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Topic: Songhai

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	Collapse: Mali & Songhai
		Mali and Songhai, as well as the smaller kingdom of Ghana before them, were once great trading kingdoms famous for their gold.
		Great Songhai kings such as Sunni Ali Ber and Askia Mohammed Toure extended the Songhai kingdom farther than Ghana or Mali had before it and brought an organized system of government to the area.
		After the decline of the Songhai empire, Timbuktu was briefly occupied by Moroccan forces, then taken over by the Fulani people and later by the French.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/collapse/mali.html (488 words)

	Songhai Empire
		From the early 15th to the late 16th century, the Songhai Empire was one of the largest African empires in history.
		Outside of this, the Songhai lands reached far down the Niger river into modern day Nigeria itself, all the way to the Northeast of modern day Mali, and even to a small part of the Atlantic coast in the West.
		Prior to the Songhai, the region was dominated by the Mali Empire, centered around Timbuktu.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/s/so/songhai_empire.html (448 words)

	Kingdom Of Songhai
		Songhai, West African Empire, centered on the largest bend of the Niger River, that reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		The Songhai, a fishing and trading people who originated in the Dendi region of northwestern Nigeria, gradually extended their domination upstream in the 8th century AD and by 800 had established themselves at Gao, which soon became a flourishing market town.
		That the Songhay askiyas were able to build a professional bureaucracy, which functioned solidly for almost a century (from the accession of Muhammad Turé in 1493 to the Moroccan conquest of 1591) is a testament to their organizational skills and considerable personal power.
	www.geocities.com /ps5kingdoms/Songhai (987 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Songhay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A Songhay kingdom in the region of Gao had existed since the eleventh century AD, but it had come under the control of Mali in 1325.
		Songhay would not fully eclipse Mali until the reign of the Sunni king, Sonni Ali, who reigned from 1464-1492.
		Songhay reached its greatest territorial expansion under Askia Daud (1549-1582), when the empire stretched all the way to Cameroon.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/SONGHAY.HTM (422 words)

	Songhai World View - Family Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Songhai males in cities and towns might close shops, postpone tasks, or take leave of their office jobs to return to their natal villages to help with the crop.
		The Songhai cling to the marriage practices of the past even though they are a great financial burden to all concerned.
		The Songhai are proud of their past when they were a strong and wealthy people; they are still are angry and suspicious of the Toureg people, who brought about the fall of their kingdom.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /songhai/worldview.html (5035 words)

	Songhai - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Songhai (empire), West African empire, centered on the largest bend of the Niger River, that reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		Ali (of Songhai), called Sunni Ali (died 1492), ruler of Songhai (1464-1492), who transformed his small inherited kingdom, centered at Gao (in...
		- language of Songhai: the Nilo-Saharan language of the Songhai.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Songhai.html (115 words)

	Songhai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Under the name of Kawkaw (which could cover the name of both the ancient capital Kukiya and of the later one Gao), the kingdom of Songhai was mentioned together with Ghana by al-Khwarizmi in the first half of ninth century.
		The people of Songhai had worshipped a monstrous fish, and were subject to its stringent laws, until a stranger, who came from the Yemen, killed it.
		He became King of the Songhai and was the founder of the earliest known dynasty, that of the Dya.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/songhai.html (344 words)

	Songhai / Zarma Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU)
		Songhai is classed within the Songhai branch of Nilo-Saharan, but the relationship of this branch with the others of Nilo-Saharan is contested.
		Southern Songhai is spoken principally along the Niger River from Djenne in Mali to the north of Benin (le dendi); it is also found in several places in the northwest of Nigeria, in several villages of Burkina Faso, and even in several urban quarters, of which the most southern is Salaga of Ghana.
		Northern Songhai is spoken by sedentary populations in the region of InGall, in the southern Algerian oasis of Tabelbala, and by the nomadic populations in the region of Menaka (Mali), Abala, and Abalak (Niger).
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/Songhai_root.html (364 words)

	Partners - Songhai
		The Songhai Center is principally involved in agricultural training, research, and production for sustainable livelihood in Africa.
		Songhai is an international NGO (non-governmental organization) devoted to rural development in Africa.
		Songhai's training model for human development can be adopted and applied in any part of the world.
	www.thesustainablevillage.com /partners/songhai.html (205 words)

	AllRefer.com - Songhai (North African History) - Encyclopedia
		Songhai or Songhay[both: song´gI´] Pronunciation Key, largest of the former empires in the western Sudan region of N Africa.
		Songhai reached its greatest extent under Askia Muhammad I (c.1493–1528).
		He was deposed by his son, and in the subsequent conflicts among his successors the empire slowly began to decline.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Songhai.html (195 words)

	International Missions Emphasis 2006: Week of Prayer Photo Gallery
		Songhai of Niger: Brad Womble (center) serves as an International Mission Board strategy coordinator, leading a missions team committed to reaching the Songhai for Christ.
		Songhai of Niger: Joining hands atop a giant sand dune, members of the Songhai missions team pray for their people group.
		Songhai of Niger: A member of the Songhai missions team (right) reaches out to a mother and her two children.
	ime.imb.org /resources/download/photos/wop2006/songhai.asp (257 words)

	PLAYAHATA.COM
		A Songhai kingdom in the region of Gao had existed since the eleventh century AD, but it had come under the control of Mali in 1325.
		Songhai would not fully eclipse Mali until the reign of the Sunni king, Sonni Ali, who reigned from 1464-1492.
		The Songhai rulers were forced to retreat southward to the Dendi region near the Niger River.
	www.playahata.com /pages/bhfigures/bhfigures12.html (848 words)

	Old World Contacts/Merchants & Traders/Songhai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Songhai empire, which had completely eclipsed the previous empire by the late 14th century, was the last of what has been called the "Great Three" West African empires - after Ghana and Mali.
		Songhai built upon the existing Islamic tradition established by the Kingdom of Mali, and most of Songhai's 17 kings, the administrators, and the bureaucrats in urban centres were Muslim.
		The Songhai empire strengthened the trading ties that Mansa Musa had established with other Islamic empires in Africa - most notably, the Merinids in the Maghrib, and the Mamluks in Egypt.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/merchants/songhai.html (225 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		The wealth and power of Songhay can be traced back to the Sorko fishermen who were skilled canoeists, living along the Niger, south east of Gao.
		During the 14th century Songhay fell within the orbit of the Empire of Mali, but the rulers of Mali never managed to collect taxes from the people of Gao.
		The Songhay were caught unawares and were defeated by the superior fire power of the Moroccan army.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter4.shtml (935 words)

	West Africa, Songhai people of \| www.30-days.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Before finally being overwhelmed by Moroccan invaders using firearms in 1591, the Songhai’s organisational skills, bravery, sorcery and growing Islamic faith led them to build one of the greatest West African empires (the size of France, Spain, Germany and Italy combined, or 20 per cent of the USA including Alaska).
		The Songhai live in extended families which are centred around the male heads of households, who have the responsibility to keep the family strong and united.
		The Songhai people are one of over 2,000 people groups worldwide who have the least access to the gospel; there are few Christians among the Songhai (possibly 0.2 per cent or less).
	www.30-days.net /ebook7/day14.htm (534 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles
		Songhai settlements usually consist of round, mud or thatched dwellings with straw roofs.
		Among Songhai nobles, firstborn sons are pressured to marry their paternal uncle's daughter, in order to maintain the purity of the lineage.
		the Songhai of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria;
	www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/p_code3/164.html (819 words)

	Songhai - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Songhai, West African empire, centred on the largest bend of the Niger River, that reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		Ali (of Songhai), called Sunni Ali (?-1492), ruler of Songhai (1464-1492), who transformed his small inherited kingdom, centred at Gao (in modern...
		Centred on the upper reaches of the Senegal and Niger rivers, the Empire of Mali evolved by the early 11th century from a group of Mande...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Songhai.html (135 words)

	maggotry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Maggot is the larvae of the domestic fly (Musca domestica).
		The Songhai Centre in Porto-Novo has facilities for and engages in the mass production of maggots as a solution to the high cost of feed in fish and livestock production.
		In Songhai Center, the substrate used is fermented grain residue namely brewery spent grain.
	www.ias.unu.edu /proceedings/icibs/ibs/songhai (1007 words)

	Africa's Ancient Empires - Songhai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Songhai Empire emerged from the ruins of the Mali Empire within which it had existed as a vassal state up until the 15th century, with its capital in Gao.
		Songhai had been ruled by the Sunni dynasty from about 1335, and in 1464 Sunni Ali Ber came to the throne.
		Songhai’s collapse ended the Golden age of West African empires that stretched from 400 AD to 1600 AD.
	www.clickafrique.com /Magazine/ST010/CP0000000003.aspx (508 words)

	Songhai
		Half the Songhai population is 15 years of age or younger.
		The West African Songhai kingdom, centered in Gao, Mali, was built and developed by occult sorcerers, Moslem kings, and fearless warriors in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		Songhai marry other Songhai, continuing to live within their polygamous, extended family groupings in dwellings made of mud and straw.
	www.gowestafrica.org /peoplegroups/peopleprofile.php?ppl_id=38 (325 words)

	SIM People Group Profile: Songhai
		Songhai is a general term for the West Africa people groups who are descendants of the great Songhai Empire which once flourished between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		The Songhai of Niger are open to hearing the good news of Jesus Christ, but the close-knit society and pressure to conform makes it hard for them to accept Christianity.
		A Songhai who converts to Christianity may be accused of being a traitor or of having taken a bribe from a Christian.
	www.sim.org /PG.asp?pgID=35&fun=1 (885 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Songhai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		or Songhay, largest of the former empires in the western Sudan region of N Africa.
		Songhay (or Songhai, Songhoi) A former West African empire on the Niger River and the name of the people and their language, which is spoken in Mali.
		Connected with the Niger by a series of canals, Timbuktu is served by the small river port of Kabara.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Songhai (774 words)

	IO 1102 - Songhai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Songhai, like empires of Ghana and Mali which preceded it, emerged in the savanna region of west Africa.
		At its height, Songhai stretched over 2,000 miles from the mouth of the Gambia River in the west to Lake Chad in the east.
		Songhai was known as a wealthy and powerful empire with an efficient government and fair legal system.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /curriculum/socialstd/MWH/1102.html (335 words)

	Songhai - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Songhai or Songhay, largest of the former empires in the western Sudan region of N Africa.
		Songhai reached its greatest extent under Askia Muhammad I (c.1493-1528).
		CHICAGO, IL -- Paramedics wheel one student from the rear of the Songhai Learning Institute to an ambulance after an altercation at the school by students from nearby George William Curtis Elementary
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Songhai.html (499 words)

	An Introduction to Mali
		In the 15th century it fell to the Songhai, who had established their own capital at Gao.
		The Songhai held sway until the end of the 16th century, their empire collapsed under both internal and external pressures.
		The end of the Songhai empire also marked the conclusion of the regions history as a trading centre, for the trans-Saharan trade routes quickly lost their vitality after the establishment of sea routes by Europeans.
	www.geographia.com /mali (585 words)

	Songhai (1) definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Songhai (1) definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Song·hai (plural Song·hai or Song·hais) or Song·hay (plural Song·hay or Song·hays)
		The Songhai established a powerful empire in this area during the 7th century ad, and they remained the dominant ethnic group until the 16th century.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861710352/Songhai.html (126 words)

	Piercing the hopelessness of West Africa’s Songhai people - (BP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because 99.8 percent of the Songhai people are both Muslim and animistic, demonic worship and possession are common to their culture.
		As a Niger native familiar with the Songhai language and culture, Ali has extended the Gospel as a church planter in the village of Gotheye.
		Though Sally says she will never be accepted as a native Songhai woman, villagers in the Kanazi area claim her as one of their own.
	www.bpnews.net /bpnews.asp?ID=24511 (1193 words)

	The Songhai Movement
		I took on this investigative trip as groundwork for the Volunteer Movement, due to be launched in October 2000.
		From what I had heard about the Songhai Movement, I felt sure it would be a possible mission site for future volunteers.
		SONGHAI: Its ambition is to promote the emergence of a new society.
	www.op.org /codal/songhaieng.htm (637 words)

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