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	Sound Symbolism
		Welcome to the world of sound symbolism, a concept whose implications linguists have debated for years.
		If a product would be perceived as faster, bigger, or even more reliable depending on how it sounds, it follows that there would be an entirely new set of tools to add to the creative process.
		Our linguists are in the process of fielding Sounder II, this time to look at the relationship of sound symbolism to non-physical attributes (think emotions).
	www.lexicon-branding.com /process2aSound.html (368 words)

	The Language of Advertising: BlackBerry and sound symbolism
		In studies on sound symbolism, respondents consistently and across several languages associate the same sounds with such emotion-laden qualities as sad and insecure, alive and daring.
		Sounds that come to a full stop (p, b, t, d) connote slowness, Lexicon found; f, v, s and z are fast, and z is fastest.
		The sounds of l, s and v are associated with pleasant feelings; r, p, t, d and k with unpleasant ones.
	www.stanford.edu /class/linguist34/Unit_08/blackberry.htm (1366 words)

	SOUND SYMBOLISM (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sound symbolism is not a very satisfactory term but it is a familiar one to cover a phenomenon which has been noted and studied over very many years, the apparent appropriateness of the sound-structures of many individual words for their meanings.
		Sound symbolism between different languages, Typically, experiment under this head assesses how far speakers of one particular language appear to be able to use the sound-structure of words in another language (or in several other languages) to arrive at the meaning of the words in the other language (or languages).
		Sound symbolism is associated with the interrelation of different modes of perception; stimulation of one form of perception automatically activates other modes of perception.
	www.percepp.demon.co.uk /soundsmb.htm (7616 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sound symbolic words occur more often in Japanese than in English — they are found in formal as well as vernacular language.
		In Japanese grammar, sound symbolic words function as adverbs, often taking the particle ã¨ (to) because they are seen as quotations.
		For example, the nasal sound gives a more personal and speaker-oriented impression than the velars and ; this contrast can be easily noticed in pairs of synonyms such as ã®ã§ node and ãã kara which both mean because, but with the first being perceived as more subjective.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Japanese_sound_symbolism (547 words)

	Sound Symbolism - Leanne Hinton, John J. Ohala - Editore Cambridge University Press
		Sound symbolism is the study of the relationship between the sound of an utterance and its meaning.
		Beginning with an evocative typology of sound-symbolic processes, they go on to examine not only the well-known areas of study, such as onomatopoeia and size-sound symbolism, but also less frequently discussed topics such as the sound-symbolic value of vocatives and of involuntary noises, and the marginal areas of "conventional sound symbolism", such as phonesthemes.
		This is a definitive work on the role of sound symbolism in a theory of language.
	www.libreriauniversitaria.it /BUS/0521452198/Sound_Symbolism.htm (212 words)

	Chants and Mantras
		Studies in sound symbolism suggest that vocal sounds have meaning whether we are aware of it or not.
		In the Hindu tantras the universe is sound.
		As sound is of the nature of the varnas (syllables) composing it, the tantra affirms that the creative force of the universe resides in all the letters of the alphabet.
	www.thaiexotictreasures.com /chants_mantras.html (6430 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for symbolism
		Symbolism has its origins in France in the 1880s, where it arose as a reaction against the pragmatic realism of Courbet and impressionism.
		Left/right symbolism and the body in ancient Maya iconography and culture.
		Dance of the Cranes: Crane symbolism at Catalhoyuk and beyond.(Research)(excavations in Neolithic Turkey)(intepretation of the use of crane bones and cranes as depicted in prehistoric paintings)
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=symbolism (780 words)

	Trends2003 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		phonetic symbolisms ought not to be assimilated to synesthesia for the reason that studies of synesthesia have typically yielded large individual differences.
		The most common form of cognitive/categorizational synesthesia is colored letters and numbers, in which the synesthete will see, about a foot or two before her (the majority of synesthetes are female), different colors for different spoken vowel and consonant sounds, or perceive numbers and letters, whether conceptualized or before her in print, as colored.
		In consideration of sound symbolisms, the trends in colored vowel phonemes might be more directly useful towards exploring (world-wide?) neurological/cognitive trends in links between certain colors and speech sounds, and might be the better clue towards some of the neurological processes or wirings involved in colored-item synesthesiae.
	home.comcast.net /~sean.day/Trends2004.htm (3854 words)

	Sound Symbolism - Cambridge University Press
		$58.00 (C) Sound symbolism is the study of the relationship between the sound of an utterance and its meaning.
		In this interdisciplinary collection of new studies, twenty-four leading scholars discuss the role of sound symbolism in a theory of language, drawing on a wide range of linguistic data.
		Evidence for pervasive synesthetic sound symbolism in ethnozoological nomenclature Brent Berlin; 7.
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521026776 (355 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Sound (Site not responding. Last check: )
		(the sound barrier) the increased drag, reduced controllability, and other effects that occur when an aircraft approaches the speed of sound, formerly regarded as an obstacle to supersonic flight.
		The distribution of pure tones in a sound wave, usually represented as a plot of power or amplitude as a function of frequency.
		The influence of onset sound level of test stimulus on reported magnitude of changing-loudness aftereffects.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Sound&StartAt=11 (858 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whereas onomatopoeia refers to the use of words to imitate actual sounds, there are languages (for example Japanese) known for having a special class of words that "imitate" soundless states or events, called phenomimes (when they describe external phenomena) and psychomimes (when they describe psychological states).
		Otto Jespersen suggests that: 'Sound symbolism, we may say, makes some words more fit to survive.' Dwight Bolinger of Harvard University was the primary proponent of phonosemantics through the late 40's and the 50's.
		In the fourth lecture of the series he describes the phenomena of synesthesia in which people experience, for example sounds in terms of colours, or sounds in terms of tastes.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=sound_symbolism (1842 words)

	"Phonesthemes in Swedish" by Åsa Abelin
		Phonesthemes are sound symbolic units of phonemes and meaning.
		A phonestheme can be described as "the grouping of similar meanings about similar sounds" (Bolinger, 1965) or as "a phoneme or cluster of phonemes shared by a group of words which also have in common some element of meaning or function, though the words may be etymologically unrelated" (Householder, 1946).
		The cluster with the highest number of sound symbolic root morphemes is sl- (70), followed by sn- (63), kn- (62), and by kr- (55) sp- (52) etc.
	www.ling.gu.se /~abelin/phonest.html (1058 words)

	Size--Sound Symbolism
		Periodic sounds have been described (May and Repp, 1982: 145) as "the recurrence of signal portions with similar structure", whereas aperiodic stimuli as having "randomly changing waveform", that "may have more idiosyncratic features to be remembered".
		It would reinforce my conception according to which sound symbolism is part of a complex event, comprising meanings, articulatory gestures, sound waves, etc. Each one of these components has an indefinite number of features, which give rise to a multiplicity of sometimes conflicting combinational potentials.
		Perceptual and emotional symbolism, by contrast, is founded precisely on the rich precategorial auditory information which escapes categorial perception.To be sure, articulatory gestures do have a crucial kinaesthetic effect on how speech sounds feel (see above footnote 5); but we are dealing here with an auditory phenomenon: the perceived size of speech sounds.
	www.tau.ac.il /~tsurxx/SizeSound/Size-Sound_Symbolism.html (4709 words)

	Edward Sapir: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences: Language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the first place, language is felt to be a perfect symbolic system, in a perfectly homogeneous medium, for the handling of all references and meanings that a given culture is capable of, whether these be in the form of actual communications or in that of such ideal substitutes of communication as thinking.
		That language is a perfect symbolism of experience, that in the actual contexts of behavior it cannot be divorced from action and that it is the carrier of an infinitely nuanced expressiveness are universally valid psychological facts.
		While language differences have always been important symbols of cultural difference, it is only in comparatively recent times, with the exaggerated development of the ideal of the sovereign nation and with the resulting eagerness to discover linguistic symbols for this ideal of sovereignty, that language differences have taken on an implication of antagonism.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Sapir/Sapir_1933_a.html (9505 words)

	Ling 131, Topic 5 (session A)
		This is why we use the general term 'sound symbolism' rather than 'onomatopoeia'.
		If the words of languages had to be sound symbolic, you would expect the phonemic composition of words in different languages referring to the same thing to have lots of phonetic similarities.
		It takes quite a lot of time and effort to explain how sound symbolism works, and because of this, if you are not careful, as you learn about sound symbolism you will begin to assume that it is more prevalent than it actually is (a sort of phonetic equivalent to seeing beauty everywhere!).
	www.lancs.ac.uk /fass/projects/stylistics/topic5a/7symbol.htm (366 words)

	diss page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sound Symbolism Use in Affect Verbs in Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán.
		A promising focus of study are the special verbs — called “ideophones” in African and Australian languages, and “affect verbs” in the Mayan languages — that convey a particular sense of immediacy, emotion, and vividness.
		This symbolism often involves a figure/ground relationship between the initial and final consonants such that one modifies the other.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/dissertations/inddiss/d2.htm (150 words)

	namebase whtpaper/names/sounds
		It's interesting to note that certain sounds, whether made by a mouse or a lion; a person speaking Swahili or Spanish- have intrinsic meaning.
		In an nutshell, "e" sounds, as in "teeny", tend to be perceived as small.
		said: "these sounds have a certain feeling-significance, they have a certain meaning in themselves" There are also phonetic components of a name that convey "light" or "dark" as well as big or small.
	www.medibrand.com /white1.html (763 words)

	A Bibliography of Synaesthesia and Phonaesthesia
		This bibliography treats the topics of synaesthesia and multi-modal cognition as they are discussed in the research literatures of cognitive science, linguistics and experimental psychology.
		The bibliography has a particular emphasis on phonesthesia (also called phonetic symbolism, sound symbolism, or linguistic iconism), which is a cross-modal mapping that occurs between the perception or production of spoken phonemes, and some other cognitive domain such as shape or color.
		Composition and Symbolism of Coeur d’Alene Verb Stems.
	www.flong.com /writings/lists/list_synesthesia_bibliography.html (6123 words)

	Psycholinguistic Definitions
		one of several distinct sound frequencies at which maximal energy passes through the oral cavity when a vowel is produced; different vowels have different sets of formant frequencies which give them their distinct sound.
		a speech sound considered as a physical event without regard to its place in the sound system of a language (i.e., the phonology of that language).
		a semi-regular relationship between sound and meaning, as in the frequent correspondence in English between words beginning with sl- and meanings having to do with smoothness (slick, slip, sleek, etc.); there may also be less obvious relationships between phonological properties and grammatical categories.
	www.cog.brown.edu /courses/cg45/definitions.htm (1449 words)

	Onomatopoeia at AllExperts
		In rhetoric, linguistics and poetry, onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that employs a word, or occasionally, a grouping of words, that imitates the sound it is describing, and thus suggests its source object, such as "bang" or "click", or animal such as "moo", "quack" or "meow".
		Some animals are named after the sounds they make, especially birds such as the cuckoo and chickadee.
		Another example would be badodonkadonk, the imaginary sound made by a a woman's decidedly nonimaginary, voluptuously firm buttocks.
	en.allexperts.com /e/o/on/onomatopoeia.htm (928 words)

	Linguistic Anthropology
		The sound of the refrain being thus determined, it became necessary to select a word embodying this sound, and at the same time in the fullest possible keeping with that melancholy which I had predetermined as the tone of the poem.
		But whether his explanation is accurate or merely post-hoc, his discussion of the effects of particular sounds reminds me of certain discussions of sound symbolism.
		Poe doesn't say, but he likely had something phonosemantic or sound symbolic in mind.
	linganth.blogspot.com (2505 words)

	LING L700 3329 Sound symbolism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this seminar, we will look at sound symbolism from descriptive (i.e., language specific) and comparative (both areal and universal) perspectives.
		Students will be expected to participate actively in seminar discussions and to write original term papers on topics of their choosing.
		The seminar should appeal to students in anthropology and folklore as well as to students in linguistics.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal03/ling/ling_l700_3329.html (168 words)

	Silence and Sound by Hugh Shearman
		Three great classes of metaphor or symbol they have tended above all to use, the three symbols of sound, light and form.
		The creation of the Universe is often referred to in terms of sound, the uttering of a word or the striking of a note.
		Thought expressed in the symbolism of one such approach to Reality can be translated largely into the terms and symbolism of the others.
	www.theosophical.ca /SilenceSound.htm (1167 words)

	Sound Symbolism, Mimologics, Iconism, Cratylus, Ideophones, the Alphabet, Word
		Sound Symbolism, Phonosemantics, Phonetic Symbolism, Mimologics, Iconism, Cratylus
		The nature of that barrier varies depending on whether the sound is voiced [b, d, g] or unvoiced [p, t, k], whether it is labial [b, p], dental [d, t] or velar [g, k], and so forth.
		Sound meaning does tend to predispose referents, but does not largely determine them.
	www.conknet.com /~mmagnus/LetterPage.html (1267 words)

	Sound symbolism in deictic words (Abstract)
		After a short introduction to the phenomenon of sound symbolism, its possible effects on the proximal and distal demonstratives and the personal pronouns of the first and second person are investigated.
		For this purpose, word pairs in which there is a straight forward difference that is compatible with or contrary to the expectations suggested by sound symbolism have been counted.
		It is observed that the pronouns of most language groups of Europe and Northern Asia are likely to be etymologically related, while sound symbolism may have contributed to the survival of their similarities.
	www.ling.su.se /staff/hartmut/symb_abs.htm (280 words)

	Kim: Finding the Reader in Literary Computing
		Part of the response to the poetic patterning of sound also seems to involve perceiving it as expressive, mimetic or symbolic.
		It might seem anathema to consider problem solving to be a part of the response to poetic sound patterning, but this capacity of the brain has a stronger role in such response than one might think.
		It would be difficult to imagine a case in which a reader's prior encounters with poetic sound patterning -- their experience in the classroom or otherwise -- never came into play in their response to a poem at hand.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /epc/chwp/kim/kim2.htm (2106 words)

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