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Topic: Speech Sounds

	Speech Perception
		Often the acoustic feature of one sound will spread themselves across those of another sound, leading to the problem of linearity; that is, for each speech sound phoneme, if phonemes were produced one at a time, or linearly, there should be a single corresponding section in the waveform.
		Sounds 1 and 4 are both heard as "da" whereas sounds 7 and 10 are heard as "ga." In the task, subjects are presented with a randomly-ordered series of sound pairs and asked, for each pair, to judge whether the sounds are the same or different.
		By contrast, Sound 4 is heard as "da" while Sound 7 is heard as "ga." Since Sound 4 and Sound 7 are on opposite sides of the "categorical boundary" it is easier to hear the difference between these sounds than the difference between Sounds 1 and 4.
	cnx.rice.edu /content/m11175/latest (3227 words)

	Speech Terms
		If the sound wave is moving through air, then as one air particle is displaced from its equilibrium position, it exerts a push or pull on its nearest neighbors, causing them to be displaced from their equilibrium position.
		In the case of a sound wave the time interval of one complete back-and-forth vibration of a particle of the medium through which the sound wave is propagating.
		Sound is a mechanical wave which results from the longitudinal motion of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving.
	www.research.ibm.com /people/l/lvsubram/teaching/speech/speechterms.htm (2690 words)

	Speech Analysis Tutorial
		Physically the speech signal (actually all sound) is a series of pressure changes in the medium between the sound source and the listener.
		Speech is normally looked upon as a physical process consisting of two parts: a product of a sound source (the vocal chords) and filtering (by the tongue, lips, teeth etc).
		The fundamental frequency is the dominating frequency of the sound produced by the vocal chords.
	www.ling.lu.se /research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html (1136 words)

	NICHCY- Info About Speech and Language Disorders
		Speech and language disorders refer to problems in communication and related areas such as oral motor function.
		Speech disorders may be problems with the way sounds are formed, called articulation or phonological disorders, or they may be difficulties with the pitch, volume or quality of the voice.
		Speech and/or language therapy may continue throughout a student's school year either in the form of direct therapy or on a consultant basis.
	www.kidsource.com /NICHCY/speech.html (943 words)

	Cleft Palate Foundation - Speech Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is not unusual for a child who is born with a cleft palate to show a delay in both the onset of speech and the development of speech sounds during the first 9-24 months of age.
		When speech is produced correctly, the soft palate lifts and moves toward the back of the throat, separating the nasal cavity from the mouth so that air and sound can be directed out of the mouth.
		Children who have velopharyngeal inadequacy may sound like they are "talking through their noses." This problem occurs because when the soft palate cannot close off the nose from the mouth, air and sound can escape through the nose during speech, possibly resulting in hypernasality and nasal emission of air.
	www.cleftline.org /publications/speech.htm (1594 words)

	NRRF - Blending Speech Sounds: A Neglected Phonics Skill
		The superior way to advance children's ability to blend speech sounds, as they decode written words, is to begin to develop their conscious awareness of speech sounds (phonemic awareness) as early as preschool.
		No reference to speech sound blending is made in either the expectations, or learning activities listed in TR for grade one.
		Unfortunately, the haphazard manner in which insufficient speech sound blending is treated in TR is typical of the improper way it is presented in almost all reading instruction textbook series now recommended for use in the primary grades in California schools.
	www.nrrf.org /06_blending_sounds.html (830 words)

	Linguistic Society of America - Fields of Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is some evidence that when we hear speech the same process is activated but in reverse An acoustic signal strikes our ears; we interpret the signal in terms of the articulatory actions that gave rise to it, and we use this interpretation--rather than the acoustic signal itself--to access our memory.
		In spite of the fact that burps, yawns, coughs, the sound made in blowing out a candle, and many other noises are produced by actions of the articulators, they are not perceived as sequences of phonemes, even though they may be indistinguishable acoustically and articulatorily from utterances of phoneme sequences.
		In sum, speech sounds are the constituents of words, and words are special in that only words are sequences of speech sounds.
	www.lsadc.org /fields/index.php?aaa=speech_sounds.htm (848 words)

	Speech Training
		The CP children’s speech is difficult to understand because these children not only lack the sounds and sound units commonly found in normal speech, but also because these children are unable to manipulate the articulators and the manner and places of articulation.
		My general recommendation is that, based on the speech profile of a CP child, we should make a tentative distinction between sounds, the pronunciation of which may be achieved in isolation and in combination with other sounds in words, and sounds whose pronunciation may not be achieved at all in these contexts by the child.
		The speech therapist may use several methods such as the stimulus-response method, the phonetic-placement method, etc. Often she combines aspects of different methods to work out a strategy of speech training suitable to the particular CP child, taking into account the existing speech capabilities of the child.
	www.languageinindia.com /april2001/cerebralpalsy22.html (4739 words)

	Development of Speech Sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Speech production involves very complex motor movements and requires adequate development of our hearing for sound discrimination, neurological functioning and for sending appropriate movement messages from the brain to the articulators (lips, jaw, tongue, etc.) and fine motor control for coordinating all these movements into precise accurate speech production.
		It is important to be aware of what is considered to be "developmentally appropriate" speech sound development when determining if a child has a speech delay or disorder.
		The speech sample is then compared to "typical" speech sound production for children of the same age.
	pilgrims.net /plymouth/schools/mt_pleasant/Speech_Sounds.html (148 words)

	Speech & Hearing - Getting started: What is X?
		We are interested in how speech sounds are made, how these sounds are used to communicate in language, how the significant properties of those sounds can be analysed, how sounds are analysed by the human hearing mechanism, how humans and machines can recover the linguistic content of speech sounds.
		The study of the organisation of speech sounds in a language is called phonology, while the study of how humans use their vocal apparatus to speak is called articulatory phonetics.
		Speech and Language therapists are involved in the assessment of people with a communication problem, and the provision of therapy.
	www.speechandhearing.net /entrance/intro.html (892 words)

	Speech Problems
		The rhythm of cluttered speech may sound jerky, rather than smooth, and the speaker often seems unaware of the problem.
		Substituting a "w" for an "r" ("wabbit" for "rabbit"), omitting sounds ("cool" for "school"), or adding sounds to words ("pinanio" for "piano") are examples of articulation errors.
		A person with this speech problem has difficulty moving the muscles and structures necessary to form speech sounds into words.
	kidshealth.org /teen/diseases_conditions/sight/speech_disorders.html (565 words)

	Speech Sounds. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vowel sounds and their variations in several dialects of English are explored in chapter four.
		In conclusion, Speech Sounds will provide new students of linguistics and language pedagogy with an understanding of the mechanical features of speech without going into theoretical research, a very useful approach for those who need a clear understanding of how sounds are produced.
		Although the purpose of this book is to provide fundamental concepts of speech sounds, it would have been useful to have the student learn, for example, how vowels and consonants are affected by air flow, voicing, and stress.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/cmlr/544/speech6.html (623 words)

	Physics!
		These sounds are all caused by the turbulent flow of the air, and they contain a wide range of different frequenies.
		Informally, the vocal tract may be thought of as a megaphone that transmits sound from the 'voice box' into the air outside the speaker's or singer's mouth.
		In speech, you may have the illusion that the pitch has changed because one doesn't think much about pitch when listening to speech.
	www.phys.unsw.edu.au /PHYSICS_!/SPEECH_HELIUM/speech.html (1527 words)

	COMBINATION OF GESTURAL EQUIVALENTS TO SPEECH SOUNDS
		The number of speech sounds in each group ranged from 4 for the Circular Group to 5 for the Vowel and Lateral Groups and 7 for the Projective and Main consonantal groups.
		The systematic relation of the hand and arm positions and movements with the speech sounds was derived directly from this 'transfer of attention' process.
		If the initial speech sound in a combination is 'B', then this specifies a particular alignment of the bones of the upper arm and forearm, and particular tensions and relation of the muscles controlling the flexion of the arm.
	www.percepp.demon.co.uk /combinat.htm (1501 words)

	Studying Phonetics on the Net
		The SIL Speech Analyzer is the largest of their Speech Tools; it allows simultaneous display of a sound clip's transcription, amplitude wave form, pitch contour, and spectrogram.
		Another solid sound analysis package for Unix/X/Linux with an emphasis on analysis and re-synthesis is mxv, which does spectrographic analysis and pitch contour extraction; in addition, it will do linear predictive coding and pulse vocoding and so is a nice introduction to that.
		The standard assumption is that a spectrogram is derived from a speech sound by a kind of filtering and analysis, and could not be used to regenerate the sound on which it was based.
	faculty.washington.edu /dillon/PhonResources/PhonResources.html (3564 words)

	How Does Your Child Hear and Talk? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Increases or decreases sucking behavior in response to sound.
		Speech is understood by familiar listeners most of the time.
		Audiologist: Audiologists are hearing care professionals who specialize in prevention, identification, and assessment of hearing and related disorders and provide treatment, rehabilitative services, and assistive devices.
	www.asha.org /public/speech/development/child_hear_talk.htm (646 words)

	Etymology: Instructions for Finding Ancient Speech Sounds
		This is the syllable or sound of K, plus vowel, plus N. It can be spelled in any way, as long as it represents this speech sound.
		Up to now, scholars have thought that ALL speech sounds become altered in a few thousand years, "just because they do." Probably it is true that many, or even most, words change their sounds.
		We can be sure that other speech sounds can also be collected and organized similarly, to take us back in time to the very beginning of speech.
	www.lionsgrip.com /etinstructions.html (2153 words)

	Developmental Apraxia of Speech
		DAS is a motor speech disorder that affects a child’s ability to plan and sequence speech sounds for clear and intelligible speech.
		If the speech is incorrect say, “Yes _____” (then restate the message with the correct sounds).
		While the child’s communication may improve, their speech will continue to be difficult to understand without speech therapy.
	www.hsdc.org /Child/Speech/devapraxia.htm (762 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Speech Sounds and Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It follows the development over the past 15 years of research presented in the author's previous publications on speech analysis, feature theory, and applications to language descriptions.
		The first part of the book covers manifold aspects of speech analysis such as instrumental techniques, spectrum data, formant statistics with an emphasis on Swedish vowels and stops, speaker dependencies, normalization procedures, production theory, and coarticulation.
		Speech Sounds and Features is the fourth volume in the series Current Studies in Linguistics.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0262060515 (266 words)

	ASHA: Q & A about Articulation Problems
		Articulation is the process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from the vocal folds.
		Children learn their speech sounds by listening to the speech around them.
		Some sounds, such as "p," "m," and "b," are learned as early as 3 years of age.
	www.kidsource.com /ASHA/articulation.html (695 words)

	How To Make American English Speech Sounds
		Special insights into making the sh and zh sounds and gives you exercises that enable you to distinguish them from the sound of s in snake, the sound of z in zipper, the sound of t in tent and the sound of d in dish.
		Continues to gives you key insights into making the ch and j sounds and gives you exercises that enable you to distinguish them from the sound of sh in shop, the sound of zh in pleasure, the sound of t in tent and the sound of d in dish.
		The sound f is a unvoiced continuant, v is a voiced continuant of f, and w is a glide.
	www.satglobal.com /hmss.htm (1135 words)

	SpeechTeach.com/parents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Developmental phonological disorders are a group of language disorders that affect children's ability to develop speech that is easily understood by the time they are four years old because the sound patterns of language are disrupted.
		Parrot like imitation will give your child some practice in making speech sounds but will teach him very little or nothing about what the words mean or how to use them.
		Good examples of sounds that can be called to his attention are noises of engines running, trucks braking, dogs barking, leaves rustling, birds singing, and the wind blowing.
	www.speechteach.com /parents.html (7367 words)

	John Ohala's Home Page
		His research interests are in experimental phonology and phonetics and ethological aspects of communication, including speech perception, sound change, phonetic and phonological universals, psycholinguistic studies in phonology, and sound symbolism.
		Ohala, J. and Feder, D. Listeners' identification of speech sounds is influenced by adjacent "restored" phonemes.
		Ohala, J. and Ohala, M. Speech perception and lexical representation: The role of vowel nasalization in Hindi and English.
	trill.berkeley.edu /users/ohala/index3.html (1760 words)

	My Child Can't say Speech Sounds
		There are a number of reasons for a child to have difficulty saying sounds.
		Other children haven't learned the importance of using a specific sound in their speech.
		The easier sounds of the language - the ones made at the front of the mouth, tend to develop first, with more difficult ones to imitate by watching, develop later.
	www.language-express.ca /comdisorder/speechsounds.htm (460 words)

	Speech Sounds: H Sound (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Put them in a shoe box and use them to practice the sounds.
		Remember to give lots of tactile cues (see How to Teach Specific Sounds in Articles).
		Watch how the tissue is moved by your airflow as you make the /h/ sound in each word.
	www.helpforkidspeech.org /articles/detail.cfm?id=128 (162 words)

	About the Fonetiks speech sounds archive
		1 Majority comprehensibility: sounds should be readily comprehensible to the majority of speakers of the same language.
		3 Living language: unless otherwise stated, we represent sounds that are common usage at the time of their publication on this website.
		5 Sounds on this site are written down in various ways for convenience - the aim is to identify each sound, not to describe it phonetically - we leave the sound recording itself to do that.
	www.fonetiks.org /eds/about.html (498 words)

	SPEECH SOUNDS > Buy Games > Speech Sounds for Toddlers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Finally, some fun, interactive games designed by a Speech Therapist to teach young children their speech sounds!
		This is a wonderful combination of voice, tone, and visuals to help your child learn how to articulate his or her sounds.
		The Activities can also be used with the Sound Library.
	speechsounds.com /games_toddlers.htm (287 words)

	Editorial Policy for the Fonetiks speech sounds archive
		A test of this principle is that the sounds should be readily comprehensible to the majority of speakers of the same language.
		3 Living language : unless otherwise stated, we represent sounds that are actively in use at the time of their publication on this website; they will only become history later, as vowel sounds shift from generation to generation.
		We will avoid using any sound whose use has become uncommon by the time of publication (Eg "sure" as a triphthong in British English).
	www.fonetiks.org /eds/edit.html (326 words)

	Phonetics: The Sounds of English and Spanish - The University of Iowa
		Available for each consonant and vowel is an animated articulatory diagram, a step-by-step description, and video-audio of the sound spoken in context.
		This project was a collaborative effort of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Speech Pathology and Audiology, and Academic Technologies at The University of Iowa.
		The Spanish sound library and the articulatory anatomy available at this site were created to illustrate basic articulatory concepts to students enrolled in 035:112 (Spanish Sound Structure), a Spanish pronunciation course taught by Prof.
	www.uiowa.edu /~acadtech/phonetics (276 words)

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