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	Songhay languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Songhay languages are a group of closely related languages/dialects centered on the Niger River, widely used as a lingua franca, particularly as a result of the medieval Songhay Empire.
		However, Nicolaï eventually concluded that this approach was not adequate, and in 1990 proposed a distinctly novel hypothesis: that Songhay is a Berber-based creole language, restructured under Mande influence.
		Grammar of Koyraboro (Koroboro) Senni, the Songhay of Gao.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Songhay_languages (745 words)

	Home > Concord, California, CA, 94518, Concord Real Estate, Concord Yellow Pages, Concord Classifieds, Concord News, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The main subfamilies of Afro-Asiatic are the Semitic languages, the Cushitic languages, Berber, and the Chadic languages.
		Teso, Karamojong and Turkana), Maasai (Kenya and Tanzania), Kanuri (Nigeria) and Songhay (Mali).
		The Nilotic languages, having expanded substantially with the Nilotic peoples in recent centuries, are a geographically widespread language family and have a large population.
	www.concordcaus.com /section/African_languages (1935 words)

	Songhay Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Its largest member is Zarma (Djerma), a major language of Niger with 2 million speakers spoken throughout much of southern Niger including the capital Niamey.
		The much smaller Northern Songhai is a group of heavily Berber -influenced dialects spoken in the Sahara.
		However, NicolaÃ¯ eventually concluded that this approach was not adequate, and in 1990 proposed a distinctly novel hypothesis: that Songhay is a Berber -based creole language, restructured under Mande influence.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Songhay_languages (682 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Songhay
		A Songhay kingdom in the region of Gao had existed since the eleventh century AD, but it had come under the control of Mali in 1325.
		Songhay would not fully eclipse Mali until the reign of the Sunni king, Sonni Ali, who reigned from 1464-1492.
		In 1612, the cities of Songhay fell into anarchy and the greatest empire of African history came to a sudden close.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/SONGHAY.HTM (422 words)

	Tuareg languages - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tamahaq - Language of the Kel Ahaggar, spoken in Algeria and in the north of Niger by approximately 57 000 people.
		Tayart Tamajaq language - Language of the Kel Ayer (sometimes spelled Aïr), spoken in Niger by approximately 250 000 people.
		Tawallammat Tamajaq language - Language of the Iwellemmeden, spoken in Mali and Niger by approximately 670 000 people.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Tamasheq (726 words)

	Northern Songhay Languages in Mali and Niger
		Language attitudes of the speakers of the Northern Songhay varieties in Niger were also investigated using group interview schedules and by observation.
		Although many speakers of Northern Songhay languages are bilingual to some extent, it is pragmatic concerns which drive them to use languages of wider communication and they reserve a more positive attitude toward their own languages.
		As a property of the language itself, the level of inherent intelligibility of a given dialect to speakers of a second dialect should be constant throughout the entire population of the latter.
	www.sil.org /silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.html (4909 words)

	Benin - Free net encyclopedia
		Template:IPA language]] predominates along the Niger River in the far north, and is used as a lingua franca in Muslim areas throughout the north, in Alibori, Borgou, and Donga provinces.
		The principal introduced religions are Islam, introduced by the Songhai Empire and Hausa merchants, and now followed throughout Alibori, Borgou, and Dango provinces, as well as among the Yoruba, by 10-15% of the population; and Christianity, followed nominally by another 10-15% throughout the south and center of Benin and in Otammari country in the Atakora.
		Beninese languages are generally transcribed with a separate letter for each speech sound (phoneme), rather than using diacritics as in French or digraphs as in English.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Benin (2485 words)

	Songhay languages (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-4.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Songhay languages are a group of closely related languages / dialects centered on the Niger river widely used as a lingua franca particularly thanks to the medieval Songhay Empire.
		Southern Songhai is spoken mainly along and of the Niger river; it includes Zarma (Djerma) a major language of Niger with 2 million speakers Dendi in Benin and in Mali Koyraboro Senni with 400 000 speakers Senni and Koyra Chiini.
		The much smaller Northern Songhai is a of heavily Berber -influenced dialects spoken in the Sahara including Tadaksahak in northern Mali Tasawaq Tagdal in northern Niger the extinct Emghedeshie Agadez and Korandje on the Algeria - Morocco border at Tabelbala.
	www.freeglossary.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Songhai_languages (327 words)

	Tuareg languages - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		No simple adjectives exist in the Tuareg languages; adjectival concepts are expressed using a relative verb form traditionally called 'participle'.
		The Tuareg languages have very heavily influenced Northern Songhay languages such as Tasawaq, whose speakers are culturally Tuareg but speak Songhay varieties; this influence includes points of phonology and sometimes grammar as well as extensive loanwords.
		The term Iwellemmeden (the name of the people) is sometimes used to denote the language.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Tamasheq (791 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / SonghaiZarma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Songhai is classed within the Songhai branch of Nilo-Saharan, but the relationship of this branch with the others of Nilo-Saharan is contested.
		Northern Songhai is spoken by sedentary populations in the region of Ingall, in the southern Algerian oasis of Tabelbala, and by the nomadic populations in the region of Menaka (Mali), Abala, and Abalak (Niger).
		Language development: Actively promoted by the government through adult literacy classes and as the language of instruction at the primary level in some experimental schools.
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/SonghaiZarma (505 words)

	The Spread of Cattle Domestication among the Mande speaking people
		The Manding languages are genetically related to the Dravidian and Sumerian languages (Winters 1983a,1985,1989,1994).
		The Mande languages are also closely related to Songhay (Mukarovsky 1976/77; Zima 1989), Nilo-Saharan (Boyd 1978; Creissels 1981; Bender 1981) and the Chadic group.
		Behrens,P. "Language and migration of the early Sahara cattle herders, the formation of the Berber branch".
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Bay/7051/man1.htm (3102 words)

	Languages of Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Berber languages (or Berber language) are spoken in many parts of Algeria, but mainly in Kabylie and around Batna; according to the 1966 census, 19% of Algerians speak Berber.
		Latin itself, of course, was the language of the Roman occupation; it became widely spoken in the coastal towns, and Augustine attests that in his day it was gaining ground over Punic.
		Another northern Songhay language, Tadaksahak, may be spoken in parts of the far south; its nomadic speakers range over a wide area centered in northern Mali.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Languages_of_Algeria (864 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		Loyalty to the ethnic language is in contrast to the wish to become an accepted and full member of the majority.
		This attitude is brought to Austria together with the language of the country of origin and is confronted with the new majority's language German, and its social norms.
		The language of the country of origin has taken the basilectal function (that Armenian should have) and is mostly the more emotional language or the language first acquired.
	www.ogmios.org /45.htm (2883 words)

	Faculty
		Peter Hook, Professor of Linguistics and Asian Languages and Cultures, is an explorer of languages and a field linguist.
		In particular she is examining the relationship between the maintenance of language skills and the nature of one's social environment and how gender, education and cognition affect that relationship.
		She is particularly interested in language acquisition by deaf and blind children and the implications of neurolinguistic data for cognitive/linguistic theory.
	www.ling.lsa.umich.edu /fac (1508 words)

	Songhai language resources
		Most interviewees believed the Songhai language very difficult to read or to write, and indeed, it is not a written language.
		Songhai culture is adapted from the World Book Encyclopedia and other sources: The Songhai empire was a fl trading state in Africa that reached its peak during the 1400s and 1500s.
		SONGHAI is an organization that seeks to create viable socio-economic environments in Africa by emphasizing the...
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Songhai.html (1256 words)

	Zarma language resources
		Its largest member is Zarma (Djerma), a major language of Niger with 2 million speakers spoken throughout much of southern Niger including the capital...
		...language, such as where it is spoken, by whom, and much more.
		Zarma is a major Songhay language of Niger with over 2 million speakers.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Zarma.html (913 words)

	Web resources for Nilosaharan languages
		The language family as such is poorly substantiated, and may or may not contain several members that will eventually end up in the unclassified category.
		Dictionary of 17th century Kenzi Nubian: the oldest dictionary of an African language, with an introduction by Jay Spaulding.
		Language processes, theory and description of language change, and building on the past: lessons from Songhay (PDF).
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/nilosaharan.html (1145 words)

	African Languages African Linguistics on the Internet
		One of its goals is to promote the use of African languages in African intergovernmental organisations.
		Publishes on the "arts and sciences that bear on the language, culture and society of the Dagaaba of West Africa." "Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba (plural of Dagao), a predominantly agricultural community of approximately one million people located in north-western Ghana...
		"The main aim of LPCA is to document and further the study of expressions of popular language and culture in Africa." Maintained by Johannes Fabian and Vincent de Rooij of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/lang.html (6043 words)

	Program Description
		Research in the psychology of language across the lifespan investigates language acquisition in children (Marilyn Shatz, Sam Epstein) and the relationships among language, social and cognitive factors in aging (Deborah Keller-Cohen).
		The language acquisition research engages multiple perspectives, including the acquisition of syntactic knowledge (Epstein), lexical knowledge (Shatz) and the relations between social, cognitive, and linguistic development (Shatz).
		Both are concerned with developing theoretical insights into the ways that situations, identities and macro-level social, cultural, and political factors relate to beliefs about language, to language use and to theories of language.
	www.ling.lsa.umich.edu /grad/program.html (1098 words)

	[No title]
		This intensive institute provides performance based language instruction and exposes learners to the culture and traditions associated with the chosen language.
		Language offerings: The following languages were offered during SCALI 2005 and will be offered again in 2006 if there is sufficient enrollment: Afrikaans, Amharic, Arabic (North African), Akan/Twi, Hausa, Kiswahili, Luganda, Setswana, Wolof, Yoruba, Xhosa, and Zulu.
		Languages other than those listed above may be offered if sufficient interest is expressed and qualified instructors are available.
	www.indiana.edu /~afrist/scali/studentform.doc (277 words)

	Amazon.fr : A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: The Songhay of Timbuktu: Livres: Jeffrey Heath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Amazon.fr : A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: The Songhay of Timbuktu: Livres: Jeffrey Heath
		This is the first grammar in English of a language of the Songhay family of West Africa.
		Koyra Chiini and its offshoot Djenné Chiini (described in an appendix) are of historical interest as possible semi-creolized versions of mainstream Songhay languages.
	www.amazon.fr /Grammar-Koyra-Chiini-Songhay-Timbuktu/dp/3110162857 (231 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		KCh and DjCh constitute Western Songhay in contrast to the remaining riverine, urban, and montane languages of Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, and Benin, which constitute Eastern Songhay.
		Western Songhay must have to all SVO due to the influence of Tuareg and other adstrata, while TSK shifted to all SOV under the influence of a Dogon adstratum.
		The data illustrate the promise of micro-typological and historical study within small, little-known language families, of which there are many in West Africa.
	www.ohiou.edu /alta/heath.htm (486 words)

	CNWS Newsletter June 2003 - News from the departments
		The project also involves the study of the Northern Songhay languages, a group of languages that constitute a highly interesting, typologically unusual blend of Tuareg and Songhay.
		The aim of the project is to document the Logba and Nyagbo-Tafi languages which, together with the better described Avatime, form the southernmost cluster of the Ghana-Togo Mountain languages (GTM languages).
		Logba and Nyagbo-Tafi are among the least studied languages of Ghana and both languages are threatened by Ewe, the regional language that surrounds them and to which both adults and children are shifting.
	www.cnws.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=60 (2239 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.1623: African Languages
		Jeffrey Heath A Grammar of Koyra Chiini The Songhay of Timbuktu 1998.
		Though the main grammar is based squarely on the Timbuktu variety, there is a short appendix on dialects farther upriver, and a long appendix on Djenne Chiini, a remarkable offshoot of Koyra Chiini spoken in the Songhay enclave city of Djenne.
		This comparative material is of special importance in that Koyra Chiini (and Djenne Chiini) are possible semi-creolized Songhay varieties dating from the westward expansion of the Songhay Empire (capital: Gao) of the late Middle Ages.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/9/9-1623.html (358 words)

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