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Topic: South Manchuria Railway

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South Manchurian Railway

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Occupied Japan

	Japan invades Manchuria: 1931
		In 1931, the Japanese Kwangtung Army attacked Chinese troops in Manchuria in an event commonly known as the Manchurian Incident.
		Manchuria was also taken in an effort to curb the advance of Chinese nationalist forces, which were threatening Japanese interests on the Asian continent.
		Manchuria was also used for their vast natural resources and raw materials, which would help further the economic goals of Japan.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/China/JapanManchuria.html (593 words)

	South Manchuria Railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The South Manchuria Railway Company (Japanese: 南満州鉄道株式会社 Minami Manshū Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha; abbreviated as 満鉄 Mantetsu) was a company founded by Japan in 1906, after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and operated in Japanese-occupied Manchuria.
		The company was created when, in accordance with the Treaty of Portsmouth, the southernmost section (from Changchun to Lüshun) of the South Manchuria branch of the China Far East Railway was transferred to Japanese control.
		The South Manchuria Railway was also charged with a government-like role in Manchuria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway (346 words)

	[No title]
		He had already consented to peace negotiations with the revolutionary South in the middle of December, 1911, and once he was drawn into those negotiations his policy wavered, the armistice in the field being constantly extended because he saw that the Foreign Powers, and particularly England, were averse from further civil war.
		South China and Central China insisted so vehemently that the only solution that was acceptable to them was the permanent and absolute elimination of the Manchu Dynasty, that he himself was half-convinced, the last argument necessary being the secret promise that he should become the first President of the united Republic.
		The South, ill-furnished with munitions and practically penniless, and always confronted by the same well-trained Northern Divisions who had proved themselves invincible only eighteen months before fought hard for a while, but never became a serious menace to the Central Government owing to the lack of co-operation between the various Rebel forces in the field.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/4/3/4/14345/14345.txt (15642 words)

	::Manchuria::
		Manchuria, on China’s eastern seaboard, was attacked by Japan in 1931.
		An explosion on a section of the South Manchuria Railway, gave the army the excuse it needed to blame the local population of sabotage and to occupy the nearest Manchurian town of Shenyang.
		In response to the report and the League accepting it, Japan resigned from the League and occupied a region around Manchuria called Jehol, which it claimed gave the Japanese army the ability to defend Manchuria.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /manchuria.htm (809 words)

	China's Loss of Sovereignty in Manchuria 1895 - 1914
		Manchuria between the years 1895 and 1914 was under greater foreign control than any other major part of China.
		The railway nominally a joint project between the Chinese government and the Russo-Chinese Bank was financed and completely controlled by Russia.
		American president Roosevelt was instrumental in achieving the peace and argued for the return of Manchuria to China and for a balance of power to continue in East Asia.
	www.historyorb.com /asia/manchuria.shtml (1194 words)

	On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War, by Noam Chomsky
		Mass participation in the developing political structure was minimal; it is doubtful that the living standards of the peasantry and urban workers rose during the period of transition from a medieval to a modern capitalist society.
		A continuing problem was the "nearly universal phenomenon in Manchuria that the insurgent groups return to their original state of operation as soon as the subjugation period is terminated and troops are withdrawn."79 To counter this tendency, a number of methods were used, with considerable success.
		From his viewpoint, "Manchuria was an outlying district belonging to and colonized by China," a "sparsely populated, backward country on the borders of China." By 1930, the "revolutionary diplomacy" of China was attempting to reverse and overthrow the unequal treaties, including long-standing Japanese interests.
	www.chomsky.info /articles/196709--.htm (11627 words)

	Japan - MSN Encarta
		Their primary motive was to protect Japan’s existing treaty rights and interests in Manchuria and other parts of China against a militant new Chinese nationalist movement.
		On September 18, 1931, officers of Japan’s Kwangtung Army (the military force stationed on the Liaodong Peninsula) blew up a section of track on the South Manchuria Railway outside of Mukden (Shenyang).
		By the summer of 1942, Japanese forces had occupied the targets of their first attack, as well as Burma (now known as Myanmar), Borneo, the Dutch East Indies, and several islands in the Aleutians off Alaska.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566679_19/Japan.html (1991 words)

	BF9 William Empson, The Gathering Storm
		On the South Manchuria Railroad from Harbin he would have travelled south and west, through Mukden (now Shenyang) toward Peking, and surely would have known that this railroad itself had been a driving force behind Japanese aggression in Manchuria.
		It was on these tracks in a suburb of Mukden in the autumn of 1931 that a group of Japanese officers detonated explosives with the intent of derailing the Dairen Express, setting in motion the so-called Manchurian incident, which gave the Imperial army a pretext for seizing Mukden and occupying the country.
		The work is propelled by metaphors of flight, in keeping with the flight of the universities and the Chinese army from Peking south as the occupying army advanced, and by the constant knowledge that further flight might soon be necessary, as indeed it was.
	themargins.net /bib/B/BF/bf09.html (1424 words)

	Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness . Readings + Video . Interview with Carol Gluck \| PBS
		So Manchuria was a kind of experiment for Japan, and all sorts of plans were laid.
		And it was really from that time that Manchuria became present in the Japanese imagination; primarily through war songs of the red soil of Manchuria and the loss of lives.
		One of Sugihara's early missions in Manchuria was to negotiate with the Soviet Union for the purchase of a railroad.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/sugihara/readings/gluck.html (1677 words)

	gardner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Colonialism and the Avant-Garde: Kitagawa Fuyuhiko's Manchurian Railway
		The South Manchuria Railway was a private company administrating the railway land which the Russians ceded to Japan in the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) following their defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.
		Accordingly, the poet's view of the railway is from the inside: the predominant "ruin" and "pain to human beings" associated with the railway's expansion is located within the colonizing force itself, and not with those in the subjugated territory, which is represented as devoid of human life.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/7-1/html/body_gardner.html (3495 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - '21 Demands' Made by Japan to China, 18 January 1915
		The two contracting Parties mutually agree that the term of the lease of Port Arthur and Dairen and the term respecting the South Manchuria Railway and the Antung-Mukden Railway shall be extended to a further period of 99 years respectively.
		The Japanese subjects shall be permitted in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia to lease or own land required either for erecting buildings for various commercial and industrial uses or for farming.
		The Chinese Government agree that the control and management of the Kirin-Chungchun Railway shall be hand- ed over to Japan for a term of 99 years dating from the signing of this treaty.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/21demands.htm (1788 words)

	The Tanaka Memorial (complete text): Japan's Plan For Conquest
		That these railways were built was due to the fact that our official on the spot as well as the South Manchuria Railway authorities miscalculated the ability of the Fengtien Government and paid no attention to it.
		Manchuria and Mongolia are the undeveloped countries in the East.
		The acquired rights of the South Manchuria Railway in the gold mines of Chia-Pikou in the province of Kirin and the timber in the neighbourhood will all be within reach of exploitation once the Kirin-Hueining line is in operation.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/tanaka.html (19659 words)

	chinamarines.com
		Other nationalities included White Russians who had fled the Revolution in their country twenty years earlier and there was also a thriving community of Sikhs who had left India in the early thirties.
		A new crisis began in September of 1931 when the invasion of Manchuria marked the beginning of the Imperial Japanese efforts to conquer China.
		On September 18, 1931, following a "staged explosion" by Japan on the South Manchuria Railway, Japanese forces moved out from positions guarding the track to occupy the principal southern Manchurian cities.
	www.chinamarines.com /ver3/shan.htm (2111 words)

	Japanese controlled transport companies (China)
		The first Japanese penetration in Manchuria was through the railways of the region that after the Russian-Japanese war of 1905 fall in hands of Japan (Portsmouth Treaty).
		The South Manchurian Railway Co., a organization near under government control, was created in April 1908 and adopted this flag.
		White with a fl logo centered, consisting of a thick ring and 4 bars coming from the ring's upper half and poiting to the fly (or the right, in case this logo has to stay like this in both sides of the flag).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/cn_j_tp.html (247 words)

	China's Loss of Sovereignty in Manchuria 1895 - 1914 (Part Two)
		Japan and Russia consolidated their respective positions in Manchuria after the war by agreeing to working together to keep other powers out and minimising Chinese government power in the area.
		American interest in railways in Manchuria which reached a peek under Secretary of State Philander Knox forced the two old enemies to work together.
		Hsi-liang as governor-general of Manchuria between 1909 and 1911 argued in favour of all four projects but was constantly unable to obtain finance for any major project in this time.
	www.historyorb.com /asia/manchuria2.shtml (906 words)

	Eugene Staley. War and the Private Investor. 1935. Chapter 10. How Governments Influence Their Investors.
		The Chinese Eastern Railway was the foundation of Tsarist Russia's politico-economic penetration of Manchuria as well as an enormous bridge connecting two portions of Russian territory in the Far East.
		The original concession for the construction of the railway was conferred in 1896 on the Russo-Asiatic Bank, a private company which had been organized in connection with a loan contracted by China in order to pay contributions called for by the Shimonoseki Treaty with Japan.
		The South Manchuria Railway Company, organized to operate the line from Port Arthur north to Changchun obtained by virtue of the Treaty of Portsmouth from Russia, has always been merely another name for the Japanese government.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/investor/Staley10.html (6055 words)

	3.9. Showing Force of United Front
		Subsequently they blew up a train on a railway bridge at the entrance of Fengtian, the bridge where the south Manchuria railway and the Beijing-Fengtian railway met, killing Zhang Zuo-lin who was on his way back from Beijing to Fengtian.
		This was why the Japanese imperialists proclaimed the Jirin-Hoeryong railway project to be their state policy and completed it in 26 years, in spite of all the difficulties.
		A daring act was needed to frustrate the Jirin-Hoeryong railway project, an act to warn the enemy that the Korean and Chinese peoples would not tolerate his invasion of Manchuria.
	www.kimsoft.com /war/r-3-9.htm (2947 words)

	sulzer south manchuria railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		During 1932 a Sulzer powered diesel-electric locomotive was delivered to the South Manchuria Railway for shunting use in the city of Dairen.
		In South Manchuria the US style automatic couplers were fitted.
		In 1935 a further set of four four-car articulated railcars were introduced, again built by the workshops on the South Manchuria Railway.
	www.derbysulzers.com /manchuria.html (224 words)

	TRAM VIEWS OF ASIA
		After invading Manchuria in 1931, the Japanese renamed this small farming city Hsinking and rebuilt it as the imperial capital of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
		Its modern development was begun by the Russians in 1902 and continued by the Japanese.
		The South Manchuria Railway Company operated 26 of the large electric interurban cars shown in the photo for passenger service on various lines to the collieries around Fushun.
	www.tramz.com /tva/mj.html (497 words)

	Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932, The Pacific Affairs - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Both the seizure of Manchuria and the ensuing implementation of certain economic programs represented elements of longstanding Japanese agendas.
		Matsusaka arrives at this conclusion through a chronological exploration of Japanese strategic thinking about Manchuria at the highest levels - that of prime ministers, the Imperial Army, the foreign ministry, the South Manchuria Railway (SMR) and, to a lesser extent, the navy.
		Pondering a Manchuria dominated by the SMR, unfettered by military interference, he contemplates a more moderate imperialism that might have witnessed the emergence of Dalian as a kind of northeastern Hong Kong (p.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3680/is_200201/ai_n9047111 (688 words)

	Tadahito Mochinaga: The Japanese Animator Who Lived In Two Worlds
		Although his father was stationed in Manchuria, other members of the family, including Mochinaga, made trips back and forth between Japan and China from time to time.
		Despite the warnings of his friends that Japan's defeat was inevitable, Mochinaga, accompanied by his wife, Ayako, left for Manchuria in June, 1945 to recuperate from both his physical and mental fatigue.
		However when they reached Chang Chun, the capital of Manchuria, he was asked to joined the art department of Man-Ei (Manchuria Film Studio).
	www.awn.com /mag/issue4.09/4.09pages/onomochinaga.php3 (858 words)

	EVENTS 1931
		A section of the South Manchurian railway north of Mukden dynamited.
		of the South Manchuria Railway in the vicinity of Mukden and attacked our railway guards at midnight on September 18; a clash between the Japanese and Chinese troops then took place." [Statement by the Japanese Government,,Sept. 24, 1931.] Doc.
		The Japanese forces are being withdrawn to the fullest extent which is at present allowed by the maintenance of the safety of Japanese nationals and the protection of the railway." [Reply of the Japanese Government, Sept. 24, 1931.] Ibid., pp.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/events/1931.html (1993 words)

	Japanese Expansion in China-A Japanese View A Japanese View
		Of course she could not, even if she would, undertake to safeguard all the vast dominion of China, but she must by all means forestall the establishment of preponderating western influence in such sections of that dominion as are contiguous or adjacent to her own territories.
		The Chinese opposition, which Japan is facing to-day in the matter of economic agreements she has recently secured in Manchuria and Shantung, is largely the harvest from the seeds she had sown in the twenty-one demands.
		In South Manchuria, Japan secured the extension of the lease of Port Arthur and of the concession of the South Manchuria railway.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Kawa2.html (4341 words)

	Alpha-LA \| Articles
		By February of the next year all Manchuria was under their control.
		With the three provinces of Manchuria digested, in 1932 Japan proceeded to threaten Shanghai, provoking the January 28 Incident.
		After the explosion, the Japanese immediately framed the Chinese soldiers garrisoned nearby and attacked those troops under the justification that Japanese property must be protected from assaults by the Chinese.
	www.alpha-la.org /article_read.asp?id=14 (1087 words)

	Integrating Environmental Considerations into the Economic Decision-Making Process
		Soon afterwards, railways and factories were constructed and shops and banks were established.
		As a result, the original appearance of ancient Shenyang city as well as the pattern of the surrounding towns were adversely altered.
		The towns along the railways and the roads, such as Sujiatun, Xinchengzi, Xinmin and Liaozhong, were quickly developed.
	www.unescap.org /DRPAD/publication/integra/volume2/china/2ch01b.htm (717 words)

	Burma Banshees
		In 1906, Japan founded and operated the South Manchuria Railway Corp. and garrisoned troops along the railroad to guard the movement of resources from Manchuria to Korean ports.
		The olive-brown line spurring off the Trans-Siberian in a southeasterly direction connected the Chinese Eastern Railroad and the olive brown line spurring off that to the south, to Port Arthur, China, was the South Manchuria Railroad.
		This next map is a zoom view of the South Manchuria Railroad line.
	www.talkingproud.us /HistoryBansheesA.html (1541 words)

	The Tenth Planet Telegraph
		By early August, South Korean forces were confined in the southeastern corner of the peninsula to a territory 140 kilometers long and 90 kilometers wide.
		Thousands and thousands of men were killed in battles for obscure villages, the civilian population of both north and south Korea was decimated and the final armistice line closely approximated the original boundary between the communist north and the non-communist south.
		The doctrines maintained by the Republican Party are so unsuitable to the great interests of the whole South that an election of their candidate (which is almost certain) amounts to a total destruction of all plantation interests, which the South...
	www.tenth-planet-telegraph.info (16846 words)

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