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Topic: South caucasian languages

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Northeast Caucasian languages

Northwest Caucasian languages

Gruzinic

Language families and languages

Laz language

Megrelian language

Batsb language

Languages of the Caucasus

Svan language

List of official languages by country

Georgian language

Adyghe language

Caucasian languages

Language isolate

Iroquoian languages

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	South Caucasian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The South Caucasian or Kartvelian languages are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, and Russia.
		Svan language (lushnu in Svan, svanuri in Georgian), with approximately 15,000 native speakers in the north-western mountainous region of Georgia.
		Georgian is the official language of the republic of Georgia (spoken by 90% of the population of this country), and the main language for literary and business use for all Kartvelian speakers in Georgia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Caucasian_languages (743 words)

	Languages of the Caucasus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The languages of the Caucasus are a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
		Comparisons have been made to all the three language families, Northeast Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian and Kartvelian, the most elaborate being the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis of John D. Bengtson's, yet the suggested evidence, though tempting, is considered as yet undecisive by many linguist, and the question of Basque's distant relatives thus remains open.
		It has been speculated that the South Caucasian languages may be related to the extinct Iberian language, spoken until the 1st century BC in the Iberian peninsula (which is known as "Western Iberia" in the Caucasus, to distinguish it from the Caucasian Iberia).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caucasian_languages (938 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		Along with the consonants that occur in all the Caucasian languages, the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages are characterized by different sets of labialized consonants (formed by rounding the lips), strong (hard or tense) consonants, half-hushing consonants, and velarized consonants (formed with the back of the tongue approaching the soft palate).
		The consonant systems of the Nakh languages are relatively simple, coinciding, on the whole, with those of the South Caucasian languages (apart from a number of pharyngeal consonants characteristic of all the Nakh languages and a lateral sound peculiar to Bats).
		All the Caucasian languages have a series of stops of three types--voiced, voiceless aspirated, and glottalized (i.e., pronounced, respectively, with vibrating vocal cords; with vocal cords not vibrating but with an accompanying audible puff of breath; and with accompanying closure of the glottis [space between the vocal cords]).
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/kultur/diledebiyat.html (2513 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems - Crystalinks
		Language is an ever evolving process on planet Earth varying from culture to culture and place to place depending on the needs of the civilization that existed at that timeline.
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2691 words)

	North Caucasian Federation
		It borders Georgia to the south, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic to the west, the North Ossetian Republic to the east and the Stavropol Kray to the north.
		It borders on Abkhazia to the south, the Kabardino-Balkar Republic to the east, and the Stavropol and the Krasnodar Krays to the north.
		It is bordered by Russia to the north, by Georgia to the south and east, and by Karachay-Cherkessia to the east and north-east.
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/norcaucfeder.htm (12021 words)

	Language isolate
		Unlike English, which is clearly related to other Germanic languages, or the various Chinese languages, isolates generally stand apart from their surrounding languages in terms of their phonology, grammar, and syntax.
		Some languages are isolates because all the other languages in that language family have died.
		The Pirahã language of Brazil is one such language, the last language alive belonging to the Mura family.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Language_isolate.html (257 words)

	Caucasian Languages
		To the north of it is the western portion of the Eurasian steppe; to the south, the hill country of northern Mesopotamia.
		The indigenous languages of the Caucasus are known for their complex consonant systems (including ejectives and pharyngeals), complex morphology, and ergativity (identical case or other coding on subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects of transitives; distinct coding on subjects of transitives).
		At present and for all known history and known prehistory, languages with large numbers of speakers have both lowland and highland ranges and a generally elongate vertical distribution; these are economically advantageous and/or culturally prestigious languages that have spread uphill.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/nichols/nichols.html (1343 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Caucasian languages CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES [Caucasian languages] family of languages spoken by about 7 million people in the Caucasus region of SE European Russia.
		The Caucasian languages take their name from the Caucasus Mountains, on the slopes of which their original homeland is believed to have been located.
		Basque language BASQUE LANGUAGE [Basque language] tongue of uncertain relationship spoken by close to a million people, most of whom live in NE Spain and some of whom reside in SW France.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/02441.html (704 words)

	Evertype: The Alphabets of Europe
		The exclusion of such languages from this report is not intended to imply any bias whatsoever against such “immigrant” languages or their speakers.
		For each language, first the name of the language is given in English, followed by the original name of the language in its natural spelling, with a transliteration into Latin letters in parentheses where the original language does not use the Latin script.
		In some cases, especially in the case of the “lesser-used” languages, this information may have been inferred from the preferred quotation marks used by a “dominant” language in the area in which the “lesser-used” language is found.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets/index.html (3504 words)

	A Diversity of Written as well as Spoken Languages
		It is a well-known fact that hundreds of languages are spoken around the world, but we in the digital publishing and document imaging industries often do not take pause to consider that written and published documents exist in all of these languages as well.
		Dungan A sino-tibetan language spoken in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
		Kabardian An abkhazo-adyghian (caucasian) language spoken in Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia (Mozdok), Adyghea and nearby regions of Krasnodar and Stavropol regions.
	www.planetdjvu.com /a_diversity_of_languages.htm (2991 words)

	Wikinfo \| Alarodian languages
		The Alarodian languages are a proposed language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus: Northeast or Dagestan (sometimes called Avar or Lezgian which are also the names of its most major members) and North-central or Vaynakh (which includes Chechen and Ingush), as well as the extinct Hurro-Urartian languages.
		The connection between the Northeast and North-central families was based on claimed similarities in phonetics and grammar, such as sentence structure and an ergative case system.
		There have been proposals to join the Alarodian language family with the Northwest Caucasian languages (which includes Abkhaz, Adyghe, Cherkess, and others) into the hypothetical North Caucasian family; and then with the South Caucasian languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Svan, and Laz) into an Ibero-Caucasian language family.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Alarodian_languages (348 words)

	Mingrelian1
		The Mingrelian language is one of the four South Caucasian languages.
		According to these decrees the languages of the national minorities shall be used in the production and in primary school teaching.
		Although Mingrelian is still in use as a spoken language in almost all spheres of life by several hundred thousand persons, no books, newspapers or radio programs exist in that language.An overwhelming majority of the population is bilingual in Mingrelian and Georgian.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Fuji/8160/Language/Mingrelian1.htm (1966 words)

	W. J. Gaines (Wesley John), 1840-1912. The Negro and the White Man.
		The South soon came to see that further resistance was not only futile, but kept alive a spirit of strife of which she was weary.
		The negro is not a menace to the South.
		There are neighborhoods in the South among the whites who have as yet failed to observe the important part which education plays in the prosperity and upbuilding of men, and have made little or no provision for the instruction of their children.
	docsouth.unc.edu /church/gaines/gaines.html (19389 words)

	Materials about the Iberians and Iberian Languages: an article by Cyril Babaev
		The Rhaetic language and the language in which the Lemnos stele was written are believed to be close to Etruscan (see Lemnos stele), and the single "Tyrrhenian group" of languages is sometimes formed to unify these three tongues.
		Strabo says Iberians spoke different languages, but as he again said their writing was also different we can suppose there were just dialectal differences - the fact is that writing has several varieties but they are all forms of one script.
		Ancient Sardinian language and languages of Sicelian tribes in Sicily are not studied deeply enough to judge for sure, but the ethnic features as ancient documents witness give us a chance of unifying them in one language group.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article8.html (2575 words)

	Megrelian and Megrelia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Megrelian is spoken in the western parts of Georgia: on the Kolkhis lowland in the Senaki, Abasha, Khobi and Zugdidi regions, in the Gali, Ochemchire, Gulripshi, Sokhumi and Gagra regions of Apkhazeti (Abkhazia) and in the Tsalendzhikha, Chkhorotsqu and Gegechkori regions on the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus.
		Megrelian is used in everyday communication, among the family and in all social activities, where the use of literary language is not required.
		The literary language used by the Laz speakers is Turkish, leaving Laz for use in the family and local community.
	www.ling.lu.se /projects/Megrelian/Megrelian.html (432 words)

	Georgian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself (83 percent of the population), and of another 200,000 abroad (chiefly in Turkey, Iran, Russia, USA and Europe).
		It is the literary language for all ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those who speak other South Caucasian languages (or Kartvelian languages): Svans, Megrelians, and the Laz.
		Gruzinic, or "Kivruli", sometimes considered a separate Jewish language, is spoken by an additional 20,000 in Georgia and 65,000 elsewhere (primarily 60,000 in Israel).
	www.cheappimsleur.com /georgian?b=1 (141 words)

	Joseph Butsch. Catholics and the Negro.
		To the South, in Florida, Spanish Franciscans fell victims to the treachery of Creeks and Seminoles.
		The most of the South was predominantly Protestant and in some sections, penal laws were in force against Catholics.
		It should be stated too that in Catholic countries of Central and South America we rarely ever hear of lynching nor of unnatural crimes which provoke it.
	docsouth.unc.edu /church/butsch/butsch.html (5429 words)

	LANGUAGES
		Official home page of Lojban, an artificial language designed in the late 1980s as a further development from a language called Loglan, with the particular design requirements of being culturally neutral, based on the principles of logic, having an unambiguous grammar and suitable eventually for communication between people and computers.
		Tariq Rahman, Asian Studies at the University of Texas, Austin, TX Scholarly article claiming to demonstrate that the language of the prehistoric Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the Dravidian family.
		A rather unsytematic collection of data on the language that is the mother tongue of the majority of inhabitants of Taiwan.
	www.tundria.com /LANGLANG.HTM (2134 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Caucasian & Paleo-Asiatic
		You have reached the page on Caucasian and Paleo-Asiatic languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The Caucasian family of languages is spoken in the area of the Caucasus Mountains, roughly in the countries now known as Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
		It is the language of the native people of northern Japan, being spoken on the northernmost islands as well as on neighboring Sakhalin.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/cauchyph.htm (786 words)

	Glenn Humphries' tree of sino-tibetan languages
		Other languages which were influential to the develpment of a language will be noted parenthetically.Please be aware that some of the oldest language names denote the geographic region where that language was spoken rather that what the speakers of the language called their language.
		This is a simplified diagram of the relationship of various modern and obsolete languages showing their development throughout history from various older languages, mostly now extinct.
		PROTO SINO-TIBETAN ASIATIC (A theoretical language of unknown origin) "Proto Sino-Tibetan Asiatic" languages could possibly be divided into about five groups; the Ainu language, the Gilyak language, the Eskimo-Aleut languages, the Chukchi-Kamchadal languages, and the the Sino-Tibetan languages.
	glenn.humphries.com /sinotibetan.htm (291 words)

	Paschal greeting - OrthodoxWiki
		In some cultures (e.g., in Russia), it was also customary to exchange a triple kiss after the greeting.
		It is not uncommon for Orthodox Christians to compile lists of the greeting as it is used around the world, as an act of Orthodox unity across languages and cultures.
		Paschal Polyglotta: This site allows you to see and hear the central affirmation of the Christian faith: "Christ is risen; indeed, he is risen!" in some 250 languages.
	www.orthodoxwiki.org /Paschal_greeting (206 words)

	SOUTH CAUCASIAN - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The South Caucasian or Kartvelian language family comprises four languages: Georgian, Laz, Mingrelian and Svan.
		Tuite, Kevin: The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: the case of ergativity
		Vogt, Hans: De kaukasiske språk og språkvitenskapen (The Caucasian languages and linguistics)
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/group?id=1059 (312 words)

	Languages of Iran
		Data accuracy estimate: B, C. The number of languages listed for Iran is 71.
		Of those, 69 are living languages and 2 are extinct.
		Various towns and villages in the mainly Azerbaijani-speaking region from Khalkhal to Saveh, especially in Takestan and villages to the south and southeast.
	iranscope.ghandchi.com /Anthology/Culture/LanguagesOfIran.htm (898 words)

	Georgian - Language Directory
		Georgian is the most important of the South Caucasian languages, a family that also includes Svan and Megrelian (chefly spoken in Northwest Georgia) and Laz (chiefly spoken along the Black Sea coast of Turkey, from Trabzon to the Georgian frontier).
		G.Klimov, T.Gamkrelidze, G.Machavariani) conjecture that the earliest split occurred in the second millennium BC or earlier, separating Svan from the other languages.
		Georgian linguists claim that the orthography is phonemic.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/georgian.htm (278 words)

	Abkhaz language and culture
		FROM WIKIPEDIA Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Abkhazia and Turkey.
		Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest Caucasus.
		This designation was spread by the Russians, who acquired it from the Yakuts and the Siberian Tatars (in the Yakut language tongus) in the 17th century.
	www.lonweb.org /link-abkhaz.htm (243 words)

	International FilM Series
		As part of the course requirement for LG 110, the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures will be screening the following movies this semester.
		The Mobile community is invited to attend the screenings and enrich the discussion afterwards with their comments.
		But instead, he finds a beautiful girl whom, due to intoxication and deceit of the local "gang", he ends up abducting for the corrupt governor.
	www.southalabama.edu /languages/filmseries.html (786 words)

	Ethnologue report for Azerbaijan
		The Qazakh dialect is not related to the Kazakh language.
		Near the northeastern border with Russia and on the southern slopes of the main Caucasus chain.
		Balakhani are recent exiles from Iran, and their language is very close to Farsi.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Azerbaijan (383 words)

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