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Topic: South American Wars of Independence

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	South American Wars of Independence - ninemsn Encarta
		South American Wars of Independence, revolutions and civil wars in South America of 1810-1825 that culminated in the establishment of republics in the former Spanish Empire territory there, and an independent monarchy in the former Portuguese Empire territory of Brazil.
		The Wars of Independence in South America were struggles for political authority between the representatives of imperial authority and their American-born allies and Americans of European descent (Creoles), who wanted independence in order to give expression to their growing sense of national identity.
		In New Granada—as in Venezuela and Brazil—there is some evidence of admiration for the American War of Independence of 1775-1783 and, later, for the French Revolution.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781534780/South_American_Wars_of_Independence.html (877 words)

	South American Wars of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The South American Wars of Independence were fought in the 1810s and 1820s by colonies of Spain and Portugal that desired to break free from the nations that ruled them.
		The wars were fueled by a philosophy known as "nativism" that espoused the unification of people of all races and backgrounds (white Criollos, African-Americans, Native Americans, etc.) to oppose a common enemy.
		The southern South American colonies of Spain, including Argentina, Chile and Perú, fought their wars of indepence under José de San Martín (also known as "the Liberator", especially in Argentina), another influential military leader and politician.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_American_Wars_of_Independence (507 words)

	South American Wars of Independence - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		The South American Wars of Independence were fought in the 1810s and 1820s by colonies of Spain and Portugal that desired to break free from the nations that ruled them.
		The wars were fueled by a philosophy known as "nativism" that espoused the unification of people of all races and backgrounds (white Creoles, African-Americans, Native Americans, etc.) to oppose a common enemy.
		The independence won in these wars was, to a certain extent, made more sure by the Monroe Doctrine, in which the United States pledged to defend the Americas against encroachment by the European empires.
	www.music.us /education/S/South-American-Wars-of-Independence.htm (599 words)

	South America - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
		Geographically, South America is generally considered a continent forming the southern portion of the American landmass, south and east of the Panama Canal transecting the Isthmus of Panama.
		South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, though there are also suggestions of migration from the southern Pacific Ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_America (2154 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Declaration of Independence (United States)
		Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) Statement of the principles with which the Thirteen Colonies of North America justified the American Revolution and separation from Britain as the United States of America.
		Declaration of Independence The foundation document of the United States of America, which proclaimed American separation from Britain and was adopted by the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS on 4 July 1776.
		The roots of the wars of independence are to be found in the attempts made by Spain after 1765 to re-establish imperial control over its American colonies (see SPANISH EMPIRE).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Declaration+of+Independence+(United+States) (1361 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 19th century - Calendar Encyclopedia
		This was accompanied by the subjugation and dispersal of Native Americans.
		Abraham Lincoln was President during the war, and is widely considered one of the greatest leaders of western society.
		Former European colonies Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay fought in the War of the Triple Alliance from 1864 to 1870, the bloodiest conflict in Latin American history.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /19th_century.htm (3345 words)

	Independence in Latin America
		New Spain extended from Panama in the south to the territories of Alto California, Nuevo Mexico and Texas in the north (Nuevo Mexico including territory between Texas and Alto California as far north as what eventually would be called Wyoming).
		While fighting for independence some had thought about justice for Indians, but after the wars most of them ignored the Indians, and societies continued to be highly stratified according to race.
		Mexico's independence and its lifting of Spain's restrictions on trade with foreigners coincided with the development of trade along the Santa Fe trail - which began as a passageway by traders from Franklin, Missouri, in 1821.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h39-la.html (7504 words)

	Spain Argentina Chile Peru Independence Wars 1814-1824
		the initial move toward independence was made on Sept. 18, 1810, when a cabildo abierto (open town meeting) in Santiago, attended by representatives of privileged groups whose vaguely defined objectives included a change in administration, accepted the resignation of the President-Governor and in his place elected a junta composed of local leaders.
		Battle of Maipú (April 5, 1818), during the South American wars of independence, a victory won by South American rebels, commanded by José de San Martín, leader of the resistance to Spain in southern South America, over Spanish royalists, near Santiago, Chile.
		Independence in the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, however, encountered grave difficulties in the years after 1810.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/sierra/sanmartin1814.htm (2404 words)

	South American Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		At the end of the 18th century, the South American pie was shared between Portugal that ruled its territory from Rio de Janeiro and Spain to whose possessions were partitioned between the three Viceroyalties of New Grenada (Caracas), of Lima and of Rio de la Plata (Buenos Aires).
		The war devastated Paraguay, and when López's death ended the conflict in 1870, more than half of the population had been killed, the economy had been destroyed, agricultural activity was at a standstill and the country had lost more than 142,500 sq km (55,000 sq mi).
		In the context of WW II peace in South America was essential and it was achieved with the signing of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol in 1942, which defined the border in favour of Peru.
	berclo.net /page94/94en-hist-sam-wars.html (2282 words)

	NYPL Digital Gallery \| Africana & Black History
		American slave trade; or, An account of the manner in which the slave dealers take free people from some of the United States of America, and carry them away, and sell them as slaves in other of the s....
		An authentic narrative of the Seminole war; and of the miraculous escape of Mrs.
		The fl man of the South, and the Rebels, or, characteristics of the former, and the recent outrages of the latter / by Charles Stearns, a northern teacher, missionary, and planter, and an eye-wit....
	digitalgallery.nypl.org /nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?topic=arts&collection_list=AfricanaBlackHistory&col_id=147 (3885 words)

	South American geology - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about South American geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The oldest rocks occur in the east of the continent, in the plateaus of the Guyana and Brazilian Shields, separated by the Amazon basin.
		Towards the end of the Upper Palaeozoic, important changes took place in the super-continent of Gondwanaland, of which South America was still a part.
		The continued westward movement of South America is evident from the deep-seated earthquakes occurring below the Andes, and the deep ocean trench off the coast.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /South+American+geology (999 words)

	Historical Eras
		War hero Zachary Taylor emerged as the victor in the Election of 1848.
		The year 1865 brought the end of the war, and thus, slavery; the death of a president; and extremely grave postwar conditions in the South.
		American politics in the last third of the 19th century was dominated by the spoils system and the emergence of political machines and bosses, particularly in the burgeoning urban areas.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/eras.html (4248 words)

	American Taliban not unique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		John Walker Lindh, the so-called "American Taliban," may seem to be an odd character, but the route he took is similar to that taken by many other young people.
		Americans have taken up arms with foreign forces since not long after the formation of the United States, when numerous U.S. adventurers took part in the South American wars of independence.
		I was in South America at the time, and met several of them who appeared to be over-balancing their tours of revolutionary hotspots with side trips to tropical beaches -- all financed with wired funds from their parents.
	www.vheadline.com /printer_news.asp?id=8180 (583 words)

	America's Wars - A Complete History
		Some call it the Second War of Independence, for when it ended and the US had fought Great Britain to a stalemate, Americas independence was assured.
		The last war America took part in the 20th century took place when Kuwait was invaded by Iraq.
		War came to America on September 11th 2001 with an attack on NY and Washington.
	www.multied.com /wars.html (324 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - South American Wars of Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Spanish-American independence wars were fought for almost fifteen years in one of the most extensive theaters of operations in modern history.
		Fearful of social and economic upheaval in the wake of the French occupation of Spain, most independence revolutions began in 1810 in an effort to maintain the colonial status quo.
		The independence wars can also be seen as a series of civil wars, in which each side had representatives from all social levels and national backgrounds.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_049400_southamerica.htm (559 words)

	South America Continents Facts \| 4 Corners Club
		South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, though there are also suggestions of migration from the southern Pacific Ocean.
		A few countries did not gain independence until the 20th century: Trinidad and Tobago, from the United Kingdom, in 1962, Guyana, from the United Kingdom, in 1966, Suriname, from the Dutch control, in 1975,French Guiana remains part of France as of 2005, and hosts the European Union's principal spaceport, the Centre Spatial Guyanais.
		South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Executive power is vested in The Queen, and is exercised by the Civil Commissioner, a post held by the Governor of the Falkland Islands.
	www.4cornersclub.com /adventure_trips/south_america/continent_facts (5875 words)

	Conquistadors: The White Conquest of South America
		The fathers of the South American wars of independence were the Venezuelans, Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda and the Argentinean, Jose de San Martin.
		South American racial history becomes murky from then on: while the majority of the population are of mixed racial origin, there are still a significant number of Whites remaining - and it is generally in those areas where they predominate, that the regions in question are the more advanced on the continent.
		South America has also, along with Southeast Asia and certain parts of the Near East, become the heartland of the world drug production and distribution empire, echoing the Mafia of southern Italy in their criminality and murderous zeal which extends as far as politics in many South American countries.
	www.white-history.com /hwr48.htm (8457 words)

	South American Wars of Independence - Definition, explanation
		Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Bolivar was able to promote his personal vision of South America powerfully enough to gather and direct the efforts of several of the colonies after their initial revolt.
		In the absence of this unifying cause, the remaining political and economical ties between the countries were weak and dissent spread among the different territories.
		The southern South American colonies of Spain, including Argentina, Chile and Peru, fought their wars of indepence under José de San Martín, another influential military leader and politician.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/so/south_american_wars_of_independence.php (605 words)

	A History of American Wars
		Post World War II, the United States has also assisted in over 20 different coups throughout the world, and the CIA was responsible for half a dozen assassinations of political heads of state.
		American troops have occupied the Canal Zone since 1901 when construction for the canal began.
		Lebanon - 1982-84 - Marines occupied Beirut during Lebanon's civil war; 241 were killed in the American barracks and Reagan "redeployed" the troops to the Mediterranean.
	www.ilaam.net /Sept11/AmericanWars.html (2244 words)

	The American Revolution - The Making of America and Her Independence
		The term used for the colonies of British North America that joined together in the American Revolution against the mother country, adopted the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and became the United States.
		The Treaty of Paris in that year ended the French and Indian Wars and removed a long-standing threat to the colonies.
		Boston was under British siege, and before that siege was climaxed by the costly British victory usually called the battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) the Congress had chosen (June 15, 1775) George Washington as commander in chief of the Continental Armed Forces.
	www.americanrevolution.com (1145 words)

	DCP: 51 degrees south, 61 degrees west
		Spain withdrew from Puerto Soledad during the South American wars of independence, and in 1820 the United Provinces of Río de La Plata, forerunner of Argentina, laid claim to the islands in succession to Spain.
		Previously, on 19 March 1982, a small island south of South Georgia (1,500 km ESE of the Falklands) was occupied by a group of patriotic Argentine civilians.
		American neutrality, however, was anyway impossible to be maintained due to Ascension Island, a British possession, but hired by the US Army and needed by the British as an intermediate base in the forthcoming conflict.
	www.confluence.org /confluence.php?lat=-51&lon=-61 (3322 words)

	UCC Geology - Museum
		Lady Windle, the wife of the President of the College, Sir Bertram Windle, was a keen amateur geologist and this is reflected in the fossil and mineral specimens which she gave to the museum.
		The type specimen of the rare quartz mineral, Cotterite, was presented to the college by Miss E. Cotter of Mallow in 1876 and named after her by the then Professor, Robert Harkness.
		General Daniel O'Leary, a hero of the South American Wars of Independence, was born in Cork and never forgot his native city.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/geology/museum/museum.html (635 words)

	Americas in the Revolutionary Era
		From 1776 to 1825, wars for independence erupted throughout the Americas—from Boston to Buenos Aires—creating 19 new nations.
		Beginning with the revolution in our own 13 colonies, these lectures examine the uprisings and invasions that created the independent nation of Haiti in 1804; the wars for independence in Spanish South America; the bloody uprisings that led to Mexican independence; and the relatively bloodless revolt in Brazil.
		José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, the authoritarian dictator who walled off Paraguay from the surrounding world for 30 years, spurning modernity at the same time as he achieved for his nation such self-sufficiency that today historians are reconsidering their once negative view of him.
	www.teach12.com /ttc/assets/coursedescriptions/8617.asp (876 words)

	article_rumbug_crawford_aug05.htm
		Late in the cruise he found out that for three weeks during an earlier part of the cruise she had compromised the United States’ neutrality in the South American Wars of Independence by, unknown to him, giving sanctuary on board to a royalist army officer.
		This was the case with Boatswain’s Mate Reuben James, who served with Decatur from the Tripolitan War through the War of 1812 and remained in the Navy until his retirement in 1836.
		Morris recognized American egalitarianism, resulting in the spread of specialized skills through the crew of an American warship, as a factor that improved the speed with which such a ship could manage emergencies.
	www.ijnhonline.org /volume4_number2_aug05/article_rumbug_crawford_aug05.htm (3461 words)

	Battle of Maipu -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The most significant of those developments were the winning of independence by the 13 Anglo-American colonies and by Haiti, the French Revolution, and the inability of Spain to defend its system in America, as indicated by the British invasion of the...
		One of the two major battles of the American Civil War was fought at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pa., from July 1 to 3, 1863.
		The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the Greeks during the Persian Wars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9050187 (822 words)

	TeacherSource . Recommended Books . Social Studies \| PBS
		Sir Gregor Macgregor fought in the Napoleonic Wars and the South American wars for independence under Simon Bolivar.
		This encyclopedia of American patriotism is organized in sections covering the flag; visions of America; portraits of Americans; rule of law; freedom; freedom of speech and press; freedom of religion; the right to be left alone; equality; the individual; war and peace; work, opportunity, and invention; and the land.
		The American Revolution was a revolution in manners as well as a revolution in economics and government.
	www.pbs.org /teachersource/recommended/social_studies/bk_9-12.shtm (8306 words)

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