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Topic: Soninke

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	Soninke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soninke share a very conservative culture, inherited by the structural social organization from their forefather founders of the empire of Ghana.
		For the Soninke people, the decline of their empire was due to the legend of Wagadu, and the rupture of the pact between the empire and the fl snake.
		The last hierarchy of the Soninke social organization after the free-man “horoo” and the dependent men “naxamala” are the slaves known as “komo”.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soninke (3315 words)

	RSMT People & Places (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Islam then spread further south and the Soninkes were one of the first fl tribes who were forced to convert to Islam.
		With their diligence and hard work, the Soninkes have achieved a considerably higher standard of living than other inhabitants of the Sahel.
		There are six missions working among the Soninkes and they all meet on a regular basis to co-ordinate their work.
	www.rsmt.u-net.com /soninke.htm (420 words)

	History of Mali - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Ghana Empire, dominated by the Soninke people and centered in the area along the border of the modern states of Mali and Mauritania.
		Although originally formed by Berbers, the empire was soon dominated by the Soninké, a Mande speaking people.
		The Soninké kings never fully adopted Islam, but the empire had good relations with Muslim traders.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Mali (2086 words)

	West Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The domestication of the camel allowed the development of a cross-Saharan trade with Mediterranean cultures, including Carthage and the Berbers; major exports included gold, cotton cloth, metal ornaments and leather goods, which were then exchanged for salt, horses, and textiles.
		The development of the region's economy allowed more centralized states to form, beginning with the Soninke Ghana Empire in the eighth century.
		Based around the city of Kumbi Saleh in modern-day Mauritania, the empire came to dominate much the region until its defeat by Almoravid invaders in 1052.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/West_Africa (1440 words)

	Gambia, Soninke peoples of \| www.30-days.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		For centuries Soninke culture has consisted of two complementary halves - farming and trading - and it was the combination of the two that first brought them to prominence.
		The Soninke (or Serahule as they are also known) were the first Black African tribe to forge trade links with North Africa, trading their grain for salt (a rare and thus precious commodity in West Africa), which they then traded on throughout the region.
		The resulting diaspora coupled with the Soninke's habit of itinerant trading thus became the vehicle for the spread of Islam throughout the region.
	www.30-days.net /email02/day08.htm (677 words)

	S O N I N K E
		The Soninke are located in the Gambia of West Africa.
		The Soninke are spread out all over West Africa and other parts of the world.
		Because the Soninke are able to adapt and succeed almost anywhere they go, they are also located in about 7 other communities.
	www.peopleteams.org /soninke/Location.htm (170 words)

	Soninke - Ethnos - Books about the Soninke People
		The Soninke live along the Senegal River in western Mali in the region of Kayes, as well as farther east in the regions of Yelimane, Nioro and Nara.
		The Soninke are principally farmers who raise millet/sorghum (their staple crop), rice, corn, peanuts, and okra.
		As a result, the Soninke have adopted a pattern of labor migration, one of the highest among Africans.
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Soninke.htm (218 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles
		The three main offshoots of the Soninke are the Marka, the Nono, and the Aser.
		Due to the influence of a large nomadic tribe known as the Fulani, the Soninke have become known as farmers and herdsmen.
		The Soninke follow the five essential "pillars" or duties of Islam: (1) A Muslim must affirm that "there is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet." (2) Five times a day he must pray while facing Mecca.
	www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/p_code3/444.html (807 words)

	::::::: Kurá Hulanda Museum ::: West African Maps ::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Soninke commanded an isolated oasis along the important north-south caravan routes through the Sahara desert from North Africa to the Gulf of Guinee and to the east to Lake Chad.
		The Soninke king (kaya maghan or 'king of the gold') was religious leader, chief of army, highest justice and economic leader of the em-pire.
		Although the Soninke were able to reclaim Kumbi after the death of Abdullah ibn Vasin in 1087 A.C., the glory of the old kingdom had faded.
	www.kurahulanda.com /virtual_guide/west_african_maps.html (1318 words)

	WorldNet Virginia: Mali - History
		During the third century A.D., it is probable that a Soninke chief succeeded in uniting the Soninke people (the northernmost Mande peoples) and possibly founded the city of Kumbi Saleh (in present-day western Mali).
		The Soninke were thus able to capture more farming and grazing land from their weaker, less-organized neighbors.
		The Soninke were also able to obtain horses from the Saharan nomads with whom they were in contact, which enabled them to move farther and faster.
	mali.pwnet.org /history/history_ghana_empire.htm (771 words)

	Mauritania Soninké - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		The Soninké in Mauritania are the westernmost branch of the large and widely dispersed Soninké people (also called the Sarakolé), most of whom live in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Côte d'Ivoire.
		Soninké society is rigidly stratified, allowing for little social mobility.
		Polygyny is permitted, but the extent to which it is practiced among the Soninké in Mauritania is not clear.
	www.photius.com /countries/mauritania/society/mauritania_society_soninke.html (197 words)

	Search Results for "Soninke"
		Nomadic incursions encouraged the Soninke to adopt a more complex sociopolitical organization.
		The remainder of the population mostly belong to the Tukolor, Soninke, Bambara, and Wolof ethnic groups and live as sedentary agriculturalists...
		The sack of Kumbi-Saleh led to a dispersion of Soninke chiefs, princes, and merchants that stimulated state formation elsewhere...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Soninke (256 words)

	www.ghana.co.uk - History & Culture
		The origins of Ghana are not certain, but at the start of the first millennium AD a number of clans of the Soninke people, a Mande speaking people living in the region bordering the Sahara, came together under the leadership of Dinga Cisse.
		It has been said that it is likely that the Soninke was formed in response to the attacks from nomadic raiders suffering from drought and seeking new territory.
		The Soninke people also sold slaves, salt and copper in exchange for textiles, beads and finished goods.
	www.ghana.co.uk /history/history/ancient_ghana.htm (658 words)

	Mauritania - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		From the 3rd to 7th centuries, the migration of Berber tribes from North Africa displaced the Bafours, the original inhabitants of present-day Mauritania and the ancestors of the Soninke.
		Likewise, in the North, the Arab-Berber population had achieved an impressive empire of their own, the territory of which stretched across the Mediterranean into Spain and Portugal.
		With independence, larger numbers of the indigenous peoples (Haalpulaar, Soninke, and Wolof) entered Mauritania, moving into the area north of the Senegal River.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/m/a/u/Mauritania.html (1718 words)

	Africa, Iron and Empire, to 400 CE
		The Soninke of Ancient Ghana, circa 200 CE A thousand miles west of the Bantu community, just inland from the western coast and just south of the Saharan desert, an iron using state arose called Ghana - unrelated to modern Ghana.
		Its people were the Soninke, who might have grouped together into a state for strength against their exposure to attacks from Berber nomads to their north.
		The Soninke were midway between the source of salt in the Sahara and gold fields to their south along the Upper Senegal River, and the Soninke of Ghana acted as middlemen, passing salt to the gold producers and gold to the north.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch29af.htm (1574 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / Soninke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is spoken from the intersection of northeast Senegal, south central Mauritania, and west/southwest Mali, to a line running east roughly along the Mali-Mauritanian border.
		Soninke is a national language of Senegal and of Mali.
		The orthographies of Soninke and Mali seem to be the same except for the character used for the palatal n.
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Soninke (334 words)

	Soninke and Chinese legends of the Slayer of the Snake God - ColorQ Articles Etc
		The Soninke of West Africa also tell a story about single individual defying tradition and public opinion to stand up to a snake god.
		The Soninke tale was set at the time of the decline of the Ghana Empire, around the 11th century.
		Mamadou's deed, however, went unappreciated by the Soninkes, who saw it as the beginning of their misfortunes.
	www.colorq.org /Articles/article.aspx?d=lore&x=snake (594 words)

	Les crises de subsistances dans les villages soninke du cercle de Bakel, de 1858 à 1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Subsistence crises in the Soninke villages of Bakel district, 1858-1945.
		In view of the strong correlation between the length of a crisis and its seriousness, we have set up a typology of crises and distinguished, according to their duration, between "scarcity", "famine" and "serious famine".
		This chronological series is but a step in the analysis of subsistence crises which must eventually be correlated with ecological, socio-economic and political data in order to understand the conditions of their outbreak, their impact and the social dynamics during the colonial period.
	etudesafricaines.revues.org /document526.html (237 words)

	The Luke Society - Kayes, Mali
		The Soninke, who are farmers, battle the Fulani, who are herders, almost every year.
		At the ceremony to inaugurate the new clinic on December 13, we saw blue-turbaned Fulani ride in on camels, white-robed Maurs follow on horses, and green, yellow and red clad Soninke children dance for joy.
		The Soninke, the Fulani and the Maurs trust him with their lives.
	www.lukesociety.org /news/spring2005mali.html (748 words)

	Soninke Translation Service - English to Soninke Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		You probably don't speak Soninke yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		To ensure our translators keep abreast of the language our Soninke translators live in-county and translate into their mother tongue.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and speak fluent Soninke perform our Soninke to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/soninke_translation.shtml (536 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:snk
		Dialects in Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, and possibly Gambia are close enough to use the same literature.
		The Diawara (125,000 in 1993; Johnstone) live among the Soninke and speak Sarakole, but consider themselves to be separate from the Soninke.
		The 'Marka' name used for Soninke is different from the Marka language.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=snk (233 words)

	Nguni Imports Presents: Virtual Africa--History of Mali
		Founded by the Soninke people, Ghana was one of the first recognized empires in West Africa, rising to power as early as 300 AD.
		Nobody knows the actual origin of the kingdom, but the term, "Ghana" means "warrior-king" and may have referred to the first powerful ruler to rise in the region.
		By 1100 AD the empire was in ruins and the Soninke found themselves at the mercy of their neighbors.
	www.nguni.com /culture/virtualafrica/mali/history.html (1280 words)

	8th Grade African Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		There were a lot of smaller tribes that lived in Ghana, but in 750 ad the Soninke Tribe came and that is when Ghana became important.
		The reason that the Soninke Tribe was so important was because they made all of the smaller tribes that already lived there into one whole clan.
		The way it happened was there were a lot of smaller clans and the Soninke was one of them so their tribe was more organized and stronger than the others.
	www.ross.org /ProjSites/wafweb/ghana/Ghana.html (146 words)

	MC Journal: the Journal of Academic Media Librarianship. Audiovisual Reviews.
		The viewer discovers that the condition of Soninke women is not only harmful to them, but to society as a whole.
		There are those among the Soninke who want to better the condition of women in their society, and are doing so with the help of Peace Corps volunteers.
		They might maintain that the film fails to fully portray or understand the division of labor between the sexes as it exists among the Soninke, and that the filmmakers are trying to impose western standards on a non-western society.
	wings.buffalo.edu /mcjreview/988234191.html (610 words)

	The Wangara, an Old Soninke Diaspora in West Africa?
		The author of the Tarikh el-Fettach claims that Askia Mohammed was descendant of the Sîlla, a Soninke clan from the Torodo (the Fouta Toro), who had relatives in Gao and among the Toro from Yemen19.
		Barth claims that the Sissilbe in the Niger bend are nothing but a part of the numerous group of Wakoré or Wangaraua belonging to the same tribe as the Sousou and Malinké, who had abandoned their orginal language and adopted Fulfulde and even Hausa, whereas their western associates, Zaberma, still retained their original language.
		It seems then that the Wakoré/Wangara were Soninke clans specialized in trade, Islamic scholarship and law who migrated in the 14-15th centuries from the Awkar, now on Mauritanian territory, into the Mali provinces of Mema, Beledugu, Zaga, Bendugu, Massina, and further East and South, perhaps founding such towns as Odienne, Koro, Boron and Kong.
	etudesafricaines.revues.org /document175.html (10861 words)

	Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		You are invited to pray that Christian workers would respond to God's call and love the Soninke.
		The Soninke speak one of the languages from the Mande group.
		The language is called "tonal." This is because the same word can have a completely different meaning depending on which tone is used.
	www.peopleteams.org /soninke (194 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		Kamiko-Wagato zone is localized to the North of Banamba, mainly in the Boro district.
		Jumara (Dyoumara) zone, to the North-East of the Baoule Bend, includes 6 or 7 Kagoro and 3 or 4 Kagoro-Bamana villages; it is surrounded by Bamana, Soninke and Maure (Hassaniya-speaking) villages.
		Local Kagoro are bilingual in Bamana and/or Soninke, but, according to what the elders say, Kagoro is currently used in all spheres of life.
	www.ogmios.org /82.htm (1838 words)

	Soninke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Voegelin and Voegelin (l977) estimated the total number of Soninke speakers at 457,000., and Platiel (1978) 520,000.
		Soninke has an orthography standardized by Senegalese government decree in l975 (see Bibliography), but these conventions have not been accepted in other areas where Soninke is spoken.
		One set of learning materials appears to be sufficient for Soninke.
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/language.php?id=64 (119 words)

	Red Sea Team International
		Folklore is very much alive, especially in their attitudes and practices relating to the cycle of life - name giving, initiation, marriage and death.
		The women busy themselves at home with all kinds of crafts - for example producing and dying cotton material.
		Many now live in France - mostly in Paris, but also in other industrial areas, where they often work in the car industry.
	www.rsti.org /tpg_Soninke.htm (428 words)

	RCAJA Jewish migration to Old Ghana
		The latter were lead by the Kara lineage and after two generations settled among the Soninke of Ghana.
		The Soninke were already a civilized people when the Jewish refugees settled among them.
		The Soninke were of the Mande peoples who had independently invented farming c 3000 BCE
	www.fortunecity.com /millenium/zebedee/67/gana.htm (350 words)

	8th Grade African Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Soninke Tribe were the first people of the Kingdom of Ghana.
		Arabic traders brought with them the firstwritten language of the Soninke Tribe, Arabic.
		Today the Soninke Tribe is mostly made up of Muslims and Christiansbut, there are still some who follow the old tradition.
	www.ross.org /ProjSites/wafweb/sonin/sonin.html (73 words)

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