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	Soman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		2 Soman or GD (O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) is an extrememly toxic substance that is one of the world's most dangerous weapons of war.
		As a chemical weapon, it is classified as a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687, and its production and stockpiling was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.
		Soman was the third of the so-called G-series nerve agents discovered (along with GA (tabun), GB (sarin), and GF (cyclosarin)).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soman (259 words)

	CDC \| Facts About Soman
		Soman is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent.
		Soman is a clear, colorless, tasteless liquid with a slight camphor odor (for example, Vicks Vapo-Rub®) or rotting fruit odor.
		The extent of poisoning caused by soman depends on the amount of soman to which a person was exposed, how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/soman/basics/facts.asp (1149 words)

	Fact Sheet: PB Pretreatment for Soman Exposure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is given as a pill to military personnel during periods of high threat of chemical warfare attack to prevent death in the event of exposure to the nerve agent soman.
		Soman, like other nerve agents, acts by inhibiting AChE, the enzyme that breaks down the body's acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter crucial to regulation of voluntary and involuntary muscles and to function of the brain.
		Indeed, soman is the only nerve agent for which PB is known to be necessary to produce an adequate protective ratio.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /library/randrep/pb_paper/mr1018.2.chap2.html (651 words)

	Inhalation Toxicokinetics of Soman Stereoisomers in the Atropinized Guinea Pig with Nose-Only Exposure to Soman Vapor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soman is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (see the handout for a bare-bones pictorial representation of neurotransmission and description of the toxic effects of neurolase inhibition) of military relevance, so any description of the toxicokinetics of this poison would be valuable in evaluating possible pro- and retroactive treatment of exposure to the nerve agent.
		Soman vapor was generated in a contraption set up adjacent to the guinea pig’s chamber and flushed by the pig’s nostrils.
		With each stereoisomer of soman identifiable in the TIC, the areas of the peaks were used to calculate the concentration of each stereoisomer in the guinea pig’s blood.
	www.roanoke.edu /chemistry/calendar/Chem4089/formal_oral/derek1.html (532 words)

	Soman
		Soman is extremely toxic by absorption through the skin and death will follow about 15 minutes after a lethal dose has been absorbed.
		Soman is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and reacts immediately with neural tissue, particularly in the brain, which explains its greater lethality.
		The thickened soman is a yellowish-brown, highly viscous liquid with a slight aromatic odour.
	projects.sipri.se /cbw/cbw-agents/Soman.html (474 words)

	NEWYORK.COM Health & Wellness Center - Your #1 Source for health realted information and prescription drug price ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soman mixes easily with water, so it could be used to poison water.
		Following release of soman into water, people can be exposed by drinking contaminated water or getting contaminated water on their skin.
		Because soman is more volatile than the nerve agent VX (the most potent nerve agent), it will remain on exposed surfaces for a shorter period of time compared with VX.
	www.newyork.com /soman.html (1064 words)

	Homeland Security: Soman Information
		The extent of poisoning caused by soman depends on the amount of soman a person was exposed to, how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure.
		Soman vapor is heavier than air, so it would be more likely to settle in low-lying areas.
		Because soman is more volatile than the nerve agent VX (the most potent nerve agent), it will remain on exposed surfaces for a longer period of time compared with VX.
	www.nationalterroralert.com /readyguide/soman.htm (997 words)

	Low Concentrations of Pyridostigmine Prevent Soman-Induced Inhibition of GABAergic Transmission in the Central Nervous ...
		Soman (1-100 nM, 10-15 min) decreased the amplitude of GABAergic
		The averaged amplitude of 45 events recorded in the absence of soman was taken as 100% and used to normalize the averaged amplitude of events recorded at the same frequency for 3 min in the presence of the organophosphate.
		The averaged amplitudes of events recorded in the presence of atropine or atropine plus soman and in the washing phase are expressed as percentage of the averaged amplitudes of events recorded at the same frequency for 3 min before exposure of the neurons to any drug.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/304/1/254 (9373 words)

	ASA Newsletter - Article 00-6A
		Soman of 98.5% purity was obtained from ZemianskÈ Kostolany (Slovak Republic).
		In the case of a threat of soman exposure, it seems to be very important to have sufficiently effective pretreatment because soman-induced deleterious effects are extraordinarily difficult to counteract, due to the rapid aging and the existence of soman reservoir in the poisoned organism (15-16).
		In the case of fatal soman poisoning, death is caused by respiratory and subsequent circulatory paralysis, which may be of central origin because soman has been shown to be a potent central respiratory depressant (19).
	www.asanltr.com /newsletter/01-3/articles/Kassa.htm (2110 words)

	- Soman
		Soman is extremely toxic by absorption through the skin and death willfollow about 15 minutes after a lethal dose has been absorbed.
		Soman is readily absorbed into the bloodstreamand reacts immediately with neural tissue, particularly in the brain, whichexplains its greater lethality.
		After World War II, soman was incorporated into the Soviet arsenals.A thickened variant was developed for use in 250kg chemical spray tanks.The thickened soman is a yellowish-brown, highly viscous liquid with a slightaromatic odour.
	www.sipri.org /contents/cbwarfare/cbw_research_doc/cw_doc/Soman.html (502 words)

	Dr. SOMAN NADHAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soman Nadhan is an Ayurvedic Physician and graduated from Ayurvedic Medical College in Kerala, India in 1980.
		Soman received advanced training in the treatment of chronic problems such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression and neurological problems such as M.S. and Parkinson’s.
		Soman will be visiting Arsha Vidya Gurukulam about every month during which period, he will be available for Ayurvedic consultation at Saylorsburg.
	www.arshavidya.org /avg_website_old/teachers/DrSoman.htm (167 words)

	Mitretek Systems :: Chemistry of GD (Soman) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soman has never been used in combat, but was produced and stockpiled by the Soviet Union.
		Soman is a colorless liquid when pure; the industrial product is yellow-brown.
		Soman undergoes hydrolysis by acidic, neutral, and basic mechanisms, all of which give fluoride and pinacolyl methylphosphonate as the initial products.
	www.mitretek.org /home.nsf/homelandsecurity/Soman (639 words)

	FDA APPROVES PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE AS PRETREATMENT AGAINST NERVE GAS
		The "animal efficacy rule" enabled FDA to approve pyridostigmine bromide to increase survival from Soman poisoning despite the impossibility of ethically conducting human studies on the effectiveness of the drug.
		Evidence of the effectiveness of pyridostigmine bromide as a pretreatment for exposure to Soman was obtained primarily from studies in monkeys and guinea pigs.
		The leaflet states that pyridostigmine should be started at least several hours before exposure to Soman and emphasizes that it must be discontinued upon exposure to nerve gas, at which point the antidotes atropine and pralidoxime are given.
	www.fda.gov /bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00870.html (666 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Noted actor Soman dead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Malayalam actor M G Soman died at a private hospital at Kochi on Friday.
		Soman was admitted to the hospital for the treatment of jaundice and was shifted to the intensive care unit yesterday as his condition turned worse.
		A former serviceman, Soman began his acting career as a stage artiste with Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair's drama troupe.
	inhome.rediff.com /news/dec/13soman.htm (154 words)

	Soman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soman (O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) is a fluorinated organophosphate and was one of the first nerve agents to be discovered.
		Soman is also described as 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate; 1,2,2,-Trimethylpropoxyfluoromethylphosphine oxide; Methylpinacolyloxyfluorophosphine oxide; Pinacolyloxymethylphosphonyl fluoride; Pinacolyl methanefluorophosphonate; Methylfluoropinacolylphosphonate; Fluoromethylpinacolyloxyphosphine Oxide; Methylpinacolyloxyphosphonyl fluoride; Pinacolyl methylfluorophosphonate.
		Soman was discovered by Richard Kuhn in Germany in 1944, and represented the last wartime discovery (GF was not found until 1949.) Soman was given the identifier GD post-war (GC was already in medical use) when the information relating to Soman was recovered by the Soviet Union from its hiding place in a mine.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/soman (264 words)

	Pyridostigmine Bromide Questions and Answers
		FDA is announcing the approval of pyridostigmine bromide to increase survival after exposure to the nerve agent Soman.
		Soman is a nerve agent that blocks an enzyme muscles need to work properly.
		Soman exposure can cause loss of muscle control and death if the muscles required for breathing are paralyzed.
	www.fda.gov /cder/drug/infopage/Pyridostigmine_Bromide/Q&A.htm (639 words)

	FT.com / Business life - The crucial role of the unexpected (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When Dilip Soman walks into a supermarket, shopping is often the last thing on his mind.
		A professor of marketing at the University of Toronto’s Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, Prof Soman is likely to be more interested in how shoppers react to shelf layouts and types of packaging, and how much time they spend at the check-out.
		In one project, Prof Soman and John Gourville, a collaborator at Harvard Business School, found a link between attendance at a YMCA health club and the time elapsed since members paid their dues.
	news.ft.com /cms/s/7ea4161e-0cde-11da-ba02-00000e2511c8.html (648 words)

	Country Profiles: North Korea
		The toxicity of soman inhaled (vapor) is estimated (median lethal dose, or LD50) to be 50mg-min/m3, or 350mg through the skin.
		The toxic principle of soman is its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the body’s enzyme required for proper nerve transmission at the molecular level.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /db/profiles/cwagents/Info_somangGo.html (404 words)

	View Document — Jihočeská univerzita (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The protective and anticonvulsive efficacy of two prophylactic mixtures (PANPAL consisting of pyridostigmine, benactyzine, and trihexyphenidyle and pyridostigmine plus biperiden) administered prior to the administration of soman in a lethal dose (1.5 LD50) with or without antidotal treatment (atropine + HI-6) was evaluated using rats as experimental animals.
		More than 90% of pretreated animals survived for 24 hrs following soman poisoning and they were observed to be free from soman-induced toxic signs 24 hrs after soman administration.
		Our results confirm that both prophylactic mixtures should be considered as a pretreatment for nerve agent poisoning, especially in the case of the threat of exposure to soman.
	www.jcu.cz /zsf/jab/2_2/kasa.htm?set_language=en&cl=en (228 words)

	GD
		-Following release of soman into water, people can be exposed by drinking contaminated water or getting contaminated water on their skin.
		-The extent of poisoning caused by soman depends on the amount of soman a person was exposed to, how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure.
		-Because soman is more volatile than the nerve agent VX (the most potent nerve agent), it will remain on exposed surfaces for a longer period of time compared with VX.
	www.nilesema.com /gd.htm (1019 words)

	Soman
		Soman is another example of a organophosphate neurotoxin.
		The mode of toxicity of Soman is similar to Sarin.
		Soman is more persistent than either Sarin or Tabun.
	www.health-nexus.com /soman.htm (101 words)

	Shirley Camper Soman, ACSW - Home
		Shirley Camper Soman has been concerned about the well-being, joys and problems of children all of her life.
		Soman is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin (with a major in psychology) and her Master of Social Science degree is from the Smith College School for Social Work.
		Soman sees much of her work as a minor effort to follow in one of the footsteps of Jane Addams.
	shirleycampersoman.com (597 words)

	Anticholinergic and Antiglutamatergic Agents Protect against Soman-Induced Brain Damage and Cognitive Dysfunction -- ...
		Lallement, G., Carpentier, P., Pernot-Marino, I., Baubichon, D., Collet, A., and Blanchet, G. Involvement of the different rat hippocampal glutamatergic receptors in development of seizures induced by soman: An autoradiographic study.
		Raveh, L., Grauer, E., Grunwald, J., Cohen, E., and Ashani, Y. The stoichiometry of protection against soman and VX toxicity in monkeys pretreated with human butyrylcholinesterase.
		Shih, T.-M. Time-course effects of soman on acetylcholine and choline levels in six discrete areas of the rat brain.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/75/1/108 (4690 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: Arts :: Soman's In the (K)now
		Soman’s parents, currently on vacation in Las Vegas, could not be reached for comment.
		But perhaps the theory with the greatest credence is the one that no theory is needed in the first place—that Soman is long gone and that’s all that matters.
		When it was suggested to a HUPD officer that maybe Soman doesn’t want to be found, he scrunched up his face and remarked, “Well, we did find something in his room that seems to suggest that as well—” Another officer punched him in the arm and retorted, “We found nothing else in his room.
	www.thecrimson.com /printerfriendly.aspx?ref=104294 (1467 words)

	Nerve Gas-Induced Seizures: Role of Acetylcholine in the Rapid Induction of Fos and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in ...
		Soman is a "nerve gas." It is a highly potent irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes
		By 90 min after soman the number of Fos-positive cells in PC ipsilateral to the lesioned NDB (column 7) was significantly fewer than the number of Fos-positive cells 45 min after soman administration in animals receiving vehicle, saline (columns 1, 2).
		By 90 min after soman, increased layer-specific increases in GFAP staining are observed in the PC ipsilateral to the lesioned NDB (E).
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/10/3897 (6551 words)

	Pretreatment for soman now FDA approved (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A dose of PB frustrates soman in the same way a partially full mall parking lot thwarts a shopper: There's few places to park, so the soman can only find a few parking spaces and the rest passes through.
		If a soman attack occurs, researchers are obliged under the animal rule to report where the nerve agent was used, what units may have been exposed to it, if they took PB and what the results were.
		Though not yet approved as a pretreatment for soman, the FDA allowed the military to distribute the drug in 1990 because the Iraqis had used chemical agents during the decade before in a war with Iran.
	www.dcmilitary.com /army/standard/8_08/national_news/22659-1.html (1453 words)

	Patricia Soman and Keith Roberts named Mid-American Conference Track and Field Athletes of the Week :: Patricia Soman ...
		Her leap of 21-1 1/2 was an inch and a half better than the NCAA Auto Mark of 21-0 and 2-6 1/4 better than the closest competition in the meet.
		In addition, Soman recorded a first place leap of 41-10 3/4 in the triple jump and a second place finish (7.01) in the 55-meter.
		Soman is ranked second nationally in the long jump and seventh in the triple jump.
	mac-sports.collegesports.com /sports/c-track/spec-rel/022503aaa.html (994 words)

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