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	The Song of Roland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roland becomes, in the poem, the nephew of Charlemagne, the Basques become Saracens, and Charlemagne, rather than marching north to subdue the Saxons, returns to Spain and avenges the deaths of his knights.
		Roland, the hero of the Song; nephew of Charlemagne; leads the rear guard of the French forces; killed by Marsilion’s troops after a valiant struggle.
		A Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga, and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco-Venetian is also known; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Song_of_Roland (2567 words)

	Comparative Arts: A CyberEd Course: Part 4: Medieval Music: P.2
		A chanson de geste is a "song of deeds," an action story in poetic form sung by a minstrel to the accompaniment of a viol or lyre, an epic poem in Old French the medieval vernacular language of France, rather than in Latin.
		The Song of Roland is thus a direct-action story, set in the time of Charlemagne and relating incidents from the campaign in northern Spain where that Emperor had been battling the pagan Saracens for seven long years.
		Roland, Charlemagne's favorite nephew, and the twelve peers, flower of French knighthood, had been left in charge of the rear guard, while Charles and the main body of the army were crossing the Pyrenees back into France.
	www.uml.edu /Dept/History/ArtHistory/compart/4med2.html (1001 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: About Song of Roland
		La Chanson de Roland, or The Song of Roland, is the oldest surviving French poem.
		Although we know neither the identity of The Song of Roland's composer nor the date of its composition, most scholars estimate that the poem was written between 1098-1100.
		The Song of Roland was meant to be seen and heard, accompanied by music and in the context of social gatherings and celebration.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/titles/roland/about.html (1798 words)

	The Song of Roland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Over time, Roland became one of the heroes whose battlefield passing pilgrims were eager to see, and, eventually, he became the protagonist of an epic poem.
		Roland is only about eighteen years old, a rather rash young man. It's customary in council for the oldest and most experienced members to speak first, and Roland has just behaved in a very offensive manner.
		Ganelon tells Roland that he has never shown the proper deference to his stepfather, a way of pointing out to the other members of the council that he is not responsible for his stepson's lack of manners.
	www.ku.edu /kansas/medieval/108/lectures/roland.html (1597 words)

	ClassicNotes: The Song of Roland Full Summary and Analysis
		Roland volunteers, but his friend Oliver, another one of the twelve peers, voices disapproval, because Roland is far too hotheaded for the job.
		Roland, because of all of his virtues and faults, is exactly the kind of man needed for the Crusades: a man willing to die, and sacrifice the lives of others as well, for land and glory.
		Consider Roland: he is arguably a foolish commander, but because of his bravery and the depths of his passion and love (he weeps and swoons for his dying men, remember), he is God's favorite.
	www.ciudadseva.com /textos/estudios/roldan/roldan02.htm (11335 words)

	ClassicNote on The Song of Roland
		The Song of Roland has dozens of characters, some of whom are killed almost immediately after their introduction.
		In The Song of Roland, vassalage is depicted as parallel to Christianity.
		Roland's ultimate liege lord is God, and it is in serving Charlemagne that Roland fulfills his duties as a Christian.
	www.ciudadseva.com /textos/estudios/roldan/roldan01.htm (4028 words)

	The Song of Roland - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Song is based on historical events surrounding the battle of August 15, 778 in which the rear-guard of Charlemagne's retreating Franks was attacked by muslims; in the ensuing massacre, Roland and other important paladins were killed.
		In history, Charlemagne in fact failed to conquer Zaragoza and left Spain after Roland was killed, not returning until 801 when he captured Barcelona.
		Much poetic licence is taken with history, as the poem's function is in part to strengthen Christians' resolve against Islam during the Crusades of the 11th century.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /t/th/the_song_of_roland.html (821 words)

	SparkNotes: Song of Roland: Context
		The Song of Roland is not a history book, but an epic poem which takes all sorts of liberties, making vivid heroes out of dusty names, making adversaries into the most revolting of villains, and throwing on all alike an air of grandeur.
		By the time that the The Song of Roland was written, more than three centuries after the events it recounts, Charlemagne had become a superhuman figure in the European imagination and a hero of romance; the stories of his exploits assumed the proportions of the fantastic.
		Roland, Turpin, and Olivier become their own glorious forefathers, demonstrating the ideal of the holy warrior, who serves God and his king with the same fierce loyalty; the portrayal of the Saracens, on the other hand, demonstrates the blatant evil of the Muslims, the enemy they will meet and fight in the Middle East.
	www.sparknotes.com /lit/songofroland/context.html (973 words)

	The Song of Roland - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The story told by the poem is based on historical events surrounding the Battle of Roncevaux Pass on August 15, 778, in which the rearguard of Charlemagne's retreating Franks was attacked by Basques, the motive for whose attack is unknown.
		Although it is very difficult to determine the exact period during which the story of Roland was formed into the Song of Roland, there is no doubt that it occurred long after the events on which it was based.
		Ganelon, along with the members of his family that stood as vouchsafes of his innocence, is executed: Ganellon is drawn and quartered, and his relatives are hung by their necks.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Song_of_Roland (2080 words)

	SparkNotes: Song of Roland
		That the telling of The Song of Roland does not aim for surprise or suspense is a result of the way in which it, like other chansons de geste, was passed about orally, told again and again, varied but still recognizable in each new performance.
		Roland seems to be in the situation of the tragic hero; it is his pride that causes him not to blow the oliphant and call back Charlemagne's troops before it is too late.
		Roland's closest comrade, Olivier, is a fine and noble man, and he does not make the mistakes of pride that Roland does--"Roland is bold, Olivier is wise" (87.1093)--but he lacks the great passion, and thus the great heroism and the great reward, of Roland, who goes in the end beyond wisdom.
	www.ciudadseva.com /textos/estudios/roldan/roldan03.htm (2398 words)

	The Song of Roland at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland) is an 11th century Old French epic poem about the battle of Roncevaux (or Roncesvalles) fought by Roland and his fellow paladins.
		Roland and the Paladins, along with a division of Charlemagne's army, turn to hold off the Moors while the majority of the army continues on, unaware.
		Roland refuses to dishonor himself by calling for help and decides instead to fight with the men he has, even though they are outnumbered a hundred to one.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Song_of_Roland.html (336 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Song of Roland [O'Hagan Translation)
		Count Roland rideth the battle through, With Durindana, to cleave and hew; Havoc fell of the foe he made, Saracen corse upon corse was laid, The field all flowed with the bright blood shed; Roland, to corselet and arm, was red Red his steed to the neck and flank.
		Roland and Olivier then are seen To lash and hew with their falchions keen; With his lance the archbishop thrusts and slays, And the numbers slain we may well appraise; In charter and writ is the tale expressed Beyond four thousand, saith the geste.
		Roland's pride is of such a height, Not to be vanquished by mortal wight; Hurl we our missiles, and hold aloof." And the word they spake, they put in proof, They flung, with all their strength and craft, Javelin, barb, and plumed shaft.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/roland-ohag.html (17552 words)

	Paladins and Princes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Song of Roland is generally dated to the late eleventh century, and tells the story of the betrayal and death of Roland (in Frankish, Hruodlandus), nephew of Charlemagne, in the Basque country of Roncesvalles.
		Thoughts on Reading The Song of Roland, an essay by Lynn Harry Nelson, Emeritus Professor of Medieval History, at the University of Kansas, part of Lectures in Medieval History at The Historical Text Archive.
		Roland, the Hero of Early France from Hero-Myths and Legends of the British Race by Maud Isabel Ebbutt (1910).
	www.legends.dm.net /paladins/roland.html (516 words)

	The Song of Roland Study Guide & Literature Chapter Summaries
		The Song of Roland, generally believed to have been composed around 1130, is the oldest surviving French epic.
		Roland, Charlemagne's nephew, serves as a model of obedience and bravery in the face of overwhelming odds.
		The Song of Roland serves as the foundation of French literature, giving modern readers insight into the inception of the cultural life of France.
	www.bookrags.com /studyguide-rolandchanson (366 words)

	Amazon.com: The Song of Roland (Penguin Classics): Books: Anonymous,Glyn S. Burgess (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Song of Roland is the most famous of the "chansons de geste" (songs of deeds) of the Middle Ages.
		Song of Roland is an epic masterpiece that details the crusading spirit of the 11th and 12th century.
		The Song of Roland is an epic "song of deeds" from Medieval France.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0140445323?v=glance (2086 words)

	olifant.html
		The Song of Roland and the great Romanesque tympani of Doomsday with their angel trumps are as if Europe's working through of that time of anxiety, fragmenting and decomposing it across that Continent.
		The Song of Roland, the Chanson de Roland, as its name implies was an oral epic, a chanted narration, sung before audiences of soldiers and pilgrims, at courts and in market places, and handed down from generation to generation of such singers before being written down in England after the Norman Conquest.
		The text allegorically presents Roland as "preux," brave, proud, with utter integrity, who needs that foolhardiness to be tempered with the "sagesse," the sagacity, the cunning, the wisdom and the experience of Oliver.
	www.florin.ms /olifant.html (12234 words)

	The Song of Roland : Library of Congress Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Title: The song of Roland / done into English, in the original measure by Charles Scott Moncrieff ; with an introd.
		Title: The Song of Roland : a generative study of the formulaic language in the single combat / Genette Ashby-Beach.
		Author: Haidu, Peter, 1931- Title: The subject of violence : the Song of Roland and the birth of the state / Peter Haidu.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~MCNEIL/cit/citlcroland.htm (1309 words)

	Reflections on Great Literature: Chansons de geste
		Roland then chooses his rash stepfather Ganelon (also called Guènes), who is furious at this and promises to take vengeance (two other knights sent on a similar mission earlier had been killed by Marsilion).
		Ganelon volunteers Roland to lead the rearguard, which Roland accepts boldly although he is angry at Ganelon's treachery.
		When only sixty Christians are left, Roland wants to blow his horn at last for Charlemagne to return, but Oliver is against it, and angry at Roland for not having done it when it could have done some good.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~lahtid/literature/french/chansons/roland.htm (3558 words)

	Roncesvalles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Roland was a favorite French hero of the Middle Ages.
		He left Roland and a small band to guard the rear of his army by holding the pass at Roncesvalles.
		Roland fought in the front of the battle with his sword, Durandal.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /santiago/roncesva.html (336 words)

	TheDarkTower.net - The Song of Roland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		During the battle, Charlemagne's greatest knight, Roland the mighty, was betrayed by his squire and slain.
		History is very fuzzy, and mostly mythical, but it is said that Roland killed more than 70 men, including his squire, with arrows protruding from his body and bleeding from several severe sword and axe wounds.
		In Chanson, Roland carried with him the legendary sword Durendal, which contained the tooth of St. Peter and the blood of St. Basil secreted in its hilt.
	www.thedarktower.net /song/of/roland (454 words)

	Salon Technology \| Song of Roland
		The Roland 303, the bass synth, was first brought to market in the early '80s.
		And so Roland pulled the machine off the market in two years, and it was more or less forgotten -- except by musicians too cash-strapped to load up on the newer (and presumably better) gear.
		Other musicians soon discovered that the sub-bass sounds of the kick drums in the Roland 808 and 909 drum machines could produce sonic booms powerful enough to literally shake the room.
	www.salon.com /tech/feature/1999/08/31/rebirth/index.html (613 words)

	The Song of Roland - The Classics Quiz
		The 'Song of Roland' is the oldest surviving of the Chansons de Gestes (Songs of Deeds) that were written in medieval France.
		* The hero of the 'Song of Roland' is characterized as a Frankish lord and a member of Charlemagne's family.
		* The authorship of the 'Song of Roland', is anonymous, but the approximate dates are known.
	www.funtrivia.com /quizdetails.cfm?id=78529 (119 words)

	Amazon.com: The Song of Roland (Penguin Classics): Books: Anonymous,Dorothy L. Sayers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Certainly Roland's flaw is his excessive overconfidence and pride (hubris), which prevent him from blowing his horn and petitioning aid for himself and his army.
		This is "The Song Of Roland," as Dorothy Sayers remarks in the introduction to this fine translation, is 'the earliest, the most famous, and the greatest of those Old French epics which are called Songs of Seeds.'
		The Song of Roland is perhaps the most famous French epic poem and a priceless piece of literature.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0140440755?v=glance (2107 words)

	The Song of Roland Summary & Essays - Anonymous
		Particular attention is giving to naming specific barons who were, in fact, not contemporaries of Charlemagne but twelfth-century feudal lords, contemporaries of the anonymous author or authors of the Song.
		The story glorifies these barons by contrasting their honor, valor, and courage against the treachery of the Muslims, then called Saracens.
		Tell a friend about The Song of Roland at eNotes.
	www.enotes.com /chanson-de (396 words)

	LookSmart - Directory search for "The Song of Roland Moncrief" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Song of Roland, translated by Moncrief by Moncrief
		European Texts The Song of Roland Translated by Charles Scott Moncrief (1919).
		Oliver is killed, and Roland is mortally wounded...
	www.looksmart.com /r_search?look=&sl=1&search=us317836&key=The+Song+of+Roland+Moncrief (627 words)

	Dorothy L. Sayers - Song Of Roland (penguin Classics) (isbn 0140440755) - new and used books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Anonymous,Sayers Dorothy L. The Song of Roland (Penguin Classics)
		Sayers, Dorothy L. (translated by) - The Song of Roland
		Mine is: Song of Roland by [Unknown Author].
	www.isbn.pl /I-0140440755/Song-of-Roland-Penguin-Classics.html (468 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Song of Roland [extracts]
		The story refers to a historical incident during Charlemagne's time, a minor skirmish in his Spanish campaigns.
		In the song it becomes glorified as the Battle of Roncevalles
		LXXX Oliver mounts upon a lofty peak, Looks to his right along the valley green, The pagan tribes approaching there appear; 1020 He calls Rollanz, his companion, to see: "What sound is this, come out of Spain, we hear, What hauberks bright, what helmets these that gleam?
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/roland-ext.html (1876 words)

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