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Topic: Sonority hierarchy

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	Sonority Hierarchy Encyclopedia Article @ Coulda.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A sonority hierarchy or sonority scale is a ranking of speech sounds (or phones) by how much 'sound' they produce.
		Sonority hierarchies are especially important when analyzing syllable structure; rules about what segments may appear in onsets or codas together, such as SSP, are formulated in terms of the difference of their sonority values.
		Some languages also have assimilation rules based on sonority hierarchy, for example, the Finnish potential mood (e.g.
	www.coulda.net /encyclopedia/Sonority_hierarchy (285 words)

	Colorado Research in Linguistics
		I will demonstrate that sonority determines the properties of sequences: the sonority of the coda of the preceding syllable has to be greater than or equal to the sonority of the onset of the following syllable.
		According to the sonority hierarchy, voiceless obstruents have the least sonority and vowels have the greatest sonority.
		For instance, in the consonant consequences, lt, mf, nk, nt, rf, rk, the sonority of the first consonant is greater than or equal to sonority of the second consonant.
	www.colorado.edu /ling/CRIL/Volume18_Issue1/conference_HAN.htm (182 words)

	[No title]
		As Hall describes it, the Sonority Hierarchy is important to the Sonority Sequencing Generalization (SSG), which states that “In any syllable there is a segment constituting a sonority peak which is preceded and/or followed by a sequence of segments with progressively decreasing sonority values” (Hall, 2000; 39).
		The validity of the Sonority Hierarchy can be further confirmed by the numerous words in both German and English, as well as other languages, that conform to the Sonority Sequencing Generalization.
		And perhaps the Sonority Hierarchy is not a relevant concept in determining what clusters are allowed to occur and which are not.
	www2.rz.hu-berlin.de /phonetik/Downloads/Silbe.doc (2979 words)

	Phonological feature - FrathWiki
		[±consonantal] The feature consonantal applies to segments with a sonority of liquid or less; it does not apply to vowels or semivowels.
		[±approximant] The feature approximant applies to segments with a sonority of liquid or greater, namely vowels, semivowels, and liquids.
		[±sonorant] The feature sonorant applies to segments with a sonority of nasal or greater, namely vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals.
	wiki.frath.net /Phonological_feature (501 words)

	Summary of the evidence for OM
		It is reinforced by the fact that complex onsets do occur word-initially, and that all medial clusters are analysable as codas (with appropriate sandhi) followed by onset sequences whose pattern is consistent with the patterns evidenced by studying sandhi effects and the inventory of word-initial sequences (as well as rather late evidence from the metre).
		Clements's version of the Sonority Sequencing Principle, although it would be acceptable by the original and more common formulation that says that fricatives are more sonorous than oral stops (Sievers 1876:112, Kiparsky 1979:432; cf.
		From the standpoint of the Sonority Sequencing Principle, this is shocking.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~bkessler/ambisyll-sanskrit/summaryOM.html (646 words)

	PERILUS XXII (1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Jespersen's sonority hierarchy fails to account for commonly observed syllable structures such as initial [spV], [stV] and [skV] and their final mirror images [Vps], [Vts] and [Vks].
		This was corroborated by the present experiment which indicated that listeners are able to reliably perceive stop place of articulation on the sole basis of an adjacent [s].
		It was thus concluded that the observed violation of the sonority principle may have a perceptual basis.
	www.ling.su.se /fon/perilus/1999_abs_07.htm (147 words)

	Stanford Linguistics Colloquium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This talk presents a theory of markedness hierarchies and their formal expression in Optimality Theory.
		In formal terms, the aim is to show that hierarchy-referring constraints refer to contiguous ranges of scale elements, starting with the most marked element.
		These constraints are shown to allow for stress systems like Nganasan's, which ignores the sonority distinction between central vowels [E] and high vowels [i y u] on the one hand, and medial and low peripheral vowels on the other.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/linguistics/colloq/2003/2003feb11.html (234 words)

	GLSA Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This work helps resolve a perennial controversy in the interface between phonetics and phonology: the physical basis of sonority.
		It then presents the results of an instrumental study of five acoustic and aerodynamic correlates of sonority in English and Spanish: intensity, F1, duration, intraoral air pressure, and air flow.
		It concludes with a psycholinguistic experiment in which sonority is crucial in accounting for preferred word order in English reduplicative rhymes such as roly-poly.
	glsa.hypermart.net /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?PARK02 (88 words)

	Sonority hierarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sonority hierarchy or sonority scale is a way of acting like a moron by using wikipedia.
		Sonority hierarchies vary somewhat in which sounds are grouped together.
		The one below is fairly typical (1 indicates lowest sonority):
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sonority_hierarchy (69 words)

	IngentaConnect Hittite vowel epenthesis and the sonority hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		SummaryThis study examines the distribution of non-etymological vowels in Hittite and shows that non-etymological a is used in contexts where syllabification problems are not expected, suggesting that a is purely orthographic and brought on only by the practices of the cuneiform writing system.
		Non-etymological i is used in clusters which cannot be syllabified to obey the sonority hierarchy.
		The paper argues that the distribution of these vowels is thus predictable and depends solely on the constraints on syllable structure and the sonority hierarchy.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/jbp/dia/2001/00000018/00000002/art00003 (346 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.182: Recommending PhD research, Sonority
		Voiceless stops are the lowest in the hierarchy, carrying a value of 0.5.
		Voiced stops come next with a value of 1.0, and so on, with liquids and glides toward the higher end of the spectrum and with vowels appearing at the top.
		For example, it is said that [sh] is more sonorant than [s] yet a grouping of all voiceless fricatives together into one group and assigning them all one value does not capture this fine distinction.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-182.html (1007 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.1689: Phonetics/ Phonology, Steve Parker
		glsa, Quantifying the Sonority Hierarchy, Steve Parker's dissertation
		Quantifying the Sonority Hierarchy (2002) Velobound Book, $20.To order, visit our web page: http://server102.hypermart.net/glsa/index.htm ABSTRACT This work helps resolve a perennial controversy in the interface between phonetics and phonology: the physical basis of sonority.
		It begins with an 86- page summary and critical review of the extant literature on sonority.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-1689.html (154 words)

	Appendix E. Results of Linguistic Research (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The internal structure of the syllable is often described in terms of the "Sonority Hierarchy", whereby the least sonorous sounds occur towards the outside of the syllable, and the most sonorous sounds occur in the centre of the syllable.
		A summarised sonority scale (and references to published work) can be found in R. Hogg and C.B. McCully, "Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook" (1987) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
		The answer is that the second vowel forms the nucleus of a new syllable, and the /r/ syllabifies with this instead of with the first vowel, so it's no longer in a sonority relationship with the /d/, hence there's no longer any problem.
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /fun/welsh/AppendixE.html (1109 words)

	Hiáng-tō͘ (Sonority Scale) at Pektiong ê Bāng (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kiparsky’s sonority hierarchy of a > e > o > i > u
		Except co-occurrence restrictions, which fail to reflect the compositional structure of the two diphthongs under investigation, all other linguistic evidence shows that /iu/ is a falling diphthong, and /ui/ is a rising diphthong.
		One indicates that the X-theory (Levin 1985) together with a language-specific sonority hierarchy pinpoints the syllable structure of Sixian Hakka.
	pektiong.holopedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wp/?p=187 (715 words)

	Live QnA: Do you prefer honest opinions or Wikipedia answers to your questions?
		Some languages also have assimilation rules based on sonority hierarchy, for example, the Finnish potential mood"
		I only include a Wiki source if it outlines the question in the article.
		If, Like sonority said, I know the answer without having to research it, I won't use any sources.
	qna.live.com /ShowQuestion.aspx?qid=24B08BD8220045E4A16D7EF65EB2573B (516 words)

	Geoff's Collection of Sound Changes (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Sonority Hierarchy is a useful concept which lies behind some theories about sound-change.
		In Italian, stressed syllables are always heavy; the /a/ in valse is short, but in the related vale the /a/ has been lengthened to avoid a light stressed syllable.
		Lenition is often described as a weakening of the pronunciation of a consonant, moving it down the sonority hierarchy.
	www.cix.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /~morven/lang/soundchanges.html (2003 words)

	The SIL French/English Linguistic Glossary
		Crystal 1991: 320-321 (also "sonority scale", "sonority hierarchy", "sonority peak", "sonority sequencing generalisation")
		ELL: 5172 (also "sonority hierarchy (scale)", "sonority peak", "sonority sequencing generalization")
		Trask 1996: 327-328 (also "Sonority Dispersion Principle", "Sonority Hierarchy", "Sonority Sequencing Principle")
	www.sil.org /linguistics/Glossary_fe/glossary.asp?entryid=14606&src=y (113 words)

	Cornell University Linguistics Department (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Katy Carlson: Reduplication and Sonority in Nakanai and Nuxalk
		Donald G. Churma and Yili Shi: Glottal Consonants and the 'Sonority' Hierarchy
		Luis López: The Hierarchy of Negation and Tense: The Case of English
	ling.cornell.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /clcpubs/ESCOL.html (3947 words)

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