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Topic: Sony Corp v Universal City Studios

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	sony corp. v. universal city studios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Universal City Studios, 464 U.S.) (Docket Number: 81-1687), is also known as the Betamax case.
		The court found that the making of individual copies of complete television shows for home use is considered fair use, and that the manufacture of devices (VCRs) to facilitate that is legal.
		Sony owned the Betamax corp, which manufactured and sold the first VCRs.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Sony_Corp._v._Universal_City_Studios.html (232 words)

	SONY CORP. OF AMER. v. UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)
		Sony supplies a piece of equipment that is generally capable of copying the entire range of programs thatmay be televised: those that are uncopyrighted, those that are copyrighted but may be copied without objection from the copyright holder, and those that the copyright holder would prefer not to have copied.
		Laitram Corp., 406 U.S. While the law has never recognized an author's right to absolute control of his work, the natural tendency of legal rights to express themselves in absolute terms to the exclusion of all else is particularly pronounced in the history of the constitutionally sanctioned monopolies of the copyright and the patent.
		The Studios have demonstrated a potential for harm, which has not been, and could not be, refuted at this early stage of technological development.
	www.law.cornell.edu /copyright/cases/464_US_417.htm (17722 words)

	Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services (Bitlaw)
		Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. In the case at bar the defendants argue that the burden of proof rests with the publishers because the use being challenged is "noncommercial." We disagree.
		The strength of the Sony presumption may vary according to the context in which it arises, and the presumption disappears entirely where the challenged use is one that transforms the original work into a new artistic creation.
		Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. Although section 107 mentions "teaching" and "multiple copies for classroom use" as possible fair uses, "the mere fact that a use is educational and not for profit does not insulate it from a finding of infringement." Campbell, 114 S. Ct. at 1174.
	www.bitlaw.com /source/cases/copyright/pup.html (15808 words)

	Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984)
		Sony supplies a piece of equipment that is generally capable of copying the entire range of programs that may be televised: those that are uncopyrighted, those that are copyrighted but may be copied without objection from the copyright holder, and those that the copyright holder would prefer not to have copied.
		From the Studios' perspective, the consequences of home VTR recording are the same as if a business had taped the Studios' works off the air, duplicated the tapes, and sold or rented them to members of the public for home viewing.
		Sony argues that the manufacturer or seller of a product used to infringe is absolved from liability whenever the product can be put to any substantial noninfringing use.
	www.usscplus.com /online/cases/464/4640417.htm (15659 words)

	Sony Corp. v. Universal
		Sony introduced considerable evidence describing television programs that could be copied without objection from any copyright holder, with special emphasis on sports, religious, [***13] and educational programming.
		Sony supplies a piece of equipment that is generally capable of copying the entire range of programs [***34] that may be televised: those that are uncopyrighted, those that are copyrighted but may be copied without objection from the copyright holder, and those that the copyright holder would prefer not to have copied.
		First, Sony demonstrated a significant likelihood that substantial numbers of [**796] copyright holders who license their works for broadcast on free television would not object to having their broadcasts time-shifted by private viewers.
	arts-sciences.cua.edu /hsct102/pages/sony.html (19302 words)

	Video cassette recorder
		Before the advent of the VCR proper, portable video recorders using 13 mm (half-inch) wide tape on 18 cm (7 inch aprox.) reels were marketed by both Sony and Philips.
		JVC and Sony used different marketing models for their technology: JVC licensed their VHS technology to consumer electronics companies like Zenith and RCA, which then produced low-cost VCRs, enriching JVC through royalties paid under its license.
		Sony did not license the Beta format to other manufacturers; Sony was the only company to produce Beta machines, and Sony was unable to compete on price with the somewhat inferior-quality VHS standard.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/v/vi/video_cassette_recorder.html (845 words)

	sony.html
		Sony introduced considerable evidence describing television programs that could be copied without objection from any copyright holder, with special emphasis on sports, religious, and educational programming.
		First, Sony demonstrated a significant likelihood that substantial numbers of copyright holders who license their works for broadcast on free television would not object to having their broadcasts time- shifted by private viewers.
		Sony certainly does not "intentionally induce[ ]" its customers to make infringing uses of respondents' copyrights, nor does it supply its products to identified individuals known by it to be engaging in continuing infringement of respondents' copyrights, see id., at 855, 102 S.Ct., at 2188.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /metaschool/fisher/integrity/Links/Cases/sony.html (18096 words)

	EFF: Newmark, et al., v. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. et al.
		The studios asked the court to ban the sale of the ReplayTV DVR because it gave ReplayTV owners "unprecedented new tools for violating [the Studios'] copyright interests." In June 2002, five people who own ReplayTVs, represented by EFF and attorneys Ira Rothken and Richard Wiebe, filed their own lawsuit.
		Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417), in the Supreme Court found that it is fair use (and not copyright infringement) for consumers to use VCRs to tape television programs for later non-commercial viewing in their homes.
		The Hollywood studios used expensive litigation and an unproven threat of copyright liability to bankrupt two companies, and to force another to remove an innovative technology that threatened to disrupt their existing business models from the marketplace.
	www.eff.org /IP/Video/Newmark_v_Turner (1588 words)

	sumsony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Sony Corporation created and manufactured the Betamax machine, an early version of the VCR which allowed people to videotape broadcasts and play them back at a later time.
		The studios brought suit against Sony, alleging that the company's time-shifting technology infringed their copyrights in the various movies and television shows they broadcast.
		The Supreme Court held that: (1) the manufacturer of a device that is capable of being used to violate copyright laws is liable for contributory infringement if and only if the device is not susceptible of any substantial non-infringing use; and (2) time-shifting copyrighted programs is fair use, although librarying copies is illegal.
	eon.law.harvard.edu /property/respect/sumsony.html (238 words)

	Sony Corp v. Universal City Studios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Universal sued Sony for copyright infringement, alleging that because consumers used Sony's Betamax to record Universal's copyrighted works, Sony was liable for the copyright infringement allegedly committed by those consumers in violation of the Copyright Act.
		Universal sought monetary damages, an equitable accounting of profits, and an injunction against the manufacturing and marketing of the VTR's.
		Moreover, the court concluded that Sony could not be held liable as contributory infringers even if the home use of a VTR was considered an infringing use.
	www.oyez.org /oyez/resource/case/768/print (257 words)

	U.S. Copyright Office: Brief in A&M Records v. Napster
		Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984), the Supreme Court held that the use of VCR recording technology by consumers to make home copies of broadcast programs for viewing at another time ("time-shifting") constituted a non-infringing "fair use" of the copyrighted material.
		The consumer electronics industry, together with consumer groups, argued that Sony recognized a general right to engage in home taping of copyrighted materials for personal use; the music industry argued that Sony was decided on narrow grounds and did not give the Court's general imprimatur to home taping.
		When a Napster user makes the music files on his or her hard drive available for downloading by other Napster users, he or she is distributing the files to the public at large.
	www.loc.gov /copyright/docs/napsteramicus.html (5986 words)

	UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC. v. REIMERDES
		Plaintiff motion picture studios brought this action to enjoin defendants from providing a computer program on their Internet Web sites that permits users to decrypt and copy plaintiffs' copyrighted motion pictures from digital versatile disks ("DVDs").
		Plaintiffs in this case are eight major motion picture studios which are engaged in the business of producing, manufacturing and/or distributing copyrighted and copyrightable material, including motion pictures.
		Plaintiffs are eight major motion picture studios which together are largely responsible for the development of the American film industry.
	www.law.uh.edu /faculty/cjoyce/copyright/release10/Universal.html (9280 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Petitioner Sony Corp. manufactures home video tape recorders (VTR's), and markets them through retail establishments, some of which are also petitioners.
		Although there were some differences in the surveys, they both showed that the primary use of the machine for most owners was "time-shifting" - the practice of recording a program to view it once at a later time, and thereafter erasing it.
		The District Court expressly found that "no employee of Sony, Sonam or DDBI had either direct involvement with the allegedly infringing activity or direct contact with purchasers of Betamax who recorded copyrighted works off-the-air." 480 F. Supp., at 460.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=464&invol=417 (16522 words)

	Untitled Document
		The plaintiff may prove defendant's copying either by direct evidence or, as is most often the case, by showing that (1) the defendant had access to the plaintiff's copyrighted work and (2) that defendant's work is substantially similar to the plaintiff's copyrightable material.
		Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972, 979 (2d Cir.), cert.
		The defendant's breach of duty is the gravamen of such trade secret claims, and supplies the "extra element" that qualitatively distinguishes such trade secret causes of action from claims for copyright infringement that are based solely upon copying.
	www.bitlaw.com /source/cases/copyright/altai.html (14391 words)

	INTELLECTUAL RESERVE, INC v UTAH LIGHTHOUSE MINISTRY, INC
		Defendants initially conceded in a hearing, for purposes of the temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction, that plaintiff has a valid copyright in the Handbook, and that defendants directly infringed plaintiff's copyright by posting substantial portions of the copyrighted material.
		Liability for contributory infringement is imposed when "one who, with knowledge of the infringing activity, induces, causes or materially contributes to the infringing conduct of another." Gershwin Publ'g Corp. v.
		Because this is a copyright infringement case and plaintiff has demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits, there is a presumption of injury.
	www.law.uh.edu /faculty/cjoyce/copyright/release10/IntRes.html (2833 words)

	Amicus brief in the case of A & M Records v. Napster
		Universal Amusement Co., 445 U.S. If the court errs in granting the preliminary injunction, constitutionally protected expression will be silenced.
		It is thus not surprising that in Sony Corp. v.
		Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, the district court held a "lengthy trial" before even attempting to resolve the questions of first impression presented there.
	www.aclunc.org /cyber/napster-brief.html (5301 words)

	EFF: Supreme Court decision in Sony v. Universal Studios 464 U.S. 417 (1984), a.k.a. "the Betamax case" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Sony's advertising was silent on the subject of possible copyright infringement, but its
		It held that Sony was chargeable with knowledge of the homeowner's infringing activity because
		Sony argues that the legislative history of that Act, see especially H.
	www.eff.org /legal/cases/sony_v_universal_decision.php (11354 words)

	RIAA v DIAMOND MULTIMEDIA (Appellee Brief)
		The administrative agency's actual expertise in exercising decision making authority is understandably an important factor in a court's determining whether it should relinquish its obligation to decide an issue and allow the agency to exercise its authority.
		Protection extends to the rights of the artist to communicate his or her expression, as well as the rights of the listener to receive it.
		The district court is authorized to exercise its discretion in determining whether injunctive relief is appropriate according to traditional equitable considerations, including consideration of irreparable harm, when a violation of a statute occurs.
	www.virtualrecordings.com /diamond9.htm (11021 words)

	Sony - welcome to Sony Corp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Sony Sony Articles Sony Sites Sony Message Board Add URL
		SONY CORP. : Bourse - Cotations - Cours - Le 1er site gratuit d'information boursière. Cotations en direct de la Bourse de Paris, informations financières, conseils boursiers, graphiques et outils.
		Sony Kembangkan Teknologi Penyimpanan Data 1 TB Sony Corp
	www.yesony.com /sonycorp (1753 words)

	SONY CORP. v. UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
		UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
		US Supreme Court Center> US Supreme Court Cases and Opinions> Volume 464 > SONY CORP. v.
		UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC., 464 U.S. Subscribe to Cases that cite INC., 464 U.S. Case Resources
	www.justia.us /us/464/417 (855 words)

	You Say Napster, I Say Grokster - What do you do when technology outpaces the law? By Rod Smolla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The principal Supreme Court decision speaking to these issues is a case from 1984 titled Sony Corp. v.
		The Supreme Court in the Sony case balanced these competing concerns by reasoning that the mere capacity of a machine to facilitate illegal copying could not, standing alone, make the sale of that machine a contributory infringement.
		Rod Smolla is dean of the University of Richmond School of Law.
	slate.msn.com /id/2110982 (1779 words)

	MP3 Player, MP3 Player review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Other formats are patent-free or otherwise open, such as Vorbis, FLAC, and Speex (all part of the Ogg open multimedia project).
		The first MP3 Player created was the Rio PMP300 by Diamond Multimedia, which earned the company and the device the wrath of the major record labels in 1998, but Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of Sony Corp. v.
		Universal City Studios, and MP3 players were ruled legal devices; Diamond and the Rio went on to establish a new segment in the portable audio player market.
	www.myproductreviews.com /mp3-player/mp3-player.php (509 words)

	A Supreme Slap at Grokster & Co.
		The Grokster case is a fitting coda to the Supreme Court's landmark 1984 opinion in Sony Corp. v.
		In that case, a 5-4 court found that Sony (SNE) couldn't be held responsible if its customers used the company's Betamax VCRs to copy movies and TV programs.
		The Supreme Court left Betamax intact -- no technology can be held liable for infringing just because it can -- and set a fairly low bar for innovators to clear if they want to keep on the copyright straight and narrow.
	www.businessweek.com /technology/content/jun2005/tc20050628_4042_tc119.htm (1175 words)

	SONY CORP v UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS - Legal Case Documents
		SONY CORP v UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS - Legal Case Documents
		Dennis S. Karjala, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, for amicus curiae Copyright Law Professors.
		In light of the public policies underlying the Act, we conclude that, when the person seeking the understanding has a legitimate reason for doing so and when no other means of access to the unprotected elements exists, such
	www.legalcasedocs.com /120/243/736.html (636 words)

	SONY CORP. v. UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)
		Although the District Court found no likelihood of harm from VTR use, 480 F. Supp., at 468, I conclude that it applied an incorrect substantive standard and misallocated the
		The District Court's analysis of harm, moreover, failed to consider the effect of VTR recording on "the potential market for or the value of the copyrighted work," as required by 107(4).
		It is thus apparent from the record and from the findings of the District Court that time-shifting does have a substantial
	people.bu.edu /ebortman/index/sony.html (18373 words)

	Current copyright readings
		Bibliography of current articles on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the TEACH act and other copyright issues.
		The monies collected are going to record companies and other copyright holders as compensation for supposed lost income as a result of copying."
		Digital should not be an excuse to gouge the customer but libraries are so fearful on the copyright issue that they are paying.
	copyrightreadings.blogspot.com (1061 words)

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