (420 words)

	d. Athens. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In 592, he was appointed “reformer of the constitution.” His Seisachtheia (“shaking-off-of-burdens”) canceled all debts on land, banned debt slavery, and freed all debt slaves.
		Peisistratus also “purified” the island of Delos, the center of an Ionian religious league, which extended his political control into the Cyclades.
		At home, Peisistratus kept the form of the Solonian constitution, while holding all real power.
	www.bartleby.com /67/180.html (938 words)

	Solon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He introduced a set of ordinances, seisachtheia, that did much to improve conditions.
		He repealed most of the laws of Draco and introduced a timokratia, an oligarchy with a sliding scale of rights determined by property and productive capacity, dividing the population into four classes:
		After having his constitution accepted, Solon exacted the promise of the city that his constitution would not change unless he were to change it himself, and then he left Athens for over ten years, travelling to Egypt, Cyprus and Lydia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solon (515 words)

	Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, page 595
		(See below on the solonian constitution.) He is one of the " Seven Wise Men." He also holds a high position amongst the lyric, and especially amongst the elegiac, poets of Greece.
		The noble patriotism and kindly wisdom which marked the whole of his life found expression in his poems, which were in part connected with the political condition of his own city, and were also intended to teach universal principles of humanity in an appropriate poetical form.
		At the time of Solon the Athenian State was almost falling to pieces in consequence of dissensions between the parties into which the population was divided.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /seyffert/0598.html (766 words)

	Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, page 595 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		(See below on the solonian constitution.) He is one of the " Seven Wise Men." He also holds a high position amongst the lyric, and especially amongst the elegiac, poets of Greece.
		The noble patriotism and kindly wisdom which marked the whole of his life found expression in his poems, which were in part connected with the political condition of his own city, and were also intended to teach universal principles of humanity in an appropriate poetical form.
		At the time of Solon the Athenian State was almost falling to pieces in consequence of dissensions between the parties into which the population was divided.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /al/seyffert/0598.html (766 words)

	PHEIDON - LoveToKnow Article on PHEIDON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		No such difficulty occurs in regard to the weights and measures; it is generally agreed that a system was already in existence in the time of Pheidon, into which he introduced certain changes.
		A passage in the Aristotelian Constitution of Athens (x.
		2) states that the measures used before the Solonian period of reform were called Pheidonian.
	www.1911ency.org /P/PH/PHEIDON.htm (654 words)

	Solonian Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Over US$180,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August.
		Citizens were also divided based on their land production: pentakoosiomedimnoi (over 500 bushels of produce), hippeis (300-500 bushels), zeugitae (200-300 bushels), and thetes (below 200 bushels, as well as citizens with no wealth tied to the land).
		This page was last modified 11:13, 21 June 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solonian_Constitution (297 words)

	Athenian Democratic Origins: And Other Essays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Particularly technical are the first two essays which look respectively at the Solonian Census Classes and the Solonian constitution.
		Croix argues that sortition, or selection by lot, was not as foolish, or as widespread, or as democratic as other scholars might have thought.
		He discusses the constitution of Cleisthenes and argues against those who claim Cleisthenes manipulated it to enhance his own power.
	www.textkit.com /0_0199255172.html (862 words)

	ATHENS THROUGH THE AGE OF CLEISTHENES, 507 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Most important of all was his constitutional redefinition of the Athenian class structure, in terms which made capital (rather than birth) the new criterion for a citizen’s civil or military status.
		It is in these two directions that the Solonian constitution extends the principles already seen in Sparta.
		In his last years he saw the overthrow of this constitution and the establishment of a dictatorship, but most of his laws lived on, regardless.
	www.portergaud.edu /cmcarver/clei.html (15971 words)

	Solon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He repealed most of the laws of Draco ; introduced a timokratia, an oligarchy with a sliding scale of rights determined by property, dividing the population into four classes :
		Accordingto the historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, in Lydia he offended Croesus when he was asked"Who is the happiest man you have ever seen?", instead of complementing the king he said "I can speak of no one as happy untilthey are dead".
		The tyrant retainedsome of the constitution and showed Solon considerable respect.
	www.therfcc.org /RFCC/solon-24289.html (362 words)

	School of Cooperative Individualism / Library - R
		MARTIN A. Should the Senate Pass a Balanced Budget Amendement to the U.S. Constitution?
		Should the Senate Pass a Balanced Budget Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
		[Reprinted from the Atlanta Constitution, 29 January, 1989]
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /authors_16.html (1486 words)

	CLAS1000: DR.Norman
		Solon was successful at averting tyranny in the short term, but not in the long term, for in 546 BCE, after two abortive attempts in 561 BCE and 550 BCE, Peisistratos seized control and set himself as a tryrant.
		He kept in place the basic hallmarks of the Solonian Constitution—the class system, the Boulê;, the Ekklesia, and the Heliaia, thus giving Athenians yet more practice in governance and creating in them the expectation of keeping these rights and responsibilities.
		In 514 BCE, Hipparchos was murdered by Harmodius and Aristogeiton in what may or may not have been the first step in a revolt against the tyranny, and after that event the situation in Athens deteriorated.
	www.classics.uga.edu /courses/clas1000/study_tools/historical.htm (1910 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By the 7th century BC social unrest had become widespread, and the Areopagus appointed Draco to draft a strict new lawcode (hence "draconian").
		Peisistratus was in fact a very popular ruler, who made Athens wealthy and powerful and a centre of culture, and founded the Athenian naval supremacy in the Aegean Sea and beyond.
		He preserved the Solonian constitution, but made sure that he and his family held all the offices of state.
	www.mauspfeil.net /History_of_Athens.html (6298 words)

	CLAS1000: DR.Norman
		He increased the functions of the Ekklesia (the public assembly) and instituted a Boule (the legislative council) of 400, or 100 men from each of the traditional four Ionian tribes.
		Election to the Boule and to the archonships was based on wealth under the Solonian Constitution.
		After getting these reforms passed, he is said to have made the Athenians promise to follow them for ten years.
	www.classics.uga.edu /courses/clas1000/study_tools/author.htm (2767 words)

	EPHESUS - LoveToKnow Article on EPHESUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		That is to say, these gifts were probably paid for out of the proceeds of the sequestration of the property of a rich Lydian merchant, Sadyattes, which Croesus presented to Ephesus (Nic.
		To counteract, perhaps, the growing Lydian influence, Athens, the mother-city of Ephesus, despatched one of her noblest citizens, Aristarchus, to restore law on the basis of the Solonian constitution.
		The labors of Aristarchus seem to have borne fruit.
	80.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EP/EPHESUS.htm (4835 words)

	The Development of Athenian Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		All of these reforms constituted a remarkable re-shaping of Athenian society along new lines.
		In the aftermath, certain citizens took steps to move the government of the city away from the radical democracy that—they thought—was leading the city to ruin.
		Their first step was to work, through constitutional channels, to establish a small body of
	www.stoa.org /projects/demos/xml_democracy_development (4349 words)

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