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Topic: Soma to germline feedback

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positive feedback

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feedback loops

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audio feedback

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force feedback

negative feedback loop

feedback amplifier

Soma to germline feedback

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	Weismann barrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In more precise terminology hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells (or soma to germline feedback is impossible).
		If the cell they infect is a germline cell then that integrated DNA can become part of the gene pool of that species.
		The implications of Steele's soma-to-germline feedback for the safety of somatic gene therapy in humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soma-to-germline_feedback (548 words)

	Germline proliferation and its control
		Continued germline mitoses take place in a somatic gonadal 'niche', which is both necessary and sufficient for proliferation; once germ cells have left this niche, they embark on the path to differentiation (entry into meiosis, progression through meiosis and gametogenesis).
		Figure 2 shows mitotic germline cells near the somatic stem cell niche and meiotic cells extending proximally away from that niche; it also provides a rough idea of where key regulators are expressed in the germ line and a simplified diagram of the regulatory circuit controlling the mitosis/meiosis decision.
		The "cells" within the germline syncytium do not divide synchronously at any time during the course of germline proliferation and therefore appear to behave autonomously; that autonomy may reflect the partial enclosure of each nucleus and its surrounding cytoplasm by a plasma membrane (Hirsh et al., 1976).
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_germlineprolifcontrol/germlineprolifcontrol.html (6422 words)

	Introduction to the germ line
		Germline nuclei and their surrounding cytoplasm are often referred to as "germ cells", though they are open to a core of shared cytoplasm (rachis) during much of their development.
		During early embryogenesis, germline potential is segregated to the P blastomeres, culminating in P4, the germline founder cell that gives rise to all of the germ cells and does not contribute to the soma.
		Though P granules are not sufficient for specifying the germ cell fate, germline development is severely impaired in the absence of their constituent proteins (see Specification of the germ line).
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_introgermline/introgermline.html (1456 words)

	Soma-to-germline feedback (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The soma-to-germline feedback is the movement of hereditary information from body cells into germ cells.
		As the Weismann barrier is fundamental to neo-darwinism and as Mr Steele is therefore seen by many in the scientific world as a fl sheep, his world is little known and or disregarded by the scientific world at large.
		As the justification for things like gene therapy being safe are based on the Weismann barrier, the consequences of this can be stark.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/s/so/soma_to_germline_feedback.html (139 words)

	Cell biology, molecular embryology, Lamarckian and Darwinian selection as evolvability
		When the separate elements of antibody genes in the non-rearranged sequence appear, the format of the DNA is called the ‘germline configuration’ (which is the same sequence found in DNA from germ cells and in all the other cells of the body that are not mature lymphocytes).
		The outline shows the end result of the Neo-Lamarckian soma-to-germline feedback to which we adhere and which should be understood to represent an extreme form of synergism between the gene level of selection and the individual level, where the latter proclaims its final triumph in the vertebrate immune system (Blanden and Steele, 1998).
		Germline sequestration represents a particular form of synergism between the cell and the individual.
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2003/vol1-2/gmr0041_full_text.htm (9521 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| A survey of ovary-, testis-, and soma-biased gene expression in Drosophila ...
		A major difference between the germline and soma is the absence of gene expression from loci encoding terminal differentiation proteins (for specific adult somatic structures such as eyes and muscles) in the germline.
		Germline development is under the control of sex determination signals from the time the embryonic genome is activated [70].
		Flies with and without a germline are often used to distinguish between genes that are expressed in the germline from those that are expressed in the soma [30].
	genomebiology.com /2004/5/6/R40 (8377 words)

	Talk:Weismann barrier - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Second: In the other page that's linked to, a rather combative piece by a non-scientist, it's not clear that the issue is soma-to-germline feedback at all.
		It might also say that there's a minority contention that the barrier is not so watertight in its own terms as the majority think; if so, there ought to some references to things that give plausibility to the claim.
		The claim that the Weissman barrier is not really there is pretty much synonymous with a claim that soma-to-germline feedback exists.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Talk:Weismann_barrier (679 words)

	Journal of Biology \| Full text \| Global analysis of X-chromosome dosage compensation
		We confirmed that the germline contributes the majority of the transcripts in these hybridizations, as we were unable to extract sufficient RNA from similar numbers of dissected empty gonads [24].
		To look for blocks of the X chromosome that fail to undergo dosage compensation in either the soma or the germline, we plotted a moving average of expression ratios along the length of the X or the similarly sized autosome arm 2L (Figure 8).
		The compensation mechanism in both the soma and germline is the equilibration of X chromosome expression with autosomal expression.
	jbiol.com /content/5/1/3 (8829 words)

	The implications of Steele's soma-to-germline feedback for human gene therapy.
		The types of gene therapy described thus far all have one factor in common: that is, that the tissues being treated are somatic (somatic cells include all the cells of the body, excluding sperm cells and egg cells).
		In contrast to this is the replacement of defective genes in the germline cells (which contribute to the genetic heritage of the offspring).
		Gene therapy in germline cells has the potential to affect not only the individual being treated, but also his or her children as well.
	home.planet.nl /~gkorthof/kortho39a.htm (2388 words)

	Prescription Soma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Soma (biology) - The soma, or perikaryon, is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.
		The word soma is Greek, meaning "body"; the soma of a neuron is often called the "cell body".
		Prescription (law) - Prescription (law) is the method of sovereignty transfer of a territory through international law analogous to the common law doctrine of adverse possession for private real-estate.
	contactlens.vvvvvv3.com /prescriptionsoma.html (950 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		In Drosophila, compatibility between the sexually differentiated state of the soma and the constitution of the sex chromosome in the germline is required for normal gametogenesis.
		Since the germline expressions of these sex regulatory genes are not required for early stages of gametogenesis, the aberrant germline phenotypes must result from the male transformation of the soma (Hinson, 1999 and references).
		Transplantation experiments and clonal analysis have suggested that germline sexual identity in XX animals depends upon a combination of cell-autonomous factors that somehow assess the X/A ratio and nonautonomous factors that signal sexual identity from the soma to the germline.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/dbzhnsky/transf27.htm (5239 words)

	Gene therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In theory it is possible to transform either somatic cells (most cells of the body) or cells of the germline (such as sperm cells, ova, and their stem cell precursors).
		However, there are indications [3] that the Weissman barrier can be breached.
		One way it might possibly be breached is if the treatment were somehow misapplied and spread to the testes and therefore would infect the germline against the intentions of the therapy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gene_therapy (4452 words)

	Sex Determination in the Drosophila Germline Is Dictated by the Sexual Identity of the Surrounding Soma -- Waterbury et ...
		Sex Determination in the Drosophila Germline Is Dictated by the Sexual Identity of the Surrounding Soma -- Waterbury et al.
		from the soma to the germline (Fig 1C).
		splicing of Sxl-Pm mRNAs in the soma and germline of the XY;
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/155/4/1741 (7916 words)

	Lamarck's Signature. (Ted Steele)
		Because the removal of introns implies transcription and transcription implies gene-expression and of course not all genes are expressed in germline cells.
		Orthodox neo-Darwinism can't explain expression of tissue-specific genes in germline cells, because they are not supposed to be expressed at all in germline cells.
		Feedback could make sense because there is a selection process involved: some lymphocytes die, others proliferate.
	home.planet.nl /~gkorthof/kortho39.htm (3611 words)

	Lamarck's Signature : How Retrogenes Are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm by Edward J. Steele, Robyn A. ...
		The primary observation behind their argument is that highly non-random mutation patterns (Wu-Kabat structures) are found in immunoglobulin variable genes that are rearranged and expressed only in B cells of the immune system (figure 5.3).
		Indeed, if it were shown that acquired tolerence could be "retro-coded" into the germline, they would have to invent an entirely new mechanism involving the deletion of specific germline V genes.
		It would really be something if they could show, for example, that a specified V gene from transplanted B cells had inserted itself into the germline of a host mouse that does not already carry that sequence.
	www.2think.org /lamarck.shtml (1920 words)

	Results of the search
		Sex determination in the Drosophila germline is dictated by the sexual identity of the surrounding soma.
		The Drosophila melanogaster fl(2)d gene is needed for the female-specific splicing of Sex-lethal RNA.
		A negative feedback mechanism revealed by functional analysis of the alternative isoforms of the Drosophila splicing regulator transformer-2.
	invention.swmed.edu /trite/abstracts/user-1015797446/results.shtml (3400 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		All three aspects of germline development appear to be regulated, at least in part, by the soma.
		Later in embryogenesis, the precursors to the germline, muscle and pharynx join the E descendants in the interior.
		We detected three classes of maternal RNAs: RNAs that are maintained in all cells, RNAs that are maintained in germline cells but are lost from somatic cells, and a population of RNAs that are associated with the germline-specific P granules.
	www.cbs.umn.edu /CGC/Bibliography/2001.txt (16089 words)

	sciforums.com - Evolution and instincts
		RNA molecules encoding V genes (nucleus or cytoplasm) may be 'captured' by harmless endogenous RNA retroviruses (produced by the cell) and complementary DNA copies of the RNA made by the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (these are called retrotranscripts or cDNAs).
		He outlined the ‘soma-to-germline’ feedback loop that attempts to explain the rapid evolution of antibody genes (V-genes).
		In particular the soma-to-germline feedback loop requires the rapid mutation of DNA sequences for recognising and fighting foreign invaders.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?p=329673 (6601 words)

	Teach Science—Not Evolutionary Theory
		The Weissman barrier states that the germline cells determining heredity are isolated from somatic cells before birth so that changes in somatic cells cannot affect heredity determinants in germline cells.
		Retroviruses are one of the vectors for moving genes and retrogenes into somatic and germline cells (Figure 4).
		When the changes are incorporated into the germline, they are passed on to future generations.
	www.biblemetaphors.com /metaphors10.htm (8235 words)

	UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
		We are also studying the related subject of germline immortality: The germline can be passed from one generation to the next, indefinitely.
		In contrast, the soma is only needed for a single generation and is effectively disposable.
		To investigate how the germline achieves immortality, we have isolated several hundred C. elegans mutants with Mortal Germlines, germlines that can reproduce for several healthy generations but then become sterile.
	cancer.med.unc.edu /research/faculty/displayMember.asp?ID=251 (663 words)

	Thomas Cline
		The pulse of Sxl protein thereby generated only in females engages a positive feedback loop involving alternative splicing of pre-mRNA derived from the "maintenance" promoter of Sxl, which is active in both sexes and in all tissues; hence, Sxl is active in females throughout development, while full-length Sxl proteins are never made in males.
		We are elucidating surprising differences between Sxl regulation and functioning in the gonad compared to that in the rest of the animal.
		These efforts are providing insight into general differences between somatic and germline cells with respect to gene regulation and evolutionary pressures.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /faculty/GEN/clinet.html (801 words)

	TalkOrigins Archive - Feedback for February 1999
		First, if he and his collaborators are right about reverse transcription from soma to germ line, they have indeed challenged the general validity, not of Darwinian thinking, but of the Weismann Barrier, which says that Darwin's theory of pangenes (information about the body being packed back into germ cells) was false.
		Second, none of this is in opposition to neo-Darwinism as such, for although it denies the germline sequestration theory, it does not affect questions of selection, drift, or adaptation.
		It does take some time and effort to arrange the responses in a sensible order, eliminate duplicated feedbacks, and format the remainder in a fashion that is pleasing to the eye.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/feedback/feb99.html (14598 words)

	Differential acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in paternal and maternal germline chromosomes during development of ...
		specifying the imprinted behavior of germline chromosomes in sciarids.
		Scheme summarizing the most relevant chromosomal events of germline nuclei at the resting stage and male meiosis in sciarids.
		Maternally derived chromosomes are represented in blue and paternally derived chromosomes are represented in red.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/115/24/4765 (5559 words)

	vulval cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cell-cell interactions prevent a potential inductive interaction between soma and germline in C elegans.
		The establishment of Caenorhabditis elegans germline pattern is controlled by overlapping proximal and distal somatic gonad signals.
		Caenorhabditis elegans germline patterning requires coordinated development of the somatic gonadal sheath and the germ line.
	www.textpresso.org /davidc/results/clusters/SexDeterm/110.html (2483 words)

	Functionally antagonistic sequences are required for normal autoregulation of Drosophila tra-2 pre-mRNA splicing -- ...
		shown to be present both in the soma and germline.
		The smaller, TRA-2-dependent RNA corresponds to the normal germline M1 containing RNA and is observed in both the parental (lanes 1 and 2) and transgenic flies (lanes 3 and 4).
		The VC element is necessary for the efficient removal of the M1 intron in the soma.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/14/3012 (5681 words)

	Germline Epimutation: A Basis for Epigenetic Disease in Humans -- MARTIN et al. 1054 (1): 68 -- Annals of the New York ...
		Germline Epimutation: A Basis for Epigenetic Disease in Humans -- MARTIN et al.
		It was supposed that an epimutation in the germline
		an inactivating germline mutation in the same gene.
	www.annalsnyas.org /cgi/content/abstract/1054/1/68 (295 words)

	C. elegans pro-1 activity is required for soma/germline interactions that influence proliferation and differentiation ...
		the spatial patterning of early germline proliferation and differentiation.
		For losses within somatic gonad lineages, the phenotype of the gonad arm in which the array was lost is indicated.
		in the developmental patterning of germline proliferation and differentiation.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/131/6/1267 (5298 words)

	soma line
		Soma is appreciative of the vision of Chandrababu Naidu, who flattened rocky...
		Soma, delivered a keynote on Visual Studio 2005: A World of New Opportunity.blogs.msdn.com nigel archive 2006 02 01 521634.aspx - 17k blogs.msdn.com Nigel Parker's #!html
		Soma cells only divide about X times because each time they divide the end of.
	1290.tusorn.yi.org (1434 words)

	Soma-to-Germline Interactions During Drosophila Oogenesis Are Influenced by Dose-Sensitive Interactions Between cut and ...
		that germline cell cytokineses were normal in these mutants.
		the morphology of germline cells is sensitive to genetic doses
		operating between the soma and germline that establish the identity
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/153/1/289 (7362 words)

	Germline Stem Cell Transplantation and Transgenesis -- Brinster 296 (5576): 2174 -- Science
		Germline Stem Cell Transplantation and Transgenesis -- Brinster 296 (5576): 2174 -- Science
		germline stem cell and its microenvironment, the stem cell niche.
		Long-Term Proliferation in Culture and Germline Transmission of Mouse Male Germline Stem Cells.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/296/5576/2174 (762 words)

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