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	Sonnet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italian sonnet was divided into an octave, which stated a proposition or a problem, followed by a sestet, which provided a resolution, with a clear break between the two sections.
		In the 17th century, the sonnet was adapted to other purposes, with John Donne and George Herbert writing religious sonnets, and John Milton using the sonnet as a general meditative poem.
		In a Spenserian sonnet there does not appear to be a requirement that the initial octave sets up a problem which the closing sestet answers as is the case with a Petrarchian sonnet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sonnet (1568 words)

	Sonnet cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A group of sonnets, arranged to address a particular person or theme, and designed to be read both as a collection of fully-realized individual poems and as a single poetic work comprising all the individual sonnets.
		While the thematic arrangement may reflect the unfolding of real or fictional events, the sonnet cycle is very rarely narrative; the narrative elements may be inferred, but provide background structure, and are never the primary concern of the poet's art.
		Notable sonnet cycles have been written by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Pierre de Ronsard, Edmund Spenser, Rupert Brooke, Sir Philip Sidney, William Shakespeare, John Donne, William Wordsworth, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Rainer Maria Rilke.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sonnet_cycle (246 words)

	Breaking the Cycle in Shakespeare's Sonnets
		When the sonnet cycles of Italy and France began to be imitated in England in the sixteenth century, they became less explicitly associated with Neoplatonism, and appear to many critics today to be a merely conventional means of addressing some particular historical personage, either a love object or patron of the poet.
		Traditional readings of Spenser’s sonnets in terms of his own courtship and marriage alone, by failing to acknowledge the political significance of the Neoplatonic pretensions of the gènre in its historical context, overlook the subtleties of meaning which account for the extraordinary resonance of the sonnet cycle in Elizabethan culture.
		Romantic love as it is conventionally expressed in sonnet cycles gives rise to the desire to possess the love object to the exclusion of all, not to give him or her away to another to breed children who can only take him or her further away into the duties of parenthood.
	phoenixandturtle.net /excerptmill/breakingcycle.htm (7649 words)

	Shakespeare, Sonnet 124
		Sonnets in English, which began to be written earlier in sixteenth century, did not peak until the 1590s, just after Sir Philip Sidney's sonnet sequence (the first sequence in English) became published.
		The final group of sonnets addresses the "Dark Lady," a female beloved whom the speaker portrays as dark-complected, rather than the fair-skinned, blonde beauty celebrated in Petrach's sonnets, and who is unfaithful to the speaker, cheating on the speaker with the young man from the earlier sonnets.
		Sonnet 124, continuing the assertion that love can outlast the passage the time, imagines the speaker's own love as a member of the nobility so secure that it does not need to sway to political concerns in order to preserve its power.
	www.valpo.edu /english/emtexts/sonn124a.html (950 words)

	[No title]
		The Petrarchan sonnet's octave invariably rhymes abba abba.
		The Shakespearean sonnet invariably rhymes the sestet efef gg.
		Sonnets were written in two basic types: the Petrarchan sonnet rhyming abba abba in the octave and variably in the sestet (sometimes with a concluding couplet, sometimes not); and the English or Shakespearean sonnet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg.
	www.english.udel.edu /dean/205/205glossaryterms.html (3515 words)

	Renaissance Sonnets
		Petrarch (1304-1374) is considered "the first writer of the Renaissance." Although his Italian sonnets rely on courtly love conventions, the Renaissance sees a sort of codification of the material and certainly of the form.
		His sonnet cycle, Amoretti ("little love poems") seems to be devoted to his courtship of the woman who became his second wife in 1594.
		Although written in 1582 and circulating privately, it was not published until 1591 at which point it inaugurated the sonnet vogue with its standard themes: insistence on originality and disclaimers of conventionality, the lady's coldness, the poet's despair, the lady's beauties, invocations to sleep, the immortality of the verse.
	www.wsu.edu /~delahoyd/ren.sonnets.html (731 words)

	The first French sonnet was possibly written by Mellin de Saint-Gelais (1491-1558) in 1518, as he returned over the ...
		One could not expect any of these authors to pen amatory sonnets throughout their lives; but it would not have been impossible to put the form to other uses, to realise, as Du Bellay had, that it was ideally suited to elegy and to philosophical reflection.
		Ten sonnets stem from the Orlando Furioso and eight are imitations or translations of Ariosto’s sonnets.
		In the Amours sonnets, composed in the final year of his life and published posthumously, Du Bellay returned to a Petrarchising vein; he was apparently unable to entirely liberate himself from a mode of being that convenes so well with the contradictions of his soul.
	www.michaelhaldane.com /FrenchSonnet.htm (4027 words)

	Shakespeare--sonnets
		Sonnet collection, perhaps a cycle with dramatic coherence, but no one interpretation of a single "plot" has won general acceptance.
		The sonnets of this section often describe the relationship in terms of disease, deception, and mortal weakness.
		The sonnets often have been mined for evidence of a dramatic structure, and you will find many critical studies which purport to explain "what Shakespeare had in mind" when he wrote the sonnets as a sequence.
	faculty.goucher.edu /eng211/shakespearesonnets.htm (1295 words)

	Rossetti's Sonnet 53 from "The House of Life" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Rosetti's sonnet sequence is a microcosm of the world of the poet, with loves and losses, small remembrances, comments on life and its ultimate ending.
		The sonnet reaches for complexity with its concentrated form as the cycle seems to want to diminish some of those effects on behalf of a somewhat larger vision.
		As for the specifics of each sonnet, from what I remember of Petrarchan sonnet (it seems that most of these sonnets are Italian) typical sonnets of this type have a turn at the ninth line, in addition to certain rhyme schemes.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/dgr/freely8.html (404 words)

	The UVic Writer's Guide: Sonnet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem in a single stanza, in which lines of iambic pentameter are linked by an elaborate rhyme scheme.
		The structure of the English sonnet usually follows the Petrarchan, or explores variations on a theme in the first three quatrains and concludes with an epigrammatic.
		Though sonnets began as love poetry and were introduced to England as such by Thomas Wyatt, the form was extended to other subjects and other structures by Donne, Milton and later writers such as Keats, Dylan Thomas, and e.
	web.uvic.ca /wguide/Pages/LTSonnet.html (215 words)

	The Richard Vallance Sonnet Review, February 2003 - Shakespeare's Sonnet 53
		This truly delightful sonnet is perhaps one of the quintessential celebrations of love at its most exalted in the entire repertoire of English lyric poetry.
		Yet, for all this, the key to this sonnet lies not in the transience of earthly life and love, but in the immortalized permanence of Platonic ideal Love, as typified through the (albeit imperfect) description of Adonis, which in turn exalts both the lover and his belovèd to a higher plane of existence.
		Sonnet 53, which is one of Shakespeare's most verbally economical poems, containing as it does fewer discrete words than any of his other sonnets, is a truly refined expression of the classical ideal of Neo-Platonic Love as espoused by the Renaissance sonneteers.
	www.poetrylifeandtimes.com /valrevw18.htm (2965 words)

	Shakespeare's Sonnets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The long neglect of the sonnets seems to have been caused by their portrayal of homosexual love and heterosexual lust, their sometimes bitter tone and dark imagery, and by their thoroughgoing repudiation of many sonnet conventions — the same qualities that brought Shakespeare admirers during the Romantic literary movement of the early 19th century.
		Where traditionally the sonnet beloved was a chaste, haughty and fair complexioned goddess, Shakespeare's poet is bound to a charming but depraved nobleman and a promiscuously tormenting "dark lady." The desires that the poet can satisfy in his commerce with the woman only sicken and degrade him.
		It's important to keep in mind that most of the sonnets are not explicit as to whether the beloved is a "fair youth" or a "dark lady" (as confirmed by the easy quotation of "fair youth" poems in a heterosexual context).
	www.handprint.com /SC/SHK/sonnets.html (4436 words)

	Spenser
		The Amoretti is a sonnet cycle or sequence composed of 89 sonnets.
		The "Epithalamion" is a wedding song derived from Latin originals (e.g., Catullus #62) which, in the earliest days of the empire, actually were sung by choirs of young men and women who accompanied the bride and groom from her parents' house to her future husband's family's house where they would spend the wedding night.
		As you read the sonnets, look for themes that previously occurred in the works of Wyatt, Surrey, or Sidney, all of whose works would have been available to Spenser while he was writing.
	faculty.goucher.edu /eng211/Spenser.html (2001 words)

	Basic Sonnet Forms
		A sonnet is fundamentally a dialectical construct which allows the poet to examine the nature and ramifications of two usually contrastive ideas, emotions, states of mind, beliefs, actions, events, images, etc., by juxtaposing the two against each other, and possibly resolving or just revealing the tensions created and operative between the two.
		The basic meter of all sonnets in English is iambic pentameter (basic information on iambic pentameter), although there have been a few tetrameter and even hexameter sonnets, as well.
		Most common is a change in the octave rhyming pattern from a b b a a b b a to a b b a a c c a, eliminating the need for two groups of 4 rhymes, something not always easy to come up with in English which is a rhyme-poor language.
	www.sonnets.org /basicforms.htm (1653 words)

	Shakespeare Sonnet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By the time that Shakespeare's Sonnets was published in 1609, however, and probably years before, the enthusiasm of courtly patrons for sonnet cycles had evaporated.
		In all probability, it was for the purpose of garnering supplemental funds that Shakespeare wrote his sonnets, essentially cashing in on the popularity of the form among wealthy devotees of the arts.
		If that is the case, Shakespeare's abandonment of the sonnets may have been motivated by his estimation of them as an artificial form that he abused by introducing vulgar elements.
	www.shakespeare-sonnets.com /feature.php (893 words)

	The Sonnet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In such a cycle, or sequence, there is a unity of ideaes, but no interlocking of the verses or direct stanzaic flow of the thoughts (Daniel, Drayton, Spenser, Amoretti).
		The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, esp. if there is a run-on of structure and thought at the end of the octave, is also called the Miltonic.
		The linked sonnet, a b a b b c b c c d c d c c, is the Spenserian.
	www.uni-erfurt.de /anglistische_literatur/einff/sonnet.html (545 words)

	"Liberating the Muse" in "Monna Innominata"
		However, as the sonnet cycle continues and especially if one rereads the cycle in its entirety, one realizes that this woman is not as passive as she might seem.
		God is mentioned and invoked for the first time in sonnet five, and the continuing religious imagery coupled with the speaker's secular love implies her "struggle with choosing earthly pleasure or spiritual salvation"(Robinet).
		Compare "Monna Innominata" to Rossetti's single sonnet "After Death." In both poems, the speaker is a dead woman musing on her beloved in life, although in "After Death" the man never loved her in return.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/crossetti/ringel6.html (530 words)

	The Academy of American Poets - Poetic Form: Sonnet
		Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, which employ one of several rhyme schemes and adhere to a tightly structured thematic organization.
		In Sonnet 130 of William Shakespeare’s epic sonnet cycle, the first twelve lines compare the speaker’s mistress unfavorably with nature’s beauties.
		The sonnet redoublé is formed of 15 sonnets, the first 14 forming a perfect corona, followed by the final sonnet, which is comprised of the 14 linking lines in order.
	www.poets.org /viewmedia.php/prmMID/5791 (1041 words)

	The Poetry of Anne Cecil de Vere, Countess of Oxford
		The essay consists of a reprint with annotations of an early modern brief sonnet sequence, a retelling of the history of the publication, and an argument attributing it to Anne Cecil de Vere, Countess of Oxford.
		Against this is the startling contrast between the mood and character of the supposed poet in the poems attributed to Soowthern and the mood and character of the poet of the sonnet sequence attributed to the Countess (cf.
		The literary context of the sonnets may be said to comprise the two decades which are now seen as a kind of prelude to the rage for sonnets in the 1590's in England.
	www.jimandellen.org /anne.cecil.poems.html (7462 words)

	[No title]
		The title of Drayton's sonnet sequence seems intended, along with the sequence's introductory sonnet ("To the Reader of These Sonnets"), to warn readers against which component to be found in the sonnet sequences of Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare: (a) politics (b) autobiography (c) science (d) ideology
		As pointed out in the NAEL introduction, one feature of Shakespeare's sonnet cycle making it unlike others in the English Renaissance is: (a) the use of both the Italian and English structures (b) its Neoplatonism (c) lack of variation in imagery (d) a male object of praise, love, and devotion
		One repeated idea about literature in Shakespeare's sonnets (found also in several other sonnet cycles in NAEL, as well as in Classical literature) is the: (a) necessity of using the middle or mean style (b) inspiration from God required to write (c) respect owed to literary tradition (d) immortalizing power of poetry
	www.aug.edu /~nprinsky/Engl3002/DanDrayShakSpenQz.htm (1922 words)

	Political Neoplatonism of Shakespeare's Sonnets
		As the praise of Beatrice beatifies Dante, the sonneteer is always involved in an explicit act of self-creation, of construction of the subject of the poetic discourse.
		This poetic iconography is most evident in the sonnet cycle tradition beginning with Beatrice/beatitude and Laura/laurel and virtually ending with its iconoclastic deconstruction in Shakespeare’s fair youth and dark lady.
		Now the charioteer and the good horse must both exert their efforts to curb the base desires of the dark steed until, when both animals equally obey the highest element in the soul, the love manifested by that soul is as calm and perfect as earthly love may be.
	phoenixandturtle.net /excerptmill/stetner4.html (2462 words)

	ENGL 402 Spring 2001
		The process should also serve to demystify Shakespeare and restore him to us as a man of his time, reacting to the world around him and to the writers he found himself both competing with and influenced by.
		We'll tackle the sonnets in the first half of the course and Hamlet in the second.
		They'll be due as we conclude the units, and I've left class time for their presentation, in progress and by summary.
	www.oberlin.edu /english/syllabi/spring01/402dys01.html (498 words)

	Sonnets Shakespeare's Career as a "Sonneteer"
		Essay discussing the composition of the sonnets in the context of Shakespeare's life.
		In all likelihood, Shakespeare wrote the 154 verse pieces that constitute his Sonnets at an early juncture in his career, and after 1598 or so, he abandoned both the sonnet form and the composition of non-dramatic poetry.
		Sonnet 138—When my love swears that she is made of truth
	www.enotes.com /sonnets/758 (424 words)

	Gravesrunes.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In such a hand, the 14 visible sonnets on each spread would have been arranged in 4 rows in a 4-4-4-2 pattern that mimicked the sonnet form itself with its three quatrains and a closing couplet.
		Possibly the sonnets that are known to have circulated among Will's “private friends” before 1600 were not the full complement published in Q in 1609; I personally suspect that Sets X and XI, the “Dark Lady” sets, may have been written earliest.
		Though the opening 14 sonnets urging “marriage and increase” may originally have been addressed to Southampton, by 1605 or so they made sense as poems addressing John and Susannah Hall, whom I take to be the “master/mistress of my passion” in at least some primary sense.
	www.utm.edu /~ngraves/gravesrunes.htm (3342 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Brief explanation of different national sonnets, with reference to the practice of the sonnet cycle.
		Resource center for study of the sonnet, with links to the history of sonnet practice in English-language cultures and elsewhere.
		Chronological study of the sonnet from the 12th century to the present.
	www.pearsoncustom.com /allpages/sonnets_bot.html (127 words)

	Schulers Books (The Love Sonnets of a Hoodlum - 1/4)
		The sonnet has been likened to an exquisite crystal goblet that holds one sublimely inspired thought so perfectly that not another drop can be added without overflow.
		Irwin's sonnets may be taken as an indication of this revolt, and how nearly they approach the incisive phrases of the seventeenth century may easily be shown in a few exemplars.
		The sequence of the sonnets clearly indicates the progress of his love affair with Mary, a heroine who has, in common with the heroines of previous sonnet cycles, Laura, Stella and Beatricia, only this, that she inspired her lover to an eloquence that might have been better spent orally upon the object of his affections.
	www.schulers.com /books/wa/l/The_Love_Sonnets_of_a_Hoodlum (1362 words)

	Sidney and Sonnets Study Questions
		Its appearance in print sparked many imitations, contributing to the remarkable popularity of sonnets and sonnet cycles in the 1590s: approximately 1200 (!) printed sonnets from the early 1590s have survived, and many more doubtless circulated in manuscript form.
		Sonnets are a distinctly vernacular genre (one which did not exist in Classical antiquity, as they were invented by the Italian poet Petrarch).
		It is therefore not surprising that Sidney, the defender of the legitimacy of vernacular-language literature, should choose to write a sonnet cycle in English.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~dschwart/engl331/sidney.html (1509 words)

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