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	Encyclopedia: Sounding rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The term 'sounding' is taken from the maritime expression.
		A common sounding rocket consists of a solid-fuel rocket motor and a payload.
		The rocket consumes its fuel on the first stage of the rising part of the flight, then separates and falls away, leaving the payload to complete the arc and return to the ground with a parachute.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sounding-rocket (215 words)

	Sounding rocket -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A sounding rocket is an instrument carrying suborbital (A jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion) rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its flight.
		The rockets are commonly used to take readings or carry instruments from 50 to 200 km above the surface, the region above the maximum altitude for (Large tough non-rigid bag filled with gas or heated air) balloons and below the minimum for (Man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon) satellites.
		The rocket consumes its fuel on the first stage of the rising part of the flight, then separates and falls away, leaving the payload to complete the arc and return to the ground with a (Rescue equipment consisting of a device that fills with air and retards your fall) parachute.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/sounding_rocket.htm (257 words)

	NASA Sounding Rockets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sounding rockets are low cost and the payload can be developed as quickly as six months.
		These rockets allow scientists to conduct investigations at a specified time and place and they provide the only means of making in-situ measurements at altitudes between the maximum altitudes for balloons (about 30 miles or 48 kilometers) and the minimum altitude for satellites (100 miles or 161 kilometers).
		In addition, the sounding rocket provides a reasonably economic means of conducting engineering tests of instruments and devices used on satellites and other spacecraft prior to their use in more expensive activities.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/lithos/srockets/srockets.htm (526 words)

	MSN Encarta - Rocket
		A rocket can be as simple and small as a firework, which has a small amount of thrust, or as complex and powerful as the Saturn V rocket, which took humans to the Moon.
		British Congreve war rockets, which were used in the War of 1812, are referred to in a line of the United States national anthem: “And the rockets red glare…” Rockets have many applications both on Earth and in space.
		Some sounding rockets carry parachutes that allow their controllers to recover the rocket and the instruments, but some fall back to Earth without a parachute.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761577900 (632 words)

	Mission to the Planets: Orion Rocket
		The Orion is just one of the fifteen different types of sounding rockets NASA uses to conduct experiments to study the atmosphere, test spacecraft parts, and collect data about Earth, the sun, stars, galaxies and other parts of space.
		Sounding rockets also give scientists a lot of control over their experiments, allowing them to specify exact times and altitudes for experiments to occur.
		Sounding rockets are made of two main parts—a solid-fueled rocket motor on the bottom, and a payload of scientific instruments on the top.
	www.californiasciencecenter.org /Exhibits/AirAndSpace/MissionToThePlanets/OrionRocket/OrionRocket.php (428 words)

	NASA Sounding Rocket Science
		Sounding rockets carry scientific instruments into space along parabolic trajectories, providing nearly vertical traversals along their upleg and downleg, while appearing to "hover" near their apogee location.
		Furthermore, the low cost of sounding rocket access to space fosters innovation: instruments and/or technologies which are not sufficiently developed to warrant the investment of satellite-program scale funding are often "proto-typed" with initial space testing on sounding rockets.
		For example, a three-year sounding rocket mission at a university provides an excellent research opportunity for a Ph.D. dissertation, in which the student carries the project through all of its stages -- from conception to hardware design to flight to data analysis and, finally to the publication of the results.
	rscience.gsfc.nasa.gov /srrov.html (822 words)

	Astrophysics Sounding Rockets
		Sounding rockets are sub-orbital rockets that carry a payload above the Earth's atmosphere for period of up to 15 minutes, but which do not place the payload into orbit around the Earth.
		The purpose of the 1962 rocket flight was to investigate X-rays from the Moon.
		While sounding rockets were the primary means of observing X-rays from space in the 1960s and 1970s, most work in X-ray astronomy today is done from satellites (current X-ray satellites include the German/US/UK ROSAT satellite, the Japanese/US ASCA satellite, and the US XTE satellite).
	www.astro.psu.edu /xray/rockets (781 words)

	NASA suborbital sounding rockets provide an inexpensive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The rockets are in a variety of sizes from the single-stage Super Arcas, which stands 10 feet (3 meters) high to the four-stage Black Brant XII at 66 feet (20 meters) tall.
		Sounding rockets continue to serve as a low-cost testbed for new scientific techniques, scientific instrumentation, and spacecraft technology that are eventually flown on satellite missions.
		The low cost of sounding rocket access to space fosters innovation: instruments and/or technologies which are not sufficiently developed to warrant the investment of satellite-program scale funding are often "prototyped" with initial space testing of sounding rockets.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/general/wallops/soundingrockets.htm (667 words)

	NASA - What is a Sounding Rocket?
		Sounding rockets take their name from the nautical term "to sound," which means to take measurements.
		The rockets are divided into two parts: the payload and a solid-fueled rocket motor.
		Also, scientists are able to accomplish their research at a specific time and place, because the sounding rockets can be launched from temporary sites all over the world, including aircraft carriers.
	www.nasa.gov /missions/research/f_sounding.html (566 words)

	General Description of Sounding Rockets
		Sounding rockets are used to study the Earth's atmosphere at many different altitudes and the Earth's ionosphere and aurora.
		Mid-Altitude - Sounding rockets are uniquely qualified to study the Earth's atmosphere in the altitude range inaccessible to balloons (maximum altitude ~30 miles) or satellites (minimum altitude ~100 miles).
		The specific make-up of a sounding rocket payload will depend on the mission, however there are some components that most payloads have in common.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /groups/rocket/general.html (839 words)

	ch8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Even more indicative of the enhancement of scientists' regard for sounding rockets may be found in the 1969 recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences on the subject of sounding rockets in space research.
		Some of the reasons for this enhancement of the sounding rocket mystique have already been mentioned: the fact that only sounding rockets can make direct measurements between 32 and 160 km (20 and 100 mi), their convenience and lack of formality, the short experiment lead times, the low cost, and the greater design freedom.
		In the context of payload simplicity, there was initially a trend in the early part of the 1965-1968 period toward multidisciplinary sounding rockets- a movement that paralleled the trend away from simple Explorer satellites to multidisciplinary observatories.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4401/ch8.htm (2679 words)

	rocket -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		A sounding rocket usually has a vertical trajectory as it travels through the upper atmosphere carrying a payload of scientific instruments.
		Rocket engines are used in missiles and research planes such as the North American X-15A-2.
		All rockets have (1) propellant containers of some kind, as well as (2) a means of feeding the propellants into (3) the combustion chamber.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9276756 (795 words)

	XQC
		The XQC sounding rocket payload is designed to study the diffuse X-Ray background in the energy range from 0.05 to 1 keV at very high spectral resolution.
		Sounding rocket flights are quite short in duration, approximately 15 minutes, but obtain an altitude above 220 km.
		The sounding rocket program is an inexpensive way to test the technologies necessary to deploy microcalorimeters in orbital experiments such as XRS and Constellation-X. In addition, however, useful astrophysical observations can be performed.
	wisp11.physics.wisc.edu /xray/experiments/xr_xqc.htm (684 words)

	Space history: Aviation, rocketry and pre-manned spaceflight history.
		The rocket researchers quickly outgrew their facilities in the outskirts of Berlin and, in 1936, operations were transferred to a remote island of Peenemuende on Germany's Baltic coast.
		It is the ancestor of practically every rocket flown in the world today and, in September of 1944, was launched against England toward London but came too late to affect the outcome of the war.
		By February of 1946 all the German rocket scientist were moved to White Sands, New Mexico and on April 16, 1945 the first of the captured V-2's was launched in the United States.
	www.thespaceplace.com /history/rocket2.html (2516 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: India: Missile Chronology
		Sounding rockets derive their name from the nautical term "to sound," which means to take measurements.
		Sounding rocket experiments provide information on the chemical composition and physical processes taking place in the atmosphere, natural radiation surrounding the earth, and data on sun, stars, and galaxies and other phenomenon.
		India decides to develop a family of sounding rockets with diameters ranging from 125mm-560mm with the capability of carrying 10-100kg-payloads to heights ranging from 80-350km.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_1932.html (7437 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: National Environmental Policy Act; Sounding Rocket Program
		Sounding rocket payloads also yield valuable data on the natural conditions surrounding the Earth, Sun, stars, galaxies, nebulas, planets, and other phenomena.
		Sounding rockets fly vertical flight trajectories from 48 kilometers (30 miles) to over 1,290 kilometers (800 miles) in altitude.
		Sounding rockets provide the only means for in situ measurements at altitudes between the maximum altitude of balloons (about 48 kilometers (30 miles)) and the minimum altitude for satellites (about 160 kilometers (100 miles)).
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2000/February/Day-17/i3808.htm (866 words)

	Sounding Rockets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The TEXUS Sounding Rocket Programme (Technologische Experimente unter Schwerelosigkeit) was initiated in 1976 by the German Ministry for Research and Development.
		With a gross payload weight of typically 360 kg, an apogee of 260 km is reached, and microgravity conditions are achieved during a period of 370 seconds.
		For MAXUS, a single-stage solid-fuel rocket motor Castor 4B is used to launch a gross payload of typically 780 kg to an apogee of about 715 km.
	www.estec.esa.nl /spaceflight/map/ao/sounding.htm (1088 words)

	Spread Across Liquids: The World's First Microgravity Combustion Experiment on a Sounding Rocket
		The experiment was performed on a sounding rocket to obtain the necessary microgravity period.
		Such crewless sounding rockets provide a comparatively inexpensive means to fly very complex, and potentially hazardous, experiments and perform reflights at a very low additional cost.
		Prior to these sounding rocket tests, however, it was not clear whether the fuel would ignite readily and whether a flame would be sustained in microgravity.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1995/6000/6711r.htm (582 words)

	[No title]
		These rockets will be launched between July 20 and July 23 and between Aug. 10 and Aug. 23 in launch windows that extend from sunset to two hours after sunset.
		The second rocket payload of each pair is instrumented to measure the disturbances produced by the chemical release in the ionosphere.
		The rocket will be launched eight to 25 minutes after the first rocket, depending on the drift of the chemical cloud.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r90-93 (792 words)

	NORDLYS - Northern Lights
		Following in the footsteps of early Norwegian pioneers researching northern lights, professor Jøran Moen from the University of Oslo is preparing to fly a sounding rocket on a path straight through the northern lights in close collaboration with Andøya Rocket Range.
		If this first sounding rocket performs well, and the science is good, it could be followed by a series of sounding rockets in the years to come.
		Andøya Rocket Range continues to serve the scientific communities with the introduction of the ALOMAR ground-based observatory and the development of the Hotel-Payload.
	www.northern-lights.no /english/articles/2003_03_ici-1_report_01.shtml (947 words)

	Space Transport Corporation - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		STC's Spartan rocket, is capable of taking 1 to 5-kg payloads to 100 kilometers in a suborbital trajectory.
		The length of each rocket motor is approximately 36 inches and the payload/nosecone length is about 18 inches.
		The overall rocket length is about 10 feet, rocket diameter is 4 inches and overall weight is around 70 lbs.
	www.space-transport.com /?stc=tsr (229 words)

	SPACE.com -- Swedes Launch Scientific Research Rocket
		A sounding rocket is named for the nautical term "to sound," which means taking measurements.
		The rockets, constructed by Swedish Space at its engineering center in Solna, just north of Stockholm, are launched just beyond the atmosphere into the edge of space.
		Maxus, Europe's biggest sounding rocket project, is a joint venture between the SSC and the German company Astrium.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/maxus-6_launch_041122.html (394 words)

	Sounding Rocket Data
		Sounding rockets are scientific research rockets used to study the upper atmosphere and space beyond.
		The Aerobee 150A was a US liquid-fueled sounding rocket of the 1960's, 70's, and 80's.
		This is an Indonesian sounding rocket dating to the 1980's.
	www.yellowjacketsystems.com /alway/sounding_rocket.htm (247 words)

	DESI - ARTICLE (ISRO Commemorates 40th Anniversary of First Sounding Rocket Launch)
		It was on November 21,1963, that a Nike-Apache rocket roared into the skies over Thumba that heralded the beginning of the Indian space programme.
		There was a re-enacting of the first sounding rocket launch with the flight of a RH-200 rocket in the afternoon.
		Advisor, ISRO, who was associated with the Indian space programme even before the first sounding rocket was launched from India, delivered the Keynote Address during the VSSC Celebration.
	www.studentorg.umd.edu /desi/article44.htm (525 words)

	ABLE Sounding Rocket Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since sounding rockets follow parabolic trajectories that cause them to crash when landing, the experiment must be inexpensive, as it can not be returned.
		In particular, the model's data below 72.5 km were supplemented with averages from sounding rocket measurements from 1947 to 1972, while above 72.5 km the model takes into account data derived from space shuttle flights and newer incoherent scatter results.
		The secondary purpose is concerned with the aerodynamic-heating of the rocket's skin at high Mach speeds, obviously an engineering concern in the development and evaluation of theory and in the design of missles and airplanes.
	galileo.pss.fit.edu /gpl/able (496 words)

	ESA Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sounding rocket activities in Europe are dominated by the Swedish and the German programmes.
		To date seven payloads have been launched successfully.The MAXUS long-duration sounding rocket programme is a joint venture of DASA-RI and the Swedish SpaceCorporation.
		For MAXUS, a single-stage solid-fuel rocket motor is used to launch agross payload of typically 780 kg to an apogee of about 715 km.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /users/file.cfm?filename=coord-ao-p2-sr (188 words)

	ESA - Human Spaceflight - Research in space - Successful flight of Maxus 6 sounding rocket
		The Maxus 6 sounding rocket was successfully launched from Esrange, the Swedish Space Corporation rocket base in Kiruna, at 09:35 CET (08:35 UT) this morning.
		Powered by a Castor IV b motor, the Maxus 6 rocket was launched into clear blue skies shortly after sunrise.
		Flight samples of the materials science and the biological experiments will now be returned to the scientists for further scientific analysis at their home institutes.
	www.esa.int /esaHS/SEM22RWJD1E_research_2.html (199 words)

	NASA To Conduct Sounding Rocket Campaign From Kwajalein Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		NASA will conduct a sounding rocket campaign in the South Pacific during August and September to better understand the Earth’s ionosphere in the equatorial region.
		Rocket To Measure Auroral Waves (January 23, 2003) -- University of Alaska Fairbanks Poker Flat Research Range will open its 2003 launch season today with a single-rocket mission designed to measure high-frequency wave signals in connection with the...
		The EQUIS II project is being conducted under the Sounding Rocket Program, which is managed at Wallops for NASA’s Office of Science, Washington, D.C. Approximately 125 people from NASA Wallops Flight Facility and the scientific community will be involved in the campaign.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/07/040729094418.htm (864 words)

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