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	The Sonderbund Alliance - Switzerland - Information
		Although the move was constitutionally perfectly legal, Radicals saw in it the long arm of the Pope, and some even tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Lucerne government by force.
		But it was only in 1847 that there were enough cantons with liberal governments to tip the voting in the Diet.
		The Diet then declared the Sonderbund to be a violation of the Federal Pact.
	www.swissworld.org /en/history/the_federal_state/the_sonderbund_alliance (206 words)

	Sonderbund - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sonderbund (meaning "separate alliance", in German), was a league created in 1845 in Switzerland between seven Catholic and Conservative cantons in order to protect their interests against a centralization of power.
		The confederate army was raised against the members of the Sonderbund.
		General Guillaume-Henri Dufour led the army and defeated the Sonderbund in a campaign that lasted only from November 3rd to November 29th, and claimed fewer than hundred victims.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sonderbund (284 words)

	Sonderbund
		Sonderbund [Ger.,=separate league], 1845–47, defensive league of seven Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland; it was formed to protect Catholic interests and prevent the establishment of a more centralized Swiss government.
		The Radical majority in the federal diet declared the Sonderbund dissolved (1847) and shortly afterward sent an army, under Gen. Guillaume Henri Dufour, against the separatist forces.
		The Society of Jesus was banned from Switzerland, and the establishment of new religious houses was forbidden.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0845919.html (202 words)

	e. Switzerland. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Swiss cantons were divided by the Sonderbund (See 1845, Dec. 11), which reinforced the religious distinctions between the Catholics and the Protestants and proved to be the catalyst for the revolution.
		The Federal Diet dissolved the Sonderbund after a radical victory in St. Gall gave the Diet the necessary majority.
		The Diet declared war on the Sonderbund, with Gen. Dufour in command of the army.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1094.html (271 words)

	Theodore, Count von Scherer-Boccard
		In 1845 he was made secretary to Magistrate Siegwart-Muller of Lucerne, who was the president of the Sonderbund.
		After the unfortunate ending of the war of the Sonderbund he returned to private life at Solothurn, where he devoted himself to labors on behalf of Catholic interests and of social subjects.
		In 1844 Scherer founded the Academy of St. Charles Borromeo, an association of the Catholic scholars of Switzerland, and edited as the organ of the association a journal called "Katholische Annalen" (Lucerne, 1847); the war of the "Sonderbund" put an end to this periodical and to the academy also.
	catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/scherer-boccard,theodore,count_von.html (621 words)

	The Sonderbund War - Switzerland - Information
		The Sonderbund was ended by a quick and almost bloodless war in November 1847.
		The federal troops, led by the conservative Henri Dufour, were anxious to move quickly before the European powers could intervene.
		By the time the European situation had clarified, the Swiss federation was too firmly established for the conservatives to be able to turn the clock back.
	www.swissworld.org /en/history/the_federal_state/the_sonderbund_war/print.html (257 words)

	Switzerland War 1847
		Protestant Swiss liberals, seeking a revised constitution, stronger central government, freedom of worship, and secular education (expulsion of the Jesuits), tried to impose their views upon the whole Swiss confederation, encountering stiff resistance from Catholic Swiss in the early 1840s.
		In a brief and almost bloodless civil war (November 2-24, 1847), federal troops under General Guillaume Henri Dufour (1787-1875) defeated the forces of the Sonderbund, which was far outnumbered on the battlefield.
		The Sonderbund was dissolved, and its former members were compelled to pay the cost of the war.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/sierra/swiss1847.htm (174 words)

	The Historian: A Very Civil War: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Sonderbund War is often treated as a prelude to the revolutions of 1848.
		In 1845 seven Catholic-Conservative cantons formed the Sonderbund to defend themselves against the radicals, but their opponents argued that the alliance violated the Federal Treaty.
		Because the Sonderbund forces did not act together, Dufour could march In overwhelming force against the separate cantons.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17156652&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (628 words)

	MSN Encarta - Switzerland
		The federal government declared the formation of the league to be a violation of the constitution.
		The Sonderbund was defeated by the federal government, and the ensuing constitution of 1848 greatly increased the federal power.
		It was followed by the constitution of 1874, which, with modifications, is still in force; the 1874 constitution completed the development of Switzerland from a group of cantons to a unified federal state.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571795_8/Switzerland.html (1244 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Switzerland, 1830-1848
		With the support of Prussia and Austria, the konservative cantons of Basel, Uri, Schwyz, Nidwalden, Valais/Wallis and Neuchatel in 1833 founded an alliance of their own, the Sonderbund (among others demanding the reunification of the canton of Basel).
		Switzerland, because of its particular federal structure, was both a testing ground for liberal reforms, as well as a refuge for political exiles, such as liberal patriots Giuseppe Mazzini, Ludwig Snell (of Nassau), and not to forget Louis Napoleon, son of Napoleon's brother Louis (briefly King of Holland), the future Emperor Napoleon III.
		The Sonderbund was the political organization of Swiss Ultramontanism, the Jesuits their major instrument.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/ch183048.html (1024 words)

	sonderbund - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He had helped found the Sonderbund Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Ktilde...hoped that their chapel at the 1912 Sonderbund Exhibition in Cologne would be viewed...
		The latter, in turn, was much influenced by the 1912 Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, which the Americans took as their model.
		SONDERBUND zon d rboont Ger.,=separate league, 1845 47, defensive...The Radical majority in the federal diet declared the Sonderbund dissolved (1847) and shortly afterward sent an army...intervention, and in an almost bloodless campaign the Sonderbund was defeated.
	www.questia.com /search/sonderbund (890 words)

	Oskar Kokoschka - AMAM
		Painted in Vienna in the spring of 1912, this double portrait is one of a series of innovative portraits in which Kokoschka attempted to express the interior states of his subjects, rather than realistically depict their physical exteriors.
		An important manifestation of German Expressionism, the painting was exhibited in the International Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne in May of that year, along with five other works by the artist.
		Born in Vienna on 9 April 1889, Rheinhardt was a critic and biographer of Eleonora Duse and Eugénie and Joséphine de Beauharnais [Bonaparte].
	www.oberlin.edu /allenart/collection/kokoschka_oskar.html (1903 words)

	The History of Direct Democracy in Switzerland
		The Sonderbund War of 1847 was the culmination of several years of tension and bloodshed that had transformed Switzerland into the Ulster of nineteenth century Europe.
		In referendum after referendum until the turn of the century, the cantons defeated in the Sonderbund War would be found on one side of the issue, while most of the victorious cantons lined up on the other side.
		The latent Sonderbund cleavage was again erupting in violence, albeit in a confined region.
	www.athene.antenna.nl /MEDIATHEEK/KOBACH-1.html (18812 words)

	_ Sonderbund Switzerland guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During 1846, a series of localized revolutions put radicals in control of more and more cantons nationwide until, by 1847, with a majority in the Diet, they demanded the expulsion of the Jesuits from the country, the drafting of a new democratic constitution, and the forced dissolution of the Sonderbund.
		Civil war was inevitable, and – as much to head off potentially disastrous intervention by the great European powers as anything else – the federal commander in chief General Henri Dufour took the opportunity to strike rapidly and effectively.
		In a month-long campaign during November 1847 he easily took Fribourg and Zug, and then Luzern, crushing the heartland of the Sonderbund with casualties barely in three figures.
	switzerland.isyours.com /e/guide/contexts/sonderbund.html (395 words)

	Uri - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Later on Uri was one of the members of the Sonderbund.
		The Sonderbund was a separatist Catholic league, but overthrown by the Swiss Confederation.
		It was revised in 1929 when the open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Canton_of_Uri (453 words)

	Warning to Southerners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When fully prepared, he surrounded the principal Cantons of the Sonderbund with an immense chain of troops, closing every exit, and then marched upon Freiburg, one of the rebellious Cantons which was geographically separated from the others.
		On the 14th November Freiburg, disappointed in her expectations of assistance, capitulated, the rebel rulers and the Jesuits fled, a new government was instituted, and separation from the Sonderbund decreed.
		The Diet demanded from the Sonderbund Cantons the repayment of the expenses of the war, and the armed occupation of those Cantons by the Federal troops was continued until the first installment had been paid and security given for the others.
	www.sonofthesouth.net /leeFoundation/civil-war/1861/may/warning-south.htm (3362 words)

	An Atlantic Connection: Anita Malfatti’s Contributions to Modernist Art
		First of all, the key can be found in the type of Modernist retrospective exhibitions Anita experienced on her travels: directly, at the Sonderbund retrospective in Cologne in 1912, and indirectly at the Armory Show in New York in 1913.
		Secondly, the answer lies in the type of art instruction she was to receive, especially during her U.S. sojourn, in particular the liberating and progressive instruction she was to experience at the Independent School of Art in New York City, under the direction of North-American artist Homer Boss.
		According to this fanciful model, it’s not a stretch to say that the paintings Malfatti executed in the early twentieth century were seen and judged in Brazil by "nineteenth-century" eyes.
	www.lehman.cuny.edu /ciberletras/v08/harrison.html (3419 words)

	Sonderbund -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		After the Protestant cantons sought to prevent the Jesuits' takeover of religious education in Lucerne, the Catholic cantons formed the Sonderbund, which further angered the liberal cantons.
		In 1847 a reformist majority in the Swiss Diet voted to dissolve the Sonderbund and expel the Jesuits.
		The term Sonderbund also refers to the civil war that resulted from this conflict.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9379097 (234 words)

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