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Topic: Somatostatin

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	SSTR3 - Somatostatin receptor type 3
		SSTR3, a somatostatin (SST) receptor, is an adenylyl cyclase (AC)-inhibiting receptor.
		Somatostatin significantly inhibited angiogenesis in vivo in the matrigel sponge assay; this inhibition was mimicked by the SSTR3 agonist L-796778 and reversed by the SSTR3 antagonist BN81658, demonstrating involvement of SSTR3.
		Somatostatin receptor gene expression of SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3 subtypes was evaluated by in situ hybridization in 55 human primary tumors shown to contain a high density of somatostatin receptors in binding assays.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gg/92418.html (4358 words)

	Somatostatin
		Somatostatin was named for its effect of inhibiting secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.
		Somatostatin suppresses secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.
		Somatostatin is often referred to as having neuromodulatory activity within the central nervous sytem, and appears to have a variety of complex effects on neural transmission.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html (602 words)

	Somatostatin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Somatostatin is secreted not only by cells of the hypothalamus but also by so called delta cells of stomach, intestine and pancreas.
		Octreotide (brand name Sandostatin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) is an octopeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone.
		The FDA has approved the usage of a salt form of this peptide, octreotide acetate, as an injectable depot formulation for the treatment of acromegaly, the treatment of diarrhea and flushing episodes associated with carcinoid syndrome, and treatment of diarrhea in patients with vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Somatostatin (192 words)

	Somatostatin Receptor Imaging
		Somatostatin is a naturally occurring neuropeptide with a wide range of pharmacologic actions including inhibition of growth hormone release and suppression of insulin and glucagon secretion.
		Somatostatin receptors on immune cells surrounding non-small cell lung cancer may be responsible for the high sensitivity of Indium-111-Pentetreotide scintrigraphy with this tumor.
		Prevalence of Somatostatin Receptors in Granulomatous and Auto-immune Diseases:
	brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/jpnm/hcache/1009/full.html (960 words)

	Somatostatin or Octreotide Not Effective in Decreasing Mortality or Transfusion in Acute Esophageal Varices Hemorrhage
		Somatostatin does not decrease mortality compared with placebo in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage in adults.
		Somatostatin and octreotide reduce portal blood flow and hepatic venous pressure gradient but the effect on intra-esophageal pressure is more equivocal in experimental studies.
		The use of somatostatin or octreotide in the management of acute non-variceal hemorrhage appears to significantly reduce the risk of continued bleeding, but not alter the need for surgery nor decrease the transfusion requirement significantly.
	www.med.umich.edu /pediatrics/ebm/cats/octreotide.htm (539 words)

	OCD and Somatostatin -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Somatostatin acts as a neuromodulator via a family of five 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, SSTR1-5, one of which, SSTR2, is known to be functional in the striatum.
		Unilateral striatal infusions of the peptide by retrodialysis increased locomotion.
		Somatostatin receptors and dopamine receptors are colocalized in neuronal subgroups, and somatostatin is involved in modulating dopamine-mediated control of motor activity.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /ocdsomatostatin.html (16644 words)

	American Family Physician: Octreotide: a somatostatin analog
		In 1968, somatostatin was discovered to be an inhibitor of growth hormone secretion.1 It was isolated and sequenced in 1982 from extracts of human pancreatic tumor cells.2,3 Shortly thereafter, the therapeutic potential of somatostatin became apparent with the development of octreotide acetate (Sandostatin), a long-acting somatostatin analog.4
		Within the digestive tract, somatostatin is synthesized by epithelial D cells of the stomach, small intestine and colon, as well as by D cells of the pancreatic islets.
		The somatostatin analog may be of some benefit if the tumor cannot be located or has metastasized, but its effect on insulin levels is unpredictable: insulin concentrations may fall, rise or remain unchanged.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n6_v39/ai_7689235 (1291 words)

	Somatostatin Receptor 1 antibody (ab479) datasheet
		Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR) 1 is one of the five receptor subtypes termed SSTR 1 to 5.
		Activation of these receptors by somatostatin, which is secreted by nerve and endocrine cells, regulates the secretion of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone, neuronal excitability in both the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and cell growth.
		Somatostatin receptors have been implicated in numerous diseases ranging from Alzheimer's to cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, prostate, and pituitary.
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=479 (517 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Somatostatin receptor-mediated arachidonic acid mobilization: evidence for partial ...
		The effect of somatostatin, angiopeptin and octreotide on the release of tritium on (A) CHO h sst
		Although few studies to date have examined recombinant somatostatin receptor activation and effects on arachidonic acid mobilization, several groups have used a similar assay to study other recombinant G protein-coupled receptors, such as substance P (Garcia et al., 1994), dopamine (Nilsson et al., 1998), 5-hydroxytryptamine (Berg et al., 1998) and adrenoceptors (Xing and Insel, 1996).
		A possible explanation for this may be that somatostatin (a full agonist) is able to recruit a comparatively greater number of different downstream signalling molecules to mobilize arachidonic acid release than angiopeptin (a partial agonist).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v132/n3/full/0703862a.html (4134 words)

	Human proximal tubular epithelial cells express somatostatin: regulation by growth factors and cAMP -- Turman and Apple ...
		The biological effects of somatostatin are mediated by specific somatostatin receptors (26, 29).
		Band labeled "SS" corresponds to somatostatin mRNA, which was ~750 nucleotides as estimated by relative position of transcript compared with RNA standards visualized by ethidium bromide staining of the agarose gel.
		The physiological role of somatostatin in the kidney and for proximal tubules is currently unknown.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/6/F1095 (3809 words)

	Effect of Somatostatin on Nitric Oxide Production in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Cultures -- Vasilaki et al. ...
		To investigate the presence of somatostatin and its
		Somatostatin levels were detected by radioimmunoassay, and RT-PCR
		suggest an autocrine or paracrine role for somatostatin.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/abstract/45/5/1499 (236 words)

	Somatostatin Receptors in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors -- Wängberg et al. 2 (1): 50 -- The ...
		Somatostatin and somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in treatment of hormone-secreting tumors of the pituitary and gastrointestinal tract and non-neoplastic diseases of the gut.
		Somatostatin and its cyclic octapeptide analog SMS 201-995 as inhibitors of proliferation of human acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia.
		Somatostatin analogue octreotide and inhibition of tumour growth in metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/2/1/50 (4222 words)

	Short Term Inhibitory Effect of Somatostatin on Gastric Histamine Synthesis -- Hollande et al. 138 (3): 955 -- ...
		be regulated by somatostatin in numerous tissues (4, 22).
		in the absence of somatostatin to 129.1 ± 4.2 µ
		) was not additive to that of somatostatin;
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/138/3/955 (4596 words)

	SSTR2 - Somatostatin receptor 2 - Cancer GeneticsWeb
		Absence of somatostatin receptor expression in vivo is correlated to di- or tetraploid 1p36-deleted neuroblastomas.
		Somatostatin receptor type 2 gene expression in neuroblastoma, measured by competitive RT-PCR, is related to patient survival and to somatostatin receptor imaging by indium -111-pentetreotide.
		High expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) in medulloblastoma: implications for diagnosis and therapy.
	www.cancerindex.org /geneweb/SSTR2.htm (228 words)

	Immunohistochemical and Cytochemical Localization of the Somatostatin Receptor Subtype sst1 in the Somatostatinergic ...
		and inhibit the release of somatostatin from periventricular neurons
		Guo F, Beaudet A, Tannenbaum GS (1996) The effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone replacement on sst1 and sst2 somatostatin receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acids in the arcuate nucleus.
		Lamberts SWJ (1988) The role of somatostatin in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and the use of its analogs in the treatment of human pituitary tumors.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/13/4938 (4241 words)

	Somatostatin-14 Neurons in the Ovine Hypothalamus: Colocalization with Estrogen Receptor {alpha} and ...
		somatostatin in the VMN of the rat [47] and guinea pig [48].
		[26] hypothesized that somatostatin neurons in the arcuate nucleus/VMN
		Absence of estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in somatostatin (SRIF) neurons of the periventricular nucleus but sexually dimorphic colocalization of estrogen receptor and SRIF immunoreactivities in neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/69/4/1318 (4637 words)

	Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer With Somatostatin Analogues--A Meta-Analysis -- Dolan et al. 8 (3): 227 -- Annals ...
		Somatostatin analogues, either octreotide or lanreotide, 2 mg
		Feasibility, endocrine and anti-tumor effects of a triple endocrine therapy with tamoxifen, a somatostatin analogue and an antiprolactin in post-menopausal metastatic breast cancer: a randomized study with long-term follow-up.
		Somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1, sst2, sst3, sst5 expression in human pituitary, gastroentero-pancreatic and mammary tumors: comparison of mRNA analysis with receptor autoradiography.
	www.annalssurgicaloncology.org /cgi/content/full/8/3/227 (3318 words)

	Regulation by Estradiol of Hypothalamic Somatostatin Gene Expression: Possible Involvement of Somatostatin in the ...
		estrogen receptors in the VMN synthesize somatostatin [11],
		The role of somatostatin in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and the use of its analogs in the treatment of human pituitary tumors.
		Effect of somatostatin on the release of gonadotropins in male rats.
	www.biolreprod.com /cgi/content/full/71/1/38 (4202 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Abstract of article: Cellular actions of somatostatin on rat periaqueductal grey ...
		Functional studies indicate that the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) is involved in the analgesic actions of somatostatin; however, the cellular actions of somatostatin in this brain region are unknown.
		Somatostatin had a variable effect on the rate of spontaneous miniature IPSCs in normal external potassium solutions.
		In high external potassium solutions, somatostatin reduced the rate of miniature IPSCs in all neurons, and this inhibition was abolished by addition of Cd Somatostatin had no effect on the amplitude of miniature IPSCs.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v142/n8/abs/0705894a.html (385 words)

	SST3-selective potent peptidic somatostatin receptor antagonists -- Reubi et al. 97 (25): 13973 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Somatostatin modulates numerous actions in the body (1, 2) that are mediated by at least five somatostatin receptor
		The somatostatin analogs 9 and 10 antagonize the concentration-dependent inhibition of cAMP accumulation by somatostatin-28 in sst
		The somatostatin analogs 7 and 10 concentration-dependently reverse the inhibition of cAMP accumulation by somatostatin-28 in sst
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/25/13973 (3546 words)

	[No title]
		The value of somatostatin or octreotide in the management of patients with acute variceal hemorrhage is questionable (1,2).
		\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls1\adjustright {Somatostatin* and octreotide reduce portal blood flow and hepatic venous pressure gradient but the effect on intra-esophageal pressure is more equivocal in experimental studies (2).
		This is likely not a clinically significant effect.(2) \par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls1\adjustright {The use of somatostatin* or octreotide in the management of acute non-variceal hemorrhage appears to significantly reduce the risk of continued bleeding but not alter the need for surgery nor decrease the transfusion requirement significantly.
	www.med.umich.edu /pediatrics/ebm/download/SampleCAT.doc (745 words)

	Increased pituitary response to somatostatin in aging male rats: relationship to somatostatin receptor number and ...
		Increased pituitary response to somatostatin in aging male rats: relationship to somatostatin receptor number and affinity.
		The purpose of this study was to determine whether this decline is associated with (1) increased pituitary response to somatostatin, and/or (2) increased number or affinity of pituitary somatostatin receptors.
		In a second study, somatostatin receptors in purified pituitary membranes from the three age groups were compared using iodo-[Tyr0]-D-Trp8 somatostatin-14.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2575235.html (211 words)

	Regulation of Rat Pancreatic CCKB Receptor and Somatostatin Expression by Insulin -- Julien et al. 53 (6): 1526 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Regulation of Rat Pancreatic CCKB Receptor and Somatostatin Expression by Insulin -- Julien et al.
		C: Data represent somatostatin pancreatic content of the different groups, with the number of rats per group shown in parentheses.
		in somatostatin expression and the behavior of the CCK
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/6/1526 (4463 words)

	Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy: Its Sensitivity Compared with That of Other Imaging Methods in Detecting Primary ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		decreased density of somatostatin receptors in the gastrinomas
		to be imaged by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy [2,41,47].
		Evaluation of a radiolabeled somatostatin analog (I-123 octreotide) in the detection and localization of carcinoid and islet cell tumors.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/125/1/26 (5900 words)

	Role of somatostatin-14 and its analogues in the management of gastrointestinal fistulae: clinical data -- Hesse et al. ...
		Parallel in vivo and in vitro detection of functional somatostatin receptors in human endocrine pancreatic tumours: consequences with regard to diagnosis, localization, and therapy.
		Somatostatin binding in human gastrointestinal tissues: effects of cations and somatostatin analogues.
		Blind evaluation of the effect of octreotide (SMS 201-995), a somatostatin analogue, on small-bowel fistula output.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/49/suppl_4/iv11 (4399 words)

	Immunohistochemical Localization of Somatostatin Receptors sst2A in Human Tumors -- Reubi et al. 153 (1): 233 -- ...
		Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Reubi JC: The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
		Janson ET, Gobl A, Kälkner KM, Oeberg K: A comparison between the efficacy of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and that of in situ hybridization for somatostatin receptor subtype 2 messenger RNA to predict therapeutic outcome in carcinoid patients.
		Gu WZ, Schonbrunn A: Coupling specificity between somatostatin receptor sst2A and G proteins: isolation of the receptor-G protein complex with a receptor antibody.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/153/1/233 (5543 words)

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