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	Copernicus (lunar crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		South of the crater is the Mare Insularum, and to the south-south west is Reinhold crater.
		Later the crater was nick-named "the Monarch of the Moon" by Thomas Gwyn Elger.
		In 1966 the crater was photographed from an oblique angle by the Lunar Orbiter 2.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater) (746 words)

	Lunar West Side Story -- the SMART-1 movie
		The Carpenter impact crater is located in the northern part of the Moon, at 69.4° North latitude and 50.9° West longitude, and it is visible in the upper left part of the image.
		Gioja is a lunar crater that is located in the vicinity of the north pole of the Moon, at 83.3° North latitude and 2° East longitude (centre of the image, slightly decentred towards the bottom).
		It is attached to the southern rim of the larger, low-wall Byrd crater.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/esa-lws062606.php (1194 words)

	Lunar Orbiter: Impact Crater Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Impact craters are produced by the collision of a meteorite or comet with the surface of the Moon, which ejects material and leaves behind a crater.
		The crater Tycho, 85 kilometers in diameter, is the youngest large impact crater on the Moon's nearside.
		Tycho is in the lunar highlands, and the terrain surrounding the crater is quite rugged.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/orbiter/orbiter-craters.html (648 words)

	SPACE.com -- Lunar Ice: 'Cold Traps' Eyed for Exploration
		Use lunar exploration activities to further science, and to develop and test new approaches, technologies, and systems, including use of lunar and other space resources, to support sustained human space exploration to Mars and other destinations.
		NASA strategists have already begun pointing to the lunar south pole and its possible stockroom of ice as the place of choice for an initial encampment of explorers.
		Lunar Prospector found quantities of hydrogen at both the north and south lunar poles.
	space.com /scienceastronomy/lunar_ice_041214.html (1573 words)

	Pagan Astronomy Network - Lunar Crater Project
		Craters are the oldest common features found throughout the solar system [16], and in fact, the largest known crater in the system is known to be on the moon.
		The study of craters and lunar geology in general was at it's height during NASA's lunar missions in the 1960's.
		Measuring the true depth of craters is increasingly difficult as one must make a determination between the measurement from the lunar surface to basin of the crater rather then the from the height of the crater rim.
	paganastronomy.net /lunarcrater.html (2668 words)

	Cornell News: Lunar poles imaged
		Crater Mawson (51 kilometers, or 32 miles, in diameter) is shown in white and gray at about two o'clock on the inner circle.
		Crater Shackleton (20 kilometers, or 12 miles, in diameter) is at the south pole.
		The floors of five large craters in the south polar region are hidden from the sun, the researchers say.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/June99/moon.poles.deb.html (1228 words)

	CNN - Spacecraft hits lunar surface - July 31, 1999
		EDT by smashing into a crater the size of a small city at the moon's south pole.
		If lunar water is proven, it would be a major discovery, with implications for science and exploration.
		Lunar Prospector was launched January 6, 1998, and spent 18 months circling the moon.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9907/31/lunar.prospector.crash.02/index.html (799 words)

	CNN - Lunar Prospector ends mission with a bang - July 31, 1999
		WASHINGTON (CNN) -- NASA's Lunar Prospector is believed to have crashed onto the surface of the moon early Saturday morning, a NASA spokesman said.
		The crash was a controlled dive into a crater the size of a small city at the moon's south pole.
		Crashing the spent Lunar Prospector into a frozen crater "is really a tricky maneuver," said David Folta, head of the NASA team controlling the guidance of Lunar Prospector.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9907/31/lunar.prospector.crash.03/index.html (875 words)

	Media:Luna : News Of The Lunar Republic
		Crater Eppinger, which received its official designation by the International Astronomical Union in 1976 on the thirtieth anniversary of its namesake's death, is a six-kilometer wide formation located at 9.4º South latitude, 25.7º West longitude in the western section of Mare Cognitum, east of the Montes Riphaeus mountain chain.
		The inquiry by the Lunar Republic Society was entered with Dr. Vladislav Shevchenko, Chairman of the Lunar Task Group of the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, as well as with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Planetary Geology and Geophysics section in Flagstaff, Arizona, which maintains planetary nomenclature databases.
		The information regarding Eppinger came to light during research for an interactive lunar atlas, gazetteer and crater catalog which was being developed by the Lunar Republic Society (www.fullmoonatlas.com).
	www.lunarrepublic.com /news/media_080902_eppinger.shtml (539 words)

	Universe Today » Archive » Gassendi Crater on the Moon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gassendi is an impact crater on the near side of the Moon, but it’s unusual because it seems to have large quantities of volcanic material on the crater floor.
		The area shown in the top image is centred at a latitude of 16.2Âº South and longitude 40.2Âº West, while the bottom images is centred at a latitude of 17.9Âº South and longitude 40.2Âº West.
		The western part of the crater floor, away from the geometric continuation of the western edge of Mare Humorum, is composed of highlands-rich material.
	www.universetoday.com /2006/07/06/gassendi-crater-on-the-moon (566 words)

	ESA - SMART-1 - Shackleton crater: SMART-1’s search for light, shadow and ice at lunar South Pole
		Shackleton crater lies at the lunar South Pole, at 89.54° South latitude and 0° East longitude, and has a diameter of 19 kilometres.
		The purpose was detecting the very weak reflected light from the crater rims, and therefore study the surface reflection properties (albedo) and its spectral variations (mineralogical composition).
		On the 2-kilometre wide inner edge of the crater ridge, at times barely visible from Earth, astronomers using ground radio-telescopes have recently reported they were not able to detect a distinctive signature of thick deposits of ice in the area.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMP7QOFHTE_0.html (549 words)

	Lunar Prospector destined for a Watery Grave
		Scientists estimate that a direct impact into a lunar crater could dislodge up to 40 pounds of water vapor that may be detectable from ground- and space-based observatories.
		Since its launch in January 1998, Lunar Prospector has scored one scientific triumph after another including a precision gravity map of the lunar surface, global maps of elemental composition, the detection of mini-magnetospheres related to large impact sites, and evidence pointing toward a small iron-rich lunar core.
		Neutrons are subatomic particles that are continually ejected from the lunar soil by cosmic rays.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast04jun99_1.htm (965 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Radar shows no evidence of thick ice at lunar poles
		Suggestions of lunar ice first came in 1996 when radio data from the Clementine spacecraft gave some indications of the presence of ice on the wall of a crater at the moon's south pole.
		Then, neutron spectrometer data from the Lunar Prospector spacecraft, launched in 1998, indicated the presence of hydrogen, and by inference, water, at a depth of about a meter at the lunar poles.
		The Arecibo radar probed the floors of two craters in permanent shadow at the lunar south pole, Shoemaker and Faustini, and, at the north pole, the floors of Hermite and several small craters within the large crater Peary.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0311/14lunarice (1317 words)

	Lunar Prospector in Eclipse
		Lunar Prospector is scheduled to crash into a crater near the Moon's south pole on July 31 in a dramatic experiment designed to detect water on the moon.
		According to the UT Austin Lunar Prospector Impact site, Prospector's battery was designed to handle maximum shadow periods of 47 minutes before being recharged by solar arrays mounted on the side the spacecraft.
		The depth of shadow and the orange hue of the lunar surface during an eclipse are influenced by the amount of dust or ash in the earth's upper atmosphere.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast26jul99_1.htm (1366 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Crater Gassendi
		The smaller crater at the top of the image is Gassendi A. The age of crater Gassendi is estimated to be 3.6 ± 0.7 billion years.
		According to Raitala (1977), most recent tectonically notable lunar surface structures, straight or arcuate rilles and mare ridges (as in Mare Humorum) are found to form regional lineament sets which are interpreted to be manifestations of crustal zones of weakness.
		This apparent dichotomy between the western and eastern side of the floor-fractured crater Gassendi may be strongly related to the early thermal history of Mare Humorum.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=39693 (630 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Surveyor images meteorite impact crater seen by Viking
		For one, the crater is not located at the center of the bright area from which the dark rays radiate.
		Further, the dark material ejected from the crater -- immediately adjacent to the crater rim in the second picture -- is not continuously connected to the larger pattern of rays.
		Asymmetries in crater form and ejecta patterns are generally believed to occur when the impact is oblique to the surface.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0202/14mgscrater (934 words)

	SPACE.com -- Lunar Crash of 1953: Impact Crater Identified
		The promising crater candidate that is identified is not only very blue, but exhibits the bright ray structure of a recently formed crater.
		Now, decades later, a study of lunar images snapped by the Clementine spacecraft as it orbited the Moon in 1994 has uncovered a candidate crater formed by the impact.
		The team's lunar detective work was performed in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology under contract to NASA, and funded in part from a National Science Foundation grant.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/lunar_impact_021214.html (592 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Moon's 'youngest' crater discovered
		Is this the youngest crater on the Moon?
		It is believed that new small craters are formed on the Moon every few decades, but this is the first one to have been found.
		Because such a small crater would not be detectable with Earth-based telescopes, the astronomers examined images taken by spacecraft orbiting the Moon.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2592075.stm (432 words)

	The 3-D Moon
		The large crater at the bottom right is Sulpicius Gallus, named after a Roman astronomer, and is 7.5 miles (12km) in diameter.
		The large degraded crater along the bottom edge of the picture is Descartes (30 miles or 48 kilometers in diameter).
		Using the lunar rover, the crew traveled 19 miles (30km), a distance equivalent to the diameter of the partly buried Littrow crater, found half-way between the center and the upper-right corner of the photo.
	starryskies.com /The_sky/events/lunar-2003/3dmoon.html (1129 words)

	SitNews - Lunar crash will sample debris for water, minerals
		Already pocked with thousands upon thousands of craters from asteroid impacts over billions of years, the moon's new artificial craters will be created by two "impactors" riding aboard a spacecraft called the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
		The spacecraft will fly in orbit over the moon's north and south poles, zooming in as close as 30 miles from the surface to photograph every square mile of the landscape and create detailed maps that will be essential for manned landings and bases there, said Scott Horowitz, NASA's exploration chief.
		Instruments aboard two recent moon-orbiting missions - named Lunar Prospector and Clementine - have detected hints of hydrogen and possibly water ice deep within the permanently shadowed bottoms of craters near the moon's north and south poles, Colaprete said.
	www.sitnews.us /0406news/041206/041206_shns_moonmission.html (464 words)

	Moon Crater Messier
		These craters and the rays were probably created by a very narrow-angle grazing impact (1-5 degrees); the main impact projectile created Messier, another piece Messier A, and ejecta the rays.
		Messier B lies north of the large craters, Messier and Messier A, at long=48.0E, lat=2.0S, and is 7km in diameter and its walls are 670m high.
		Lunar Orbiter V (5) image of Moon craters Messier and Messier A. The spacecraft was looking westward across Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility) and captured the two craters together with the peculiar "jet" of ejecta going out from them.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/m-crater.html (1000 words)

	The "Picture of the Century"
		Lunar Orbiter cameras were relatively conventional film cameras that combined a Bimat chemical development process with an electronic scanning readout for transmission by radio to Earth.
		"The crater Copernicus, a prominent feature on the lunar landscape, is believed to have resulted from an impact of a second body with the Moon," Brunk continued.
		The image below left (with the area covered by the 610 mm lense outlined in white) is a high-resolution scan of the medium-resolution frame and the image below center is a low-resolution scan of the entire high-resolution frame for reference.
	neverworld.net /lunar (611 words)

	Lunar Prospector Set to Make Science Splash
		The mission of NASA's Lunar Prospector will end on July 31, 1999, when ground controllers attempt to direct the spacecraft to impact the surface of the Moon inside a permanently shadowed crater near the lunar south pole.
		Scientists hope that the direct impact into a lunar crater will liberate up to 40 pounds of water vapor that may be detectable from ground- and space-based observatories.
		Lunar Prospector was launched on Jan. 6, 1998, with a one-year primary and six-month extended mission to explore the lunar surface remotely.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/news/lp_pr_19990602.html (698 words)

	APOD Search Results for "craters"
		Crater Copernicus, surrounded by dark mare which contrast nicely with its bright rays, is 93 kilometers in diameter.
		impact craters on the Moon, the central uplift was produced by a rebound of the suddenly molten lunar crust during the violent impact event.
		Craters older than Degas are covered by the ray material while younger craters are seen superimposed on the rays.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /cgi-bin/apod/apod_search?craters (10503 words)

	[No title]
		The Trans Lunar Research Corporation's primary mission is to create an economical and practical transportation link between the Earth and the Moon, to set up a permanently manned Lunar base, and to promote manned Lunar exploration.
		Much of the required Lunar transportation hardware is presently being developed "in house" by Tran Lunar Research at its desert facilities in Mojave, California.
		This will include the Lunar Station life-support structures and climate control system, a solar power plant, an oxygen generator plant, a lunar ice processing plant, a greenhouse to produce food, plus the excavation of a Lunar spaceport, and the preparation of a supply processing and storage area.
	www.translunar.org /Missions.htm (996 words)

	Experts shoot for the moon in commercial exploration
		A groundswell of interest for a return visit to the moon has been brought about in part by the unmanned Lunar Prospector that was launched in January 1998 and has shown evidence that a large amount of frozen water is on the moon's north and south poles.
		Ice was not found in the lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts, who collected samples at only a half-dozen sites near the planet's unshaded equatorial regions.
		Organizers of the symposium said a commercial lunar base should be considered because it would reduce the initial development costs to various governments by going through the corporate sector to build parts of the base infrastructure.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/futuremoon/990716.html (978 words)

	Scientists go prospecting for lunar ice - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		However, whether or not this material — spotted by lunar orbiters of years past — is actually water ice or hydrogen is open to question.
		Moonrise would involve two identical landers on the surface near the moon's south pole and the return of about 5 pounds (over 2 kilograms) of lunar materials from a region of the moon's surface believed to harbor materials from the mantle of our celestial neighbor, Duke explained.
		That’s the stance of Alan Binder, director of the Lunar Research Institute in Tucson, Ariz. He was the principal investigator for Lunar Prospector, a NASA Discovery mission launched in January 1998 that operated in lunar orbit for 19 months.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6712547 (1635 words)

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