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Topic: Sour gas

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	Acid gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, acid gas is toxic.
		Before this type of natural gas can be used, the acid gas is treated to remove the hydrogen sulfide, producing elemental sulphur as a by-product.
		The presence of hydrogen sulfide also brings special demands on the materials for the installations handling sour gas, as many metals are sensitive to sulphide stress cracking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sour_gas (134 words)

	Natural gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, is termed sour gas and often referred to as "acid gas".
		Processed Natural gas that is available to end-users is tasteless and odorless, however, before gas is distributed to end-users, it is odorized by adding small amounts of thiols, to assist in leak detection.
		The natural gas crisis is typically described by the increasing price of natural gas in the U.S. over the last few years, due to the decline in indigenous supply and the increase in demand for electricity generation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_gas (2619 words)

	NaturalGas.org
		Sour gas is extremely corrosive and dangerous, thus its transportation from the wellhead to the sweetening plant must be done carefully.
		Although natural gas in pipelines is considered 'dry' gas, it is not uncommon for a certain amount of water and hydrocarbons to condense out of the gas stream while in transit.
		In order to manage the natural gas that enters the pipeline, and to ensure that all customers receive timely delivery of their portion of this gas, sophisticated control systems are required to monitor the gas as it travels through all sections of what could be a very lengthy pipeline network.
	www.naturalgas.org /naturalgas/transport.asp (3126 words)

	Weco Wing Union Sour Service
		WECO Original Wing Unions for sour gas are manufactured to the standards of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers MR-01-75 and the American Petroleum Institute RP-14E.
		Gas containing hydrogen sulfide is commonly referred to as sour gas.
		Sour gas equipment should be specified when there is a possibility that operating conditions will fall within the parameters established.
	www.fmctechnologies.com /FluidControl/Flowline/WingUnions/SourService.aspx (440 words)

	ABB’s - Sour gas feed analysis improved
		The sour gas feed stream is sent to the oxidation furnace of a sulphur recovery plant, where the hydrogen sulphide is converted to elemental sulphur and sulphur dioxide.
		The ammonia present in the sour gas stream needs to be completely destroyed in order to avoid the formation of ammonium salts in the sulphur recovery plant.
		The sour gas feed analyser utilises optical filters in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	www.ferret.com.au /articles/6F/0C01D56F.asp (332 words)

	Natural Gas Frequently Asked Questions
		The methane in natural gas is itself a greenhouse gas and is more potent, per tonne, than carbon dioxide; however, the actual methane releases in the natural gas industry are small, less than one per cent of all the methane handled by the industry.
		Sour gas is a naturally occurring gas containing more than one per cent hydrogen sulphide (H2S), typically identifiable by a strong 'rotten eggs' smell.
		An increasing number of residents in areas adjacent to sour oil or gas producing or processing operations are actively opposing sour gas development because of the perceived risks to human health and safety.
	www.energy.gov.ab.ca /925.asp (2667 words)

	Gateway
		When deciding if a sour gas well should be considered critical, the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) examines factors such as how complex the drilling will be and how many people live in the community.
		S is the chemical formula for hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas formed by the breakdown of organic materials.
		One of the first activities initiated in a sour gas blowout is the monitoring of air quality downwind from the well.
	www.eub.ca /portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_272_230_0_43/http;/extContent/publishedcontent/publish/eub_home/public_zone/eub_process/enerfaqs/enerfaqs4.aspx (1670 words)

	Sour Gas Plant Threat to Promised Lubicon Reserve
		While sour gas processing plants are still fiercely defended by self-interested oil companies and their cronies in the Alberta Provincial government as a perfectly safe and sane way to make bushel baskets of money, there is in fact considerable evidence and growing concern that they are neither safe nor sane.
		Thus while there might conceivably have been a misunderstanding about Lubicon opposition to the Unocal sour gas processing plant the previous December, it is not possible for either Unocal or the ERCB to claim misunderstanding at the point that Unocal actually proceeded with crash plant construction at the end of July.
		He said one simply has to make a judgment as to whether one wants to have a sour gas processing plant built in their back yard and it is the judgment of the Lubicon people that they don't want to take a chance with the health of their children.
	www.nisto.com /cree/lubicon/1994/19940928.html (14053 words)

	Yale Insider: Sour Gas and Hydrogen Sulfide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sour gas is defined by Canadian worker safety standards as natural gas which contains more than 10 ppm of hydrogen sulfide (0.001%).
		Sour gas can contain more than 30% hydrogen sulfide.
		Sour gas has been associated with reproductive problems including miscarriages and stillbirths in livestock.
	www.yaleinsider.org /view_supportinfo.jsp?infoId=10 (742 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In this chapter, the words "oil," "gas," "commission," "common reservoir," "gas well," "oil well," "sour gas," "sweet gas," "natural gasoline," "cubic foot of gas," and "casinghead gas" are defined as provided in Section 86.002 of this code.
		In a plant for the extraction of natural gasoline content of gas, no sweet gas may be commingled with sour gas and no casinghead gas may be commingled with sweet gas or sour gas or both, except on the conditions and requirements stated in this subchapter.
		Sweet gas produced from any gas well in this state may be used without the prior extraction of its gasoline content for the manufacture of carbon fl if it is used in a plant producing an average recovery of not less than five pounds of carbon fl for each 1,000 cubic feet of gas.
	www.capitol.state.tx.us /statutes/docs/NR/content/htm/nr.003.00.000087.00.htm (970 words)

	Gas Liquids Engineering Ltd. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gas Liquids Engineering has extensive experience in sour gas processing facility design and project management, including participation in over 290 sour gas handling and processing facilities.
		Preliminary engineering and technical auditing of the detailed design for a 40 MMSCFD sour gas plant involving 50 HP acid gas (50% H2S) injection, turbo expansion and coldbox, ethane extraction, mole sieve, and mercaptan removal.
		Prepared the bid documentation for the construction of 48 km of 8"Ø sour gas pipeline and 16 km of 6"Ø sweet gas pipeline.
	www.gasliquids.com /sour.html (650 words)

	MULTI-WALL SYSTEM CURBS SOUR GAS CORROSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The 6-inch sour gas pipe line was originally placed into service in the fall of 1970, transporting sour gas well production at a temperature of 150° F and an operating pressure of about 1,200 psig.
		Interfacial gas pressure becomes of consequence only when the pipe line system is quickly depressured creating a situation in which the internal pressure exceeds the internal pressure.
		The PVC liner deformed due to a gas pocket formed in the upper quadrant of the circumference, indicating that the wall crushing strength had been exceeded.
	www.unisert.com /sour.html (2580 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Sour-gas plan causes concern among Calgarians
		Sour gas makes up about one-third of all Alberta's natural-gas production and about 80 % of Canada's production.
		Compton has estimated reserves of at least 90 bn cf of sour gas lie under the lands where it is proposing to add wells.
		An argument also circulating in favour of the application is to get the sour gas out as quickly as possible to minimize the risk instead of letting it linger for the next six decades.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntn41809.htm (1123 words)

	Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers - Sour Gas
		Sour gas is a natural gas that contains hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and can be dangerous if not handled properly.
		Because so much of our natural gas is sour, Canadian oil and gas companies have become world leaders in the safe and efficient operation of sour gas facilities.
		This multi-stakeholder committee, the Advisory Committee on Public Safety and Sour Gas (PSSG) has made 87 recommendations intended to improve regulatory requirements, operating practices, understanding of health effects, and public communication and information on sour gas.
	www.capp.ca /?V_DOC_ID=767 (535 words)

	OilOnline - The Original Online Source for the Oil Industry
		Among the many challenges confronting the developers of the Kashagan field in the Caspian Sea is the reinjection of sour gas at extremely high pressures.
		To force the gas back into the reservoir, discharge pressures of up to 760 bar are required, the highest pressures demanded to date by a gas reinjection project in the industry.
		Each train will be designed to inject 5.4 million scm/d of sour gas, each driven by a GE Frame 5D heavy duty gas turbine in the 30MW class to provide the high reliability and availability needed for this ultra-high pressure application.
	www.oilonline.com /News/features/aog/20051011.Kashagan.19363.asp (1363 words)

	Straight.com Vancouver \| News and Views \| Gas Leaks Sour Landowners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A quick and silent killer, sour gas has been known to drift for several kilometres from ruptured pipelines and wellheads, remaining highly lethal to its unsuspecting victims, who can fl out and stop breathing within seconds.
		Companies are required to set pipelines and wells farther away from urban centres: 500 metres in the event of a suspected leak of between 0.3 and two cubic metres per second, and 1.5 kilometres in the event of a suspected leak of between two and six cubic metres per second.
		The setback provisions are an obvious nod to the lethality of sour gas.
	www.straight.com /content.cfm?id=3912 (1495 words)

	For Immediate Release:
		Sour gas is also present in crude oil, which is then referred to as sour crude oil.
		Sour gas is found across the province of Alberta, primarily in the foothills regions, as well as in Saskatchewan and British Columbia.
		This experience has broadened his understanding of the sour gas industry and the impact it may have on public safety, environmental concerns, and the interests of surface owners.
	www.publicsafetyandsourgas.org /mr02-PressRelease.htm (4070 words)

	Safety Comes First When Working With Sour Gas
		Sour gas is a natural gas that contains hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
		Numerous truck drivers have died as a result of inhaling sour gas in the field or when working with tanker trailers that have been used to haul sour water.
		But you don't have to be afraid of sour gas if you give it the respect it deserves and take steps to minimize the risk of exposure, says Murray Sunstrum, vice-president of safety with Enform - an Alberta company that provides the H2S Alive program for oilfield workers.
	www.dobmagazine.nickles.com /article.asp?article=magazine/060115/MAG2006_JF0002.html (622 words)

	CNEW: - Lack of Alta. 'sour' gas knowledge must be addressed: study
		The danger posed by low levels of sour gas has been a thorny issue in Alberta for decades, but it is expected to become much more controversial as the province becomes more reliant on its production to finance government programs and fuel the economy.
		The sweet gas wells - the ones that don't contain hydrogen sulphide gas - are running out, so oil and gas companies are now turning to the sour gas fields, which are more expensive to produce because there is a more stringent approval process and a need for emergency planning.
		Already there have been pitched battles between gas producers and acreage owners who have opposed the drilling of sour gas wells outside the cities of Calgary and Edmonton and other communities.
	www.canoe.ca /CNEWS/Canada/2003/10/05/pf-218224.html (1135 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - The horrors of sour gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		More than bees and a $ 200 mm honey industry are now suffering from the effects of sour gas.
		In the last 30 years this industry, which produces, flares and leaks highly toxic stuff, has killed nearly 40 oil patch workers, sickened thousands of Albertans, directly displaced more than 100 rural families, generated scores of lawsuits and poisoned untold numbers of cattle and horses.
		Sour gas, one of the world's most potent neurotoxins, plainly devalues nearby biological economies.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntn43874.htm (254 words)

	Yale Insider: Petroleum Drilling in Alberta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The oil and gas industry is the major industry in the province, currently accounting for almost 28% of the GDP.
		The releases that occur during a sour gas leak are so toxic that the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) requires an evacuation zone surrounding sour gas wells.
		In 1998, there were two sour gas leaks from a pipeline that Compton operated: one on March 5 and the other on July 22.
	www.yaleinsider.org /article.jsp?id=12 (1848 words)

	NetNewsInc. - Stories Page 2 - Survivors of sour gas
		As oil and gas prices hover at unprecedented highs in Canada, there is pressure by energy companies to produce more hydrocarbons.
		In the past, they were grateful for extra cash in trade for the right of a company to drill on their land or build pipelines and other installations.
		She is a veterinarian from Rocky Mountain House, spectacular ranching country in the foothills of the mountains.
	www.netnewsinc.com /storiessour.html (765 words)

	Sour Gas
		It is a colourless, flammable gas that smells like rotten eggs and is poisonous to humans and animals.
		Since approximately one-third of all the natural gas produced in Alberta is sour gas, ensuring that this valuable resource is produced safely is of the utmost importance.
		To this end, the EUB develops and implements stringent regulations on sour gas, and is committed to reviewing and improving sour gas regulations on an ongoing basis.
	www.eub.ca /portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=238&PageID=0&cached=true&mode=2 (203 words)

	ENSC Sour Gas Project Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The difference in the level at which it can be detected and that which kills is huge and fuels public concerns regarding impacts due to sour gas emission on human and animal health and the impact on the environment.
		S may not fully combust) sulphur dioxide and sulphate from sour gas processing are more likely to impact the enviornment and the health of people and animals in regions downwind than is hydrogen sulphide.
		The purpose of this study was to document: (1) changes in the chemical composition of the environment before and after gas plant commencement and (2) the spatial relationship of SO from sour gas emissions and coniferous trees.
	www.fp.ucalgary.ca /ENSC/sgimpacts/sgimpacts2.html (932 words)

	Sour Gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gas cleaning can be used to reduce hydrogen sulphide from 10,000 ppm to 500-1000 ppm and enable four stroke engines to be operated with special (expensive) oils.
		However gas cleaning is expensive (a mercaptan filter can cost £400 for a throw away can) and practical experience over several decades has shown that as soon as the gas cleaning unit breaks down the engine bearings collapse.
		Landfill gas may contain less sulphur if ferric oxide from rusting metal food cans is present, however, chloride production may be high in these localities leading to hydrochloric acid production on combustion.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/terrace/ae198/sourgas.html (367 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Environment
		Sour gas is a term used to describe natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide, a toxic, flammable substance.
		Sour gas developments make people nervous, especially in Alberta, where one-third of natural gas wells contain hydrogen sulphide.
		People living near sour gas wells are more likely to be exposed to “fugitive emissions” than they are to lethal levels of hydrogen sulphide.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/environment/sour_gas.html (849 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Hydrogen Sulfide
		Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, highly flammable and explosive gas produced naturally by decaying organic matter and by certain industrial processes.
		The gas is rapidly absorbed by the lungs.
		Because hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature, ingestion is unlikely to occur.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg114.html (4547 words)

	ERCB approves construction of Sour Gas Plant
		Although informed of Lubicon opposition to the Unocal sour gas processing plant before commencement of plant construction, the ERCB didn't decide to reconsider its earlier approval of the plant until after the plant had already been built -- significantly biasing the eventual decision.
		Told that their sour gas plant was well within a much larger 900 square mile ERCB "notification area" Unocal officials reacted indignantly that the "notification area" shouldn't be any bigger than the 95 square mile proposed reserve area.
		The natural gas in the immediate vicinity of Lubicon Lake is apparently sour gas.
	www.nisto.com /cree/lubicon/1995/19950501a.html (3223 words)

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