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Topic: Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party

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	History of Somalia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Somali resistance to their colonial masters, both familiar and foreign, began in 1899 under the leadership of religious scholar Mahammad Abdille Hasan Ogaden sub-lineage of the Darod tribe and his mother was Dulbehante sub-lineage of the Darod tribe.
		One of the principal objectives of the revolutionary regime was the adoption of a standard orthography of the Somali language.
		The SRC convened a congress of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP) in June 1976 and voted to establish the Supreme Council as the new party's central committee.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Somalia (9707 words)

	Somalia - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Nominated by the party’s Central Committee, the president was elected to a seven-year term by direct universal vote.
		By the terms of the treaties with native Somali sultans, and conventions with the United Kingdom, Ethiopia, and Zanzibar, Italy acquired a foothold along the Indian Ocean coast.
		A drought in 1974 and 1975 caused widespread starvation.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761554555__1/Somalia.html (3042 words)

	Somalia POLITICAL PARTIES
		In 1976, the SRC was abolished and its functions transferred to the leadership of the newly formed Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), which was led by the former SRC members.
		Subsequently, the Somali National Movement (SNM) seized control of the north and established the independent state of "Somaliland." Since then, armed factions largely identified with clans and sub-clans divided up the territory as they fought and negotiated to expand their influence.
		Aideed's Somali National Alliance (SNA) identified with the Habar Gadir subclan of the Hawiye clan and Ali Mahdi's Somali Salvation Alliance (Abgal subclan of the Hawiyes).
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Somalia-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (463 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Somalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Among Somalis this ideal had been approximated less fully in the north than among some groups in the settled regions of the south where religious leaders were at one time an integral part of the social and political structure.
		Under the Somali penal code, to be criminally liable a person must have committed an act or have been guilty of an omission that caused harm or danger to the person or property of another or to the state.
		Somali customary law was retained for optional application in such matters as land tenure, water and grazing rights, and the payment of diya.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/somalia.html (13093 words)

	Somaliland Net:
		For centuries, Somali women have been severely under-represented in the fields of politics and social organisation; working in the family household was seen as the sole way they could contribute to society.
		For although Somalis have found it difficult to reach an agreed political basis for their national community, among the many paradoxes of this East African country is that people's use of the latest technological advances exceeds that of many other countries.
		Many of the estimated 2 million Somalis (from a population of around 8 million) living outside the country have found ways to communicate with and assist financially their next of kin living inside the homeland.
	www.somalilandnet.com /somaliland_voice/articles/12396.shtml (1763 words)

	Somalia: A Case Study in Interventionism
		After the Ottoman retreat, Emperor Menelik II invaded the Ogaden region, largely inhabited by Somalis, and this was the beginning of a long-standing dispute between the two nations.
		The Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party was set up, complete with a Politburo, and Barre presided over it all as absolute dictator.
		Nationalist Somali ideology, centered on the "Greater Somalia" concept, merged with Marxist boilerplate to energize a form of national socialism that was naturally aggressive.
	www.hiiraan.com /op/2006/july/How-we-messed-up-somalia-04.aspx (1783 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Issaq in Somalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party was established under Soviet influence.
		The SNM (Somali National Movement), a rebel group opposed to Siad Barre's regime was formed in London by 400-500 Issaq exiles.
		Somali factions allied with Hussein Aideed condemned the recent diplomatic rapprochement between Ethiopia and Somaliland.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=52001 (4143 words)

	Somalia Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Historically, Somalis have shown a fierce independence, an unwillingness to submit to authority, a strong clan consciousness, and conflict among clans and subclans despite their sharing a common language, religion, and pastoral customs.
		Over the centuries, the Somali Peninsula and the East African coast were subject to various rulers, including the Omanis, the Zanzibaris, the sharifs of Mukha in present-day Yemen, and the Ottoman Turks.
		Initially, the SRC outlawed political parties, but in 1976 Siad Barre dissolved the SRC (it was later revived) and created one national party, the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP).
	workmall.com /wfb2001/somalia/somalia_history_introduction.html (4880 words)

	Somalia
		In 1941, Britain occupied Italian Somaliland and in 1948 gave the OGADEN region to Ethiopia, although it was populated largely by Somalis.
		Somali was ruled by a civilian government until 1969, when President Muhammad Siad Barre came to power in a military coup.
		Armed domestic opposition to Siad Barre began in the north in 1988 with the Isaaq-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and was brutally suppressed.
	www.gateway-africa.com /countries/somalia.html (538 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Somali Journal
		In May 1991 the Somali National Movement proclaimed independence for Northern Somalia, once British Somaliland, but their secession under the name of the Somaliland Republic was not recognized by the south.
		Pro-Ali Mahdi Muhammad radio on Saturday quoted a spokesman for the United Somali Congress-Peace Movement as saying there was an outbreak of cerebral malaria in all districts of the western Hiiraan Region, and that during this month alone, 115 people had died of the disease.
		The boat was carrying Somali refugees who had left the north-eastern port of Bossaso a few days earlier, the French news agency AFP said.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Africa/Somalia (3687 words)

	A short history of Somaliland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dominant party in Somaliland is the Somali National League of Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, who is prime minister in 1960.
		Barre establishes a socialist one-party state in 1976 when the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party becomes to sole allowed party.
		Somalia is renamed Somali Republic but the state ceases to exist: Somalia dissolves into civil war and clan banditry.
	www.electionworld.org /history/somaliland.htm (375 words)

	Dr. Ali K. Galaydh Scores on Somali Statecraft
		The abolishing of collective punishments (diya-paying) coupled with the underwriting of social peace, the adoption of Somali as the administrative language, the illiteracy campaign and the resettlement of the drought-affected pastoralists were interventionist attempts in social transformation.
		The Central Committee of the SRSP and the Cabinet had a series of joint meetings at the end of June 1977 to deliberate on the limited options that were available to the country.
		The intervention of the Somali Forces was vehemently denied and the armed conflict was billed as one between the WSLF and the Ethiopian Forces.
	www.wardheernews.com /Articles_06/may_06/21_Galaydh_Roobdoon.html (12968 words)

	NomadNet:Siyaad Barre Obituary
		He was the first Somali to be commissioned as a full polic e officer and was embarrassed to be Commander of Police in the Benadir province in 1958 when an active Egyptian diplomat, Kamal Ed Deen Saalah, was assassinated, when his security guard was mysteriously withdrawn.
		The country was renamed the Somali Democratic Republic and on 1 November the conspirators constituted themselves the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC).
		In June 1977, the Somali Cabinet and the Central Committee of the Party authorised the Somali military to intervene directly in support of the Western Somali Liberation Front.
	www.netnomad.com /barregrnfldobit.html (2248 words)

	Somalia Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The forced dissolution of political parties in 1969 and the continuing prohibition of political activity tended to enhance the importance of clans because family gatherings remained virtually the only regular venue where politics could be discussed freely.
		Siad Barre and his closest military advisers had formed the SRSP as the country's sole political organization, anticipating that it would transcend clan loyalties and mobilize popular support for government policies.
		Because most of the top SRSP leaders by 1980 were of the Mareehaan, Dulbahante, or Ogaden clans, the party became another example to disaffected clans of their exclusion from any meaningful political role.
	www.country-studies.com /somalia/politics.html (363 words)

	AFRICA.BOU
		In June, 45 prominent Somalis, including the first civilian president, the former president of parliament, former ambassadors, civil servants, religious leaders, elders and intellectuals, were arrested after they signed a document that was sharply critical of the government's human rights and economic policies and detailed steps toward national reconciliation.
		In addition, the insurgencies that began in 1989 in the central region, led by the USC, and in the south by the Somali Patriotic Front, intensified and led to massacres of unarmed civilians by the army.
		The erosion of confidence in the Somali army apparently prompted the United States to cancel "Operation Brightstar" naval exercises in September 1989; the exercises were not rescheduled in 1990.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm (2439 words)

	A short history of Somalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The northern coast is occupied by Egypt between 1875 and 1887: in that year Britain establishes the Protectorate of British Somaliland, subordinate to Aden.
		Italy acquieres the Zanzibar posessions at the Somali coast and establishes in 1889 the protectorate of Italian Somalia, restyled into a colony in 1905.
		Somalia becomes a presidential democracy, dominated by the Somali Youth League (or Ururka dhalinyarada somaliyeed) of Aden Abdullah Osman Dar (president between 1960 and 1967) and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke (president between 1967 and 1969).
	www.electionworld.org /history/somalia.htm (464 words)

	"Letter-of-Death" by General 'Morgan'
		This was intended to strengthen their unity and to surround Somali unity with a defensive wall.
		Delivered by special couriers, the reports are submitted by General Morgan, Sector Command, the Regional Governors, and regional Party Secretaries of the ruling Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP); the latter also report to Present Barre in his capacity as SRSP Secretary General.
		The "Awdal people" and the "Las Qoray people" are euphemisms for the Somali clans that are predominant in the areas of Awdal in the extreme northwest and adjacent to Djibouti, and Las Qoray in the extreme northeast of Somalia.
	www.civicwebs.com /cwvlib/africa/somalia/1987/letter_of_death.htm (2434 words)

	Somalia GOVERNMENT
		A constitution, approved in January 1979 by the ruling Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party and ratified by popular referendum on 25 August, vested legislative authority in the People's Assembly of 177 members serving five-year terms.
		This assembly could be dissolved by a two-thirds vote of its members or by the president.
		An interim administration (based on the 1969 constitution) was created by the United Somali Congress, but it collapsed in November 1991 and its two warring factions plunged Somalia into total civil war.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Somalia-GOVERNMENT.html (608 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Country Index: Constitution
		The party's Central Committee nominated the president and, as head of government, he selected the members of the Council of Ministers, which he chaired.
		In March 2001, the Chairman of the Somali National Alliance (SNA), Hussein Aideed, for instance, formed the Somali Restoration and Reconciliation Council (SRRC) in Ethiopia in March 2001.
		The TNG, the SRRC, and the administration of Puntland are all parties to agreements on the new transitional federal government signed on September 15, 2003 and on January 29, 2004, giving hope that perhaps this new transitional government will wield more authority than the TNG.
	www.pogar.org /countries/constitution.asp?cid=17 (786 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Country Index: Elections
		The Somali parliament met in Nairobi, Kenya on October 10, 2004 and elected Abdallah Youssef Ahmad as the new president of Somalia.
		The manner of election for the 82 members of the House of Elders is not specified in the Constitution.
		The top three parties in the municipal elections of 2002 won this right; they were Egal’s United People’s Democratic Party (UDUB), Kulmiye (Solidarity) and the Justice and Welfare Party (UCID).
	www.pogar.org /countries/elections.asp?cid=17 (890 words)

	List of political parties in Somalia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Political parties don't play ain institutionalized role at the momement.
		The following parties have been active in Somalia, but their present state is unclear.
		List of political parties in Somalia, See also, Lists of political parties and Political parties in Somalia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia (162 words)

	Communist state - China-related Topics CM-CP - China-Related Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Such parties often operated illegally for a long period of time before the revolution, and developed disciplined and effective structures, together with a cadre of committed leaders marked by both idealism and skill at organizing successfully among the disaffected classes of the capitalist system.
		In practice, according to this theory, state and the party are effectively identical, and govern all aspects of the society -- economic and cultural, as well as political.
		Instead party members answerable to or controlled by the party held these posts, often as honorific posts as a reward for their long years of service to the party.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Communist_state (4276 words)

	Elections in Somalia
		Thus, by the end of May 1969 the Somali Youth League (SYL) parliamentary cohort had swelled from 73 to 109.
		In addition, the eleven Somali National Congress (SNC) members had formed a coalition with the SYL, which held 120 of the 123 seats in the National Assembly.
		It is not internationally recognized and the people recently ratified a constitution that formally removes it from the Somali Republic.
	africanelections.tripod.com /so.html (507 words)

	aboutus
		While all Somali citizens from all corners of life suffer from the impasse, the Riverine people (Digil and Mirifle) are the most affected and marginalized community.
		The clan orientation and the continued disenfranchisement of the Reewin by the Barre regime between 1969 to 1990 was evident from the beginning.
		Baidoa was also a symbol for many Somalis and the international community that peace, coexistence and reconstruction were possible.
	www.arlaadinet.com /Mohamed7/aboutus.htm (561 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The overthrow of President Muhammad Siad Barre in January 1991 and the subsequent anarchy have left Somalia in a state of civil war with no clear central authority.
		Previously, under an amended 1979 constitution, executive power was held by a president, who was not only head of state but leader of the only legal political party, the Somali Revolutionary Socialist party.
		He was nominated by the party's Central Committee and was elected to a seven-year term by direct universal vote.
	www.arab.net /somalia/so_prewar.htm (117 words)

	Somaliland Net:
		By the time the Somali National Movement started the war of liberation, the most prominent northerners in the regime were in prison waiting execution.
		Unlike the humiliating defeat and the eventual disgrace of the SSDF of Majertenia, the Somali National Movement rejected to capitulate to the demands of the nazi regime.
		Aliens from Mars piloted the MiGs of the Somali Airforce that wreaked havoc on the population fleeing from the major metropolitan cities of Hargeisa, Burao, and Berbera.
	www.somalilandnet.com /somaliland_voice/articles/12615.shtml (1606 words)

	response to dr bob arnot of MSNBC... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He speaks only for his Habar Gidir-Ayr subclan, who is responsible for the death of those heroic American soldiers and actually assassinated those 18 selfless young boys in cold-blooded murder.
		In truth, the Djibouti promoted Somali Reconciliation Conference, which produced Abdiqasim’s and his guests namely TNG has turned the clock another decade back.
		However, the real reason behind this risk and political suicidal declaration was well-planned calculation to justify the purchases of weapons for his Ayr subclan militia and his allies so that they could use against other rival clans.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archivedec01/020102202.htm (853 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1976: The Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party was established under Soviet influence.
		April 1981: The SNM (Somali National Movement), a rebel group opposed to Siad Barre's regime was formed in London by 400-500 Issaq exiles.
		December 1997: The Somali National Movement, a guerrilla organization which fought against Siad Barre, has sprung to life as a civil opponent to Egal's regime.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/somissaqchro.htm (4363 words)

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