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ALZET® Osmotic Pump - Pump Selection While the pumping rate of each model is fixed at manufacture, the dose of agent delivered can be adjusted by varying the concentration of agent with which each pump is filled. ALZET pumps may also be connected to a catheter to deliver the pump contents directly into the venous or arterial systems, the brain, or into any organ or tissue. In addition, all pump models are easily attached to a catheter, such that a pump implanted either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally is used to infuse into a vessel, organ or tissue. www.alzet.com /products/pump_selection.php   (1420 words)

Potential Role of Biotechnology in the Global Energy System The solubility of CO in water increases with lower water temperature, and the colder water sinks. The solubility pump, in combination with ocean circulation, results in net CO emissions at the equator and net CO drawdown at high latitudes. Changes to ocean circulation or stratification due to increased global warming from increased greenhouse gases are predicted to result in decreased ocean uptake of CO by the ocean solubility pump. genomicsgtl.energy.gov /benefits/pumps.shtml   (428 words)

American Society of Limnology & Oceanography   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) From this exercise they concluded that if there was only a solubility pump, as might occur in a hypothetical ocean with no living organisms, we would eventually produce a profile of dissolved inorganic carbon in the sea that is very different from that observed in the real world. Only when a biological pump was included were they able to reproduce the very steep gradient in inorganic carbon as a function of depth that is characteristic of the world ocean. This pump is driven by nitrogen (N2) fixation, which is a process whereby certain prokaryotic microorganisms can use the unlimited supply of N2 gas dissolved in seawater as a nitrogen source to drive their metabolism and growth. aslo.org /meetings/carbon2001/karl/transcript2.html   (670 words)

Solubility_Pump The Solubility Pump Working Group evaluated human-induced and climatic influences on spatial and temporal scales of solubility-driven storage of carbon in the oceans in relation to their impact on the atmospheric CO The solubility pump is often defined as the carbon exchange mediated by physical processes such as heat flux, advection, and diffusion. The solubility pump is also intricately linked to the biological pump since the same advective and diffusive processes that transport carbon also control nutrient supply into the euphotic zone and to some extent export of biological products from the mixed layer. The group addressed the perturbations of the solubility pump that arise through changes in seawater temperature and circulation on seasonal, interannual, decadal and centennial time scales. www.msrc.sunysb.edu /octet/solubility_pump.html   (3324 words)

Carbon and the Oceans As temperatures decrease the solubility of gases increase. A basic difference then between the biological pump and the solubility pump (previously discussed) is the state of the matter being transported. In the solubility pump the matter is dissolved, in the biological pump the matter is particulate. ww2.coastal.edu /msci302/carbon.htm   (2508 words)

CO2 ACQUITTAL (Rocket Scientist's Journal) Throughout the past 420 millennia, comprising four interglacial periods, the Vostok record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is imprinted with, and fully characterized by, the physics of the solubility of CO2 in water, along with the lag in the deep ocean circulation. Solubility, labeled X_1 in the curve by tradition, is the saturated load of CO2 in water at the temperature indicated. The slope of the solubility curve is 3.49%/ºC at 8.26ºC. This is where the straight line fit to the lag–adjusted Vostok CO2 concentration is tangent to the solubility curve. www.rocketscientistsjournal.com /2006/10/co2_acquittal.html   (5684 words)

Millipore - Technical Library - MultiScreen Solubility Filter Plate: Quantitative method to determine drug aqueous ... The MultiScreen Solubility filter plate was developed and is QC tested for consistent filtration flow-time (using standard vacuum), low aqueous extractable compounds, high sample filtrate recovery, and its ability to incubate samples as required to perform the solubility assay. The final drug concentration in the filtrate is determined by dividing the absorbance by the slope of the line from the calibration curve and multiplying by a factor of 1.25 to account for dilution with acetonitrile prior to obtaining the absorbance spectrum. For both compounds, a solubility in excess of 350 µM was determined using the MultiScreen Solubility filter plate while the shake-flask method produced values of less than 100 µM. For these two compounds, the presence of 5% DMSO significantly elevates their solubility. www.millipore.com /publications.nsf/docs/an1730en00   (2626 words)

GAIM 1993-1997 Report: OCMIP The carbonate pump affects the DIC distribution though the biogenic precipitation of calcium carbonate in surface waters and the subsequent sinking and dissolution of this material deeper in the water column. The solubility pump is determined in a fairly straightforward fashion by specifying atmospheric CO and determining the oceanic DIC distribution that results from air-sea gas transfer of CO and its dissociation, as given by the inorganic chemistry of CO in sea water. It was possible to evaluate models of the solubility pump by removing the biological pump and anthropogenic contamination from the DIC distribution. gaim.unh.edu /Products/Reports/Report_6/OCMIP.html   (5234 words)

ALZET® Guide to Pump Use Because the volume delivery rate of ALZET pumps is fixed, the maximum administration rate of a given compound from a given pump is limited by its solubility in the chosen vehicle. Higher doses can be administered by choosing a pump with a higher flow rate, or dividing the dose among several simultaneously-implanted pumps (assuming that the experimental animal is of sufficient size). However, it is recommended that stability testing include an in vitro pumping rate test (Method) to ultimately ascertain compatibility of the test material inside the pump. www.alzet.com /products/formulating.php   (1276 words)

Feely et al. -- Uptake and Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean The Pacific and Indian Ocean data are from the Global CO Survey (this study), and the Atlantic Ocean data are from Gruber (1998). (1995) estimated that the natural solubility pump is responsible for about 20% of the vertical gradient in DIC; the remaining 80% originates from the biological pump. Both these approaches were based on the premise that the anthropogenic DIC concentration could be isolated from the measured DIC by subtracting the contributions of the biological pump and the physical processes, including the pre-industrial source water values and the solubility pump. www.pmel.noaa.gov /pubs/outstand/feel2331/anthropogenic.shtml   (1037 words)

Home of Planktos, Inc. - Phytofoliage   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) In the ocean the 'biological pump' (left) and the 'solubility pump' (right) maintain a concentration gradient of CO between the atmosphere and the deep ocean. Keep in mind that what is known as the surface ocean, is the top 100 meters or so, and the deep ocean which is the rest of the ocean on average 3000+meters and in places almost 10,000 meters. The 'solubility pump' is driven by chemical and physical processes. www.planktos.com /content/view/57/30   (967 words)

IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database The solubility of propylbenzene in water at 25°C was reported to be 3.76 × 10 this corresponds to a solubility of 4.52 × 10 After solubility equilibrium was attained an aliquot of the saturated aqueous solution was withdrawn and analysed by solvent extraction - UV spectrophotometry. srdata.nist.gov /solubility/sol_detail.asp?sys_ID=38_162   (137 words)

The rate of transfer of gases across the air-sea interface is controlled by small-scale processes such as turbulence ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) The biological pump transfers CO2 through photosynthesis by phytoplankton; when the phytoplankton die, the carbon they have absorbed sinks with them to the seabed. The physical or solubility pump then moves CO to greater depths when the cold, CO -rich waters sink. The biological pump transfers CO through photosynthesis by phytoplankton; when the phytoplankton die, the carbon they have absorbed sinks with them to the seabed. www.niwascience.co.nz.cob-web.org:8888 /pubs/wa/14-2/images/gas2_large.jpg/view   (123 words)

The Ocean Nourishment Corporation - Ocean Carbon Cycle The solubility of carbon dioxide in the ocean is dependant on ocean temperature, salinity, and atmospheric pressure. The biological pump is the second process by which carbon dioxide is transferred from the atmosphere to the ocean. Anthropogenic Increase of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the atmosphere (due to fossil fuel burning, etc) is leading to an increase in the solubility pump uptake and an increase in the acidity (imbalance) of the ocean. www.oceannourishment.com /OceanCarbon.htm   (594 words)

Biological pump - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In oceanic biogeochemistry, the biological pump is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior. The organic carbon that forms the biological pump is transported primarily by sinking particulate material, for example dead organisms (including algal mats) or faecal pellets. In reference to the different use of these materials in organisms, the organic carbon portion of this transport is known as the soft tissues pump, while the inorganic carbon portion is known as the hard tissues pump. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_pump   (735 words)

Phytoplankton and the Biological Pump Superimposed on the biochemical pump is a ``solubility pump'' which also serves to concentrate dissolved inorganic carbon (CO plus bicarbonate and carbonate ions) in the deep ocean. The driving force of this pump is increased solubility of CO in the cold surface waters at high latitudes where the water sinks to join the deep ocean currents. Although estimates of the relative importance of these two pumps have a wide range, the most recent estimate (Sarmiento and Bender, 1994) suggests that 75% of the difference in dissolved inorganic carbon concentration between the surface and deep oceans is due to the biological pump. www.agu.org /revgeophys/chisho00/node2.html   (1023 words)

Biological Pump The biological pump is the process by which CO fixed in photosynthesis is transferred to the interior of the ocean resulting in a temporary or permanent sequestration (storage) of carbon. In model simulations, the increase in the efficiency of the biological pump largely compensates for the decrease in the efficiency of the solubility pump, which slows down because of the increased stratification. One way to focus studies of the biological pump is to consider processes within biogeographical provinces; these are distributional boundaries mostly defined by water masses and current boundaries with distinct planktonic assemblages. www.msrc.sunysb.edu /octet/biological_pump.html   (2001 words)

Re: solubility pump   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Ray, I suggest using the mean ocean salinity normalized alkalinity for the solubility simulations, mainly because I think the focus should be on your point 1. Rick Murnane run anthropogenic CO2 simulations using both a solubility pump model (with ocean mean alkalinity) and a combined pump model and found that the combined pump model takes up about 5% less anthropogenic CO2 (Murnane and Sarmiento, 1998). This reduction is mainly a consequence of the carbonate pump driven lowering of surface alkalinity and hence a lowering of the anthropogenic CO2 uptake capacity. www.ipsl.jussieu.fr /OCMIP/mailing_list/archive/msg00080.html   (223 words)

Millipore - User Guides - MultiScreen® Solubility Plate The MultiScreen Solubility plate is made from plastics and membranes that have been developed and optimized for an aqueous solubility assay for organic compounds. Some very-low solubility compounds and compounds with low molar extinction coefficients in the 260 to 500 nm range may not be quantifiable by UV spectroscopy. In most instances, the apparent solubility as determined by the aqueous solubility method is somewhat higher than the solubility as measured using the shake-flask method. www.millipore.com /userguides.nsf/docs/p36523   (1379 words)

NASA Oceanography - The Ocean and the Carbon Cycle The ocean "solubility pump" removes atmospheric carbon dioxide as air mixes with and dissolves into the upper ocean. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in cold water, so at high latitudes where surface cooling occurs, carbon dioxide laden water sinks to the deep ocean and becomes part of the deep ocean circulation "conveyor belt", where it stays for hundreds of years. The "biological pump" is the photosynthetic up take of atmospheric carbon dioxide by ocean microorganisms, resulting in long-term sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean via particle sinking, where is it removed from contact with the atmosphere for millions of years if the particles reach the bottom and are buried in sedimentary carbonates. science.hq.nasa.gov /oceans/system/carbon.html   (1303 words)

OCTET Prospectus The regional and vertical partitioning of carbon in the ocean is dominated by two interdependent carbon pumps that deplete the ocean surface of total CO relative to deep water. Perturbations of the solubility pump arise through changes in seawater temperature and circulation, so it is inevitable that global warming will alter the solubility-driven storage of carbon in the ocean. The variability of the air-sea CO fluxes in the northern hemisphere is an important element in reconstructing the patterns and magnitude of terrestrial carbon uptake using the atmospheric CO monitoring network and transport inversion models. www.msrc.sunysb.edu /octet/Prospectus.html   (2140 words)

British Government Panel on Sustainable Development As the solubility of CO increases with decreasing temperature, these cooler waters absorb atmospheric CO This cycling mechanism is known as the solubility pump. The ocean fertilisation idea works on the premise that the rate of drawdown of CO in the biological and the solubility pumps can be increased. Iron is only soluble in its reduced form and this restricts it availability in the ocean; its presence in the surface waters is largely attributable to atmospheric dust transport. www.sd-commission.org.uk /panel-sd/position/co2/annb.htm   (6607 words)

Fall 2001 | Munson marine Lecture Series When photoautotrophic marine organisms fix atmospheric carbon, some of the carbon is incorporated into their bodies and sinks to the lower regions of the ocean when organisms die or are preyed upon. Falkowski equated leaf litter in forests to the dissolved inorganic pool of carbon due to the sinking flux and remineralization of the element during respiration of organic matter in the ocean's interior. Although most of this carbon eventually resurfaces through upwelling and is released again to the atmosphere, the lower ocean waters are not currently saturated with carbon, so there is some potential for temporary carbon storage in the deep ocean. www.yale.edu /ccws/FalkowskiSum.htm   (1034 words)

Carbon Sinks CO2 uptake is controlled by two  "solubility pumps" that keep CO2 concentration ~10% lower than at depth.  First of all CO2 is approximately twice as soluble in the cold water at high latitudes than it is in warmer water. The biological pump constantly remove CO2 at the surface and export Particulate Organic Matter (POM) to the deep where the carbon may be converted back to CO2 by bacteria, eventually returning to the surface.  Or a very small portion of it may get buried in the sediments. If the pump is not functioning, the window is open and CO2 escapes to the atmosphere.  If it's operating at maximum efficiency then the window is closed and biota strip CO2 from the deep water as it surfaces and the carbon stays in the ocean. www.environmentalsciences.homestead.com /carbonsinks.html   (1332 words)

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