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Topic: Somatic cell nuclear transfer

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Human cloning

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	Glossary [Stem Cell Information]
		SCNT can be used for therapeutic or reproductive purposes, but the initial stage that combines an enucleated egg and a somatic cell nucleus is the same.
		Somatic stem cells—Non-embryonic stem cells that are not derived from gametes (egg or sperm cells).
		By combining a patient's somatic cell nucleus and an enucleated egg, a scientist may harvest embryonic stem cells from the resulting embryo that can be used to generate tissues that match a patient's body.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/glossary.asp (1853 words)

	U.S. Position Paper on the Science and Ethical Implications of Human Cloning, February 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a cloning technique used by scientists to produce a nearly genetically identical copy of an existing animal.
		Stem cells are cells that occur in animals at all stages of development, from the embryo to the adult.
		Embryonic stem cells are derived from a 5-9 day-old embryo and are able to generate nearly all the cell types of the body.
	www.un.int /usa/02cloning02.htm (1633 words)

	Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In April of 2001, Wakayama et al published a paper establishing SCNT as a viable source of stem cells.
		Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), also called therapeutic cloning, is the process by which a somatic cell is fused with a enucleated oocyte.
		Once fusion has occurred, the cell is totipotent, and eventually develops into a blastocyst, at which point the inner cell mass is isolated.
	www.molbio.princeton.edu /courses/mb427/2001/projects/09/transfer.htm (181 words)

	Somatic cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mammals, germline cells are the sperm and ova (also known as "gametes") which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, from which the entire mammalian embryo develops.
		Every other cell type in the mammalian body – apart from the sperm and ova, the cells from which they are made (gametocytes) and undifferentiated stem cells – is a somatic cell; internal organs skin, bones, blood and connective tissue are all made up of somatic cells.
		Somatic cells can also be defined by the amount of genetic material they contain, which in mammals is always twice as much as contained in a germline cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Somatic_cell (545 words)

	genome.gov \| Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells
		The technique of transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg that produced Dolly was an extension of experiments that had been ongoing for over 40 years.
		In the simplest terms, the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep - somatic cell nuclear transplantation cloning - involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell.
		ES cells are the most versatile of all stem cells because they are less differentiated, or committed, to a particular function than adult stem cells.
	www.genome.gov /10004765 (1529 words)

	ScienceWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In this technique, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced by the nucleus of a somatic cell -- from the intestine, for instance, or the mammary gland -- of the organism to be cloned.
		Thus, the individual born from the development of the renucleated egg cell in a surrogate mother is a genetic copy of the donor of the nucleus, except for mitochondrial genes and other forms of cytoplasmic heredity, which are provided by the recipient egg cell.
		Body [somatic] cells originate from embryonic cells by progressive differentiation, a process in which only certain genes -- such as those that specify a brain, liver, or skin cell, depending on the cells' location in the developing embryo -- come to be expressed, while all others are silenced.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030314.htm (11178 words)

	Reprogramming Efficiency following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is Influenced by the Differentiation and Methylation ...
		Reprogramming Efficiency following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is Influenced by the Differentiation and Methylation State of the Donor Nucleus
		Reprogramming of a differentiated cell nucleus by somatic
		nuclear transfer, the donor nucleus often fails to express early
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/2006-0050v1 (239 words)

	Regenerative Medicine Glossary- Adult Stems, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, More.
		Adult stem cells: Stem cells found in mature tissues (bone marrow, skin, brain, etc.) that can self-renew and give rise to other cell types from their tissue of origin, thereby producing a steady supply of new cells to maintain that tissue throughout life.
		Somatic cell nuclear transfer (sometimes known as ‘therapeutic cloning'): A process by which a nucleus from a single cell (for example a skin cell) is transferred into an unfertilized egg, which is then allowed to develop to the blastocyst stage.
		Embryonic stem cells derived from this blastocyst are genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus.
	www.massgeneral.org /regenmed/forthepublic_glossary.htm (325 words)

	Policies and Procedures - Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Therapeutic Cloning) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Washington University supports somatic stem cell nuclear transfer — a separate and distinct procedure from human reproductive cloning —; for the purpose of producing cells to repair damaged tissue or replace malfunctioning cells.
		In both instances, the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a cell from an adult.
		Somatic cell nuclear transfer is not a reproductive process, since no whole organism results.
	www.wustl.edu /1999-03web/policies/cloningstatement.html (337 words)

	Epigenetic Modification Is Central to Genome Reprogramming in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer -- Armstrong et al. 24 (4): ...
		Nuclear transfer in cattle: Birth of cloned calves and estimation of blastomere totipotency in morulae used as a source of nuclei.
		Reprogramming of epigenetic inheritance by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
		Nuclear transfer of adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Developmental totipotency of tissue-specific stem cells from an adult mammal.
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/24/4/805 (7062 words)

	What is Cloning?
		Somatic cell: A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than the two types of reproductive cells, sperm and egg.
		The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell nucleus to the egg.
		She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.
	learn.genetics.utah.edu /units/cloning/whatiscloning (885 words)

	BioEd Online Slides: cloning, somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT: Biology Lesson Plan
		In 1997, scientists used a somatic cell (a cell that is not an egg or sperm cell) from an adult sheep to produce a reproductive clone via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
		The nucleus from the somatic cell is injected into the enucleated egg cell, thus replacing the nucleus of the egg cell with a nucleus from the somatic cell.
		SCNT was first described in 1983 in amphibians and was later demonstrated in work with sheep and mouse embryos in 1986.
	www.bioedonline.org /slides/slide01.cfm?tk=37 (1554 words)

	The use of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Then, using carefully worked out laboratory conditions, a somatic cell - any cell other than an egg or a sperm cell - is placed next to the egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the two are fused.
		Cells from the inner cell mass of this blastocyst could, in theory, be used to develop pluripotent stem cell lines.
		Perhaps the most far-reaching potential application of human pluripotent stem cells is the generation of cells and tissue that could be used for so-called "cell therapies." Many diseases and disorders result from disruption of cellular function or destruction of tissues of the body.
	www.eamg-med.com /list/stemcells3.shtml (542 words)

	Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Gives Old Animals Youthful Immune Cells \| Today's Stem Cell Research
		Cells generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) offer the potential for treatment of a wide range of degenerative diseases.
		Nuclear transfer with Neo(r) -- marked nuclei from 10-13 year old cows was used to generate fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.
		Cloned cells were demonstrated in the animals up to over a year in blood, lymph nodes and endothelium, peaking at levels of up to 60% in circulating progenitors and 9-11% in blood granulocytes.
	www.stemnews.com /archives/000973.html (587 words)

	Manipulating animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer
		Nuclear transfer technology was first employed in embryo cloning, in which the donor cell is derived from an early embryo, and has been long established in the case of amphibia.
		Subsequently, nuclear transplantation was conducted successfully in the eggs of domestic animals, including sheep and cows.
		An early success was achieved by Dr Wilmut's group who used fetal sheep cells containing a factor IX transgene as donor cells to generate transgenic sheep and this has been followed by cloning of transgenic cattle (Pennisi, 1998).
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=hmg.section.2772 (1265 words)

	Stem Cell News Updates for June 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		These post-natal cells were able to undergo population doublings while maintaining their ability to regenerate muscle in an animal model, a key finding indicating that they could maintain their treatment potential.
		Soker said the cells have potential to be used both in tissue engineering—the science of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory—as well as in cell therapy.
		For cell therapy, laboratory-grown cells would be injected into the body to replace breast tissue removed by surgery, to fill in the gaps in bone fractures or replace muscle damaged by injury.
	www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org /WhatsNew/June_2005.htm (4341 words)

	Somatic cell nuclear transfer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In SCNT the nucleus, which contains the organism's DNA, of a somatic cell (a body cell other than a sperm or egg cell) is removed and the rest of the cell is discarded.
		The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor, allowing doctors to tailor stem cell treatments to patients, avoiding any complications from immune system rejection.
		SCNT is currently legal for research purposes in the United Kingdom, having been incorporated into the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act in 2001.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer (1635 words)

	Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
		It involves fusing a somatic cell with an enucleated oocyte, where the nucleus of the somatic cell provides the genetic information.
		Stem cells are currently being used to treat white blood cell cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.
		Stem cells may be used to treat "brain attacks", or strokes, in the future.
	www.angelfire.com /ma4/bmes/scnt.html (266 words)

	THE VALUE OF SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER
		In Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), the nucleus of a donor’s unfertilized egg is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a patient’s own cells, like a skin, heart, or nerve cell. These types of cells are called somatic cells.
		SCNT aims to treat or cure patients by creating tailor-made, genetically identical cells that their bodies won’t reject. In other words, SCNT could allow patients to be cured using their own DNA.
		SCNT could be used to help nearly 100 million Americans suffering from cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, Parkinson’s, spinal cord injuries, heart disease, ALS, and other devastating conditions for which treatments and cures must still be found.
	www.camradvocacy.org /resources/SCNT_Talking_Points.htm (585 words)

	Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Cloning) Efficiency Compiled by Lesley Paterson, Scientific Secretary to Ian Wilmut, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Cloning) Efficiency Compiled by Lesley Paterson, Scientific Secretary to Ian Wilmut, Gene Expression and Development, Roslin Institute.
		The overall efficiency of cloning is typically between 0 and 3 % (number of live offspring as a percentage of the number of nuclear transferred oocytes), irrespective of the species, the donor cell type or technique.
		Live Offspring (% embryos transferred): Refers to the number of live offspring born and is also given as a % of the total number of embryos transferred (normally morula or blastocyts, however some studies transfer 2, 4, and 8 cell).
	www.mindfully.org /GE/GE3/Cloning-EfficiencyAug01.htm (1085 words)

	Human reproductive cloning 'currently impossible' - 10 April 2003 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The key technology is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), where a cell from the adult animal to be cloned is fused with an egg stripped of its own nuclear DNA.
		The researchers found that SCNT primate embryos lacked at least two proteins required for proper spindle function, leaving the chromosomes to distribute randomly throughout the embryo.
		Although attempts to clone a monkey by SCNT using adult cells have all failed, two animals were cloned in 1997 by embryonic cell nuclear transfer, which Schatten reports also creates the damaging spindle defect.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3614 (745 words)

	NEJM -- Progress in Human Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer
		Nuclear-transfer embryonic stem cells that carry the nuclear DNA of an existing person can be obtained by injecting a nucleus from a patient into an enucleated ovum.
		Explantation of the blastocyst to cell culture yields a line of cells that can differentiate into ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal cells (i.e., cell lines that have the potential to develop into any type of cell).
		They went on to show that the stem cell lines could differentiate into somatic cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm lineages, including cells with characteristics of the skin, striated muscle, smooth muscle, neuroepithelium, cartilage, renal tissue, gastrointestinal epithelium, respiratory epithelium, colonic epithelium, and bone.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/full/353/1/87 (928 words)

	Cell Donor Influences Success of Producing Cattle by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer -- Powell et al. 71 (1): 210 -- ...
		cell nuclear transfer is being debated [3, 4].
		cell cycle of the donor cell and cytoplast [50].
		Somatic cell cloned transgenic bovine neurons for transplantation in parkinsonian rats.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/71/1/210 (5765 words)

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