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Topic: South Carolina Exposition and Protest

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	Nullification Crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In response, a number of South Carolina citizens endorsed the states' rights principle of "nullification," which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president until 1832, in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828).
		South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared both the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within state borders.
		South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nullification_crisis (663 words)

	Nullification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the 1832 nullification crisis, South Carolina voided a tariff that was passed by the United States federal government to benefit trade in the northern states.
		As a result, South Carolina repealed the act nullifying the federal law, but passed a new act nullifying the Force Bill, and both sides of the debate claimed victory.
		The problem was a testament to the widening schism between the North and South that would soon instigate the United States Civil War.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/n/nu/nullification.html (213 words)

	Encyclopedia: Charleston, South Carolina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The city of Charleston is located roughly at the mid-point of South Carolina's coastline, at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers.
		The capital of the Carolina colony, Charleston was the center for further expansion and the southernmost point of English settlement during the late 1600s.
		On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina legislature was the first state to vote for secession from the Union.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Charleston,-South-Carolina (10187 words)

	South Carolina -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		South Carolina's state government is very similar to the Federal government of the United States, consisting of Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches.
		The three largest Protestant denominations in South Carolina are: (Follower of Baptistic doctrines) Baptist (47% of the total state population), (A follower of Wesleyanism as practiced by the Methodist Church) Methodist (16%), (A follower of Calvinism as taught in the Presbyterian Church) Presbyterian (4%).
		South Carolina is composed of four geographic areas, whose boundaries roughly parallel the northeast/southwest Atlantic coastline.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/S/So/South_Carolina.htm (1388 words)

	South Carolina
		South of Winyah Bay, it is indented by numerous bays and fringed by the Sea Islands.
		South Carolina was one of only three states with a fl majority, and thus the entire white population was especially apprehensive about what would happen to their society if the slaves became free.
		In 1900 the population of South Carolina was 1,340,316.
	www.goodwinc.com /chris/southcarolina1.htm (11997 words)

	United States History - Nullification Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff.
		In response to South Carolina's threat, Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and a man-of-war to Charleston in November 1832.
		Clay's tariff bill -- quickly passed in 1833 -- specified that all duties in excess of 20 percent of the value of the goods imported were to be reduced by easy stages, so that by 1842, the duties on all articles would reach the level of the moderate tariff of 1816.
	countrystudies.us /united-states/history-50.htm (507 words)

	Encyclopedia: Nullification crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Toward the end of his first term in office, United States president Andrew Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff enacted in 1828 by the United States federal government to benefit trade in the northern states.
		The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was written in 1828 by Andrew Jacksons Vice President, John C. Calhoun, during the Nullification Crisis.
		The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nullification-crisis (1317 words)

	American Civil War
		Once the election returns were certain, a special South Carolina convention declared "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the 'United States of America' is hereby dissolved." By February 1, 1861, six more Southern states had seceded.
		The South, particularly South Carolina, ignored the plea, and on April 12, the South fired upon the Federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter in the Charleston, South Carolina until the troops surrendered.
		The Battle of Palmito Ranch, fought on May 13, 1865, in the far south of Texas was the last land battle of the war and ended with a Confederate victory.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/a/am/american_civil_war.html (2068 words)

	MOH #17
		Its landscape ranges from the red soil of Virginia and North Carolina to the fl, sticky clay of the Mississippi Delta; from the mountain forests of eastern Kentucky to the jungle like swamps of southern Louisiana; from the high, dry plains of the Texas Panhandle to the humid tidelands of the South Carolina coast.
		In South Carolina’s Exposition and Protest of 1828, which John C. Calhoun wrote secretly in opposition to the tariff passed that year, he contended that nullifying (declaring invalid) Federal laws by the state and even secession from the Union were constitutional.
		The society was strongest in the South; indeed, it was opposed vigorously by New England and middle-western abolitionists.
	pittsford.monroe.edu /directory/~decarlo/moh17.htm (2769 words)

	Secession Yesterday and Today pg. 2
		The South felt that Congress was increasingly favoring the North although it was supposed to serve the needs of the entire nation.
		South Carolina was so bitterly opposed to this act that a legislative committee published the "South Carolina Exposition and Protest," the author of which was John C. Calhoun (The champion of State-rights.).
		The "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" was important because it stated definitely a theory concerning the relationship between the government of the United States and the individual states.
	www.fortunecity.com /campus/dillard/1026/id29.htm (1400 words)

	In the Beginning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Richard Manning I was elected governor of South Carolina; as Manning was pressured by William Smith and Calhoun was elected vice president, South Carolina was moving along towards the doctrine of nullification.
		South Carolina Legislature issues Ordinance of Nullification that effectively declares the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state.
		Southern Textile exposition is held in Greenville, representing perhaps the apex of the Upstate textile culture.
	www.furman.edu /palmetto/k-12/timeline.htm (1554 words)

	Calhoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After another tariff was passed in 1832, South Carolina put the theory into practice and convened a nullification convention.
		However, the uproar that was created in South Carolina made Calhoun choose between national ambitions and the politics of his state.
		In December 1828 he anonymously issued the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which was the first written grievance outlining the state’s positions.
	alpha.furman.edu /palmetto/18241850.htm (535 words)

	South Carolina, "Exposition" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		[The South Carolina "Exposition", drafted secretly by Vice-President John C. Calhoun, was presented to the state's House of Representatives on 19 December 1828 by a special committee charged with formulating a response to the federal protective tariff passed earlier that year.
		It imposes on the agricultural interest of the South, including the South West, and that portion of our commerce and navigation engaged in foreign trade, the burden, not only of sustaining the system itself, but that also of sustaining government.
		In stating the case thus strongly, it is not the intention of the committee to exaggerate.
	www.sewanee.edu /faculty/Willis/Civil_War/documents/SCExposition.html (1611 words)

	Essays.cc - Rice
		One plantation owner, Governor William Aiken of South Carolina, had an estate that contained 1500 acres of rice land, 500 acres of upland, 700 slaves, and livestock and equipment worth $380,000, which was considered a typical rice plantation.
		Carolina grimily joked that “ the rice belt was a paradise in spring, an inferno in the summer, and a hospital in the wet, chilly fall.” Planters’ families usually escaped, in the worst of months, to the more healthier and cooler climate of Charleston, while the overseer supervised the harvest.
		The proportions of slaves in southern Carolina’s population spurted from17% in 1620 to 67% as nearly as 1720.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/bsw77.shtml (1098 words)

	JC Calhoun, SC Exposition and Protest, Nullification Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His influential South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828), an attack on the Tariff of 1818, argued that protective tariffs were unconsitutional, and that states retained their sovereignty when they entered the Union.
		S Carolina's leaders, governing the only state with a population more than half slave, feared that enhanced federal authority encouraged by the tariff could eventually be turned against the institution of slavery.
		When a S Carolina convention voted in 1832 to nullify the contested tariffs, and no other state followed suit, the possibility that Jackson, a nationalist, might use military means (Force Act) to enforce federal authority was averted only by a congressional compromise in 1833 (Tariff of 1833) that promised lower import duties.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~mwfriedm/terms/karen8.html (648 words)

	John C. Calhoun: Nullification in South Carolina
		South Carolina being a southern state that depended on slavery and cotton agriculture like most of the south saw the tariff in a different view than the politician from their state as well as those from other regions of the United States.
		In this address he told the people of the United States the views of South Carolina and that the act of placing duties on imports was seen as unconstitutional to the people of South Carolina and its government.
		Seeing that the tariff did not much effect the people of the upstate of South Carolina as it did those in the lowcountry of the state and their large plantation system, it would be very easy to think that the people of the upstate would oppose nullification and the ideas related to it.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~mgagnon/students/4070/04SP4070-Burns.htm (3507 words)

	Calhoun - The Man (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Patrick was born on the 11th of June 1727 in Donegal County, Ireland, and died on the 15 of January, 1796 in Abbeville District of South Carolina.
		The resulting document, known as the South Carolina Exposition (1828), was the first explicit statement of Calhoun's unique political philosophy.
		Jackson was for the Tariff of 1828 and this caused Calhoun to be opposed to Jackson and directly led to Calhoun’s resignation in 1832.
	www.ssbn630.org /misc/CalhounTheMan/Jccjohnc.htm (2623 words)

	Politics and Politicians
		Several southern states, led by South Carolina and its eloquent spokesman John Calhoun, regarded these acts as inimical to their interests, and in 1832 South Carolina passed an ordinance nullifying the tariff acts (see Nullification).
		The threat to the unity of the nation posed by this action was allayed shortly thereafter when Congress enacted a compromise tariff law, and the nullification ordinance was then repealed by the South Carolina legislature.
		In the South, most of the Whigs were soon absorbed by the Democratic party.
	www.civilwarhistory.com /070400/politics_and_politicians.htm (3836 words)

	THE QUESTION OF SECESSION FROM THE UNION *(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)*
		For decades, the South and North had attempted to compromise on this issue with agreements such as the Missouri Compromise, The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
		Clearly there is no right for South Carolina to nullify laws, and it is unconstitutional for them to secede from the Union.
		On December 20, 1860, South Carolina and six other states of the South broke its sacred oath and seceded from the Union.
	www.kusd.edu /schools/lance/platinum/banaszynski/civil_war_2000/union_links_2000/north_star_of_freedom.html (405 words)

	protest
		Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favour, more often opposed.
		Wherever governmental policy, economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly restrict self-expression in theory, in practice or in appearance, grumbles or interior opposition may spill over into other areas such as culture, the streets or emigration.
		Note: In American English the verb "protest" often acts transitively: The students protested the policy.
	www.fact-library.com /protest.html (197 words)

	America In the Early 19th Century: Topic: Nullification
		South Carolina declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void.
		South Carolina immediately called a convention that passed a law of nullification forbidding a collection of tariff duties in the state.
		The rise of states' rights theory in the South was made especially strong due to the rise on the importance of cotton in the South's economy during the early 1800s.
	www.cyberlearning-world.com /lessons/ushistory/19thcentury/nullify6.htm (544 words)

	[No title]
		John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was elected vice president in 1824 with John Quincy Adams, and was reelected with Andrew Jackson in 1828.
		The son of a slave-holding up-country farmer, Calhoun was educated at Moses Waddell's Log College in Georgia and at Yale University and studied law under Tapping Reeve at Litchfield, Conn. Admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1807, Calhoun served in the state legislature from 1809 to 1811 and in Congress from 1811.
		In 1828, he secretly authored the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which asserted that a state had the power of "Nullification" over any federal law it deemed unconstitutional.
	www.americanrevwar.homestead.com /files/civwar/calhoun.html (741 words)

	USA: John C. Calhoun
		March 18, 1782 in South Carolina, Calhoun was born, and educated at Yale College.
		He served in South Carolina's legislature and was elected to the United States House of Representatives serving three terms.
		Calhoun wrote an essay about this conflict, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest", in which he asserted nullification of federal laws, and in 1832 the South Carolina legislature did just that.
	odur.let.rug.nl /usa.990917/B/calhoun/jcc.htm (335 words)

	John C. Calhoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The son of a slave-holding up-country farmer, Calhoun was educated at Moses Waddell's Log College in Georgia and at Yale University and studied law under Tapping Reeve at Litchfield, Connecticut.
		After admittance into the South Carolina bar in 1807, Calhoun served in the state legislature from 1809 to 1811 and in Congress after that.
		In 1828, he secretly wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which protested that a state had the power of nullification over any federal law it deemed unconstitutional.
	library.thinkquest.org /3055/graphics/people/calhoun.html (342 words)

	Dr. B's Homepage
		“South Carolina Exposition and Protest” is published…written by Calhoun
		South paid for most of America's imports, and tariff would just hike up prices they had to pay.
		Carolina = still languishing after Panic of 1819, and tariff, they said, = to blame.
	myschoolonline.com /page/0,1871,999-126152-1-98982,00.html (1459 words)

	Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun (1811-1850): The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He did not waver in his commitment to a strong foreign policy, even in the face of bitter protests from the New England states, which claimed that the Jeffersonian embargo and the War of 1812 were inequitably ruinous to their commerce and shipping interests.
		Calhoun first advanced it anonymously, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, penned during the summer and fall of 1828 for a committee of the South Carolina legislature.
		The “Exposition and Protest,” drafted by Calhoun and promulgated by the South Carolina legislature, articulates the right of the several states to interpose their authority between the federal government and the people of the states.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/LFBooks/Calhoun0063/UnionLiberty/0007_Bk.html (14845 words)

	MSN Encarta - John C. Calhoun
		Calhoun was born on March 18, 1782, near Abbeville, South Carolina, and educated at Yale College (now Yale University).
		After serving in the South Carolina legislature, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1811 and served three terms.
		Later in 1832 he became the first U.S. vice president to resign; he was then named U.S. senator from South Carolina.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563598/John_C_Calhoun.html (319 words)

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