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Topic: South Manchurian Railway

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	China Far East Railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Southern branch known in the West as the South Manchurian Railway became the locus and partial casus belli for several wars— The Russo-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War (Including 'incidents' leading up to this later from 1927).
		The Manchurian Railway was a single tracked line extending (and shortening) the famous world's longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Siberian city of Chita via Harbin across northern inner Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok.
		The Manchurian Railway was essentially completed in 1902, beating the stretch around Lake Baikal, by fourteen years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/China_Far_East_Railway (1031 words)

	South Manchuria Railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The South Manchuria Railway Company (Japanese: 南満州鉄道株式会社 Minami Manshū Tetsudō Kabushiki Kaisha; abbreviated as 満鉄 Mantetsu) was a company founded by Japan in 1906, after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and operated in Japanese-occupied Manchuria.
		From 1906 or 1910 until 1925, the company also operated the Korean railway system.
		The South Manchuria Railway was also charged with a government-like role in Manchuria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway (137 words)

	MSN Encarta - Archive Article - 1939: Mongolia
		Most of the Chinese are agriculturists who have settled along the railroad and south of it, pushing the Mongol herdsmen to the west.
		As a result of this immigration, with consequent confiscation of Mongol grazing lands, a sharp conflict of interest developed between the Mongols and the Chinese, the former pressing for settlement of their grievances and for the extension to them of a degree of political autonomy.
		Military operations are designed to interrupt the flow of supplies to Japanese garrisons along the railway, and to prevent Japanese exploitation of natural resources.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461501407/1939_Mongolia.html (1873 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Manchurian Incident @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This view was confirmed when the Manchurian general Chang Hsüeh-liang, a recent convert to the Kuomintang, refused to halt construction of railway and harbor facilities in competition with the South Manchurian Railway, referring Japan to the Nationalist central government.
		When a bomb of unknown origin ripped the Japanese railway near Shenyang (then known as Mukden), the Japanese Kwantung army guarding the railway used the incident as a pretext to occupy S Manchuria (Sept., 1931).
		Despite Japanese cabinet opposition and a pledge before the League of Nations to withdraw to the railway zone, the army completed the occupation of Manchuria and proclaimed the puppet state of Manchukuo (Feb., 1932).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:ManchuriI&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (241 words)

	South Manchurian Railway -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		railway line connecting the South Manchurian sea towns of Lü-shun (Port Arthur) and Lü-ta (Dairen) with the Chinese Eastern Railway, which runs across Manchuria (Northeast provinces) from Chita in Siberia to the Russian port of Vladivostok.
		(1931), seizure of the Manchurian city of Mukden (now Shen-yang, China) by Japanese troops, which was followed by the Japanese invasion of all of Manchuria and the establishment of the Japanese-dominated state of Manchukuo in the area.
		The backbone of the transportation system is the Ch'ang-ch'un–Lü-ta railway (formerly called the South Manchurian Railway), which passes through Shen-yang and which was double-tracked in 1954.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9068864?tocId=9068864 (877 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Fight For The Republic in China, by Bertram Lenox Putnam Weale
		He had already consented to peace negotiations with the revolutionary South in the middle of December, 1911, and once he was drawn into those negotiations his policy wavered, the armistice in the field being constantly extended because he saw that the Foreign Powers, and particularly England, were averse from further civil war.
		South China and Central China insisted so vehemently that the only solution that was acceptable to them was the permanent and absolute elimination of the Manchu Dynasty, that he himself was half-convinced, the last argument necessary being the secret promise that he should become the first President of the united Republic.
		The South, ill-furnished with munitions and practically penniless, and always confronted by the same well-trained Northern Divisions who had proved themselves invincible only eighteen months before fought hard for a while, but never became a serious menace to the Central Government owing to the lack of co-operation between the various Rebel forces in the field.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/14345/14345-h/14345-h.htm (14848 words)

	Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The region borders Mongolia in the west, Russia in the north, China proper to the south and Korea (North Korea) in the east.
		This is similar to the United States, where "The South" usually refers only to the southeastern states and their culture and history, and not to states like California.
		South of the Stanovoy Mountains, the basin of the Amur and its tributaries belonged to the Manchu Empire.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Manchuria.htm (2367 words)

	South Manchurian Railway on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The line from Changchun to Lüshun (Port Arthur), originally belonging to the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway, was part of Japan's indemnity in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5).
		When the Manchurian warlord Chang Hsüeh-liang refused to halt construction of a competing Chinese railway network, the Japanese Kwantung army staged the Manchurian Incident (1931) and set up the state of Manchukuo (1932).
		Restructuring of the Japanese National Railways: implications for labor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/SthM1an.asp (469 words)

	Lectures 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		South Manchurian Railway Company, The Manchurian Incident, The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-45), The Nanjing Massacre, Tripartite Alliance, Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
		South Manchurian Railway Co. and Japanese settlers, 1906-
		Manchurian Incident (Sept. 1931); establishment of puppet state of Manchukuo, 1932
	www.udel.edu /History/figal/Hist104/text/14LecOutline.html (96 words)

	South Manchuria Railway -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		From 1906 or 1910 until 1925, the company also operated the (An Asian peninsula (off Manchuria) separating the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan; the Korean name is Choson) Korean (Line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a railway system) railway system.
		The company developed (Most highly proteinaceous vegetable crop known) soybeans and mineral resources and brought them to Japan partly by its railway.
		It closed by order of (Military headquarters from which a military commander controls and organizes the forces) GHQ, and was taken over by the (additional info and facts about Soviet army) Soviet army in 1945.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/south_manchuria_railway.htm (179 words)

	Stocks and Bonds: Chinese at AC All Collectibles
		South Manchurian Railway Co. LTD: Decorative 50 Dollar Share This is the scarcer brown-red 50 x 50 Dollar stock of the South Manchurian Railway Co. Ltd.
		The South Manchurian railway was the precursor to the formation of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1931 as Japan tried to monopolize the interest in Manchuria through the South Manchurian railway.
		From the Japanese point of view, the South Manchurian Railway was the only prize and monument of the victory over Russia.
	pages.tias.com /8984/InventoryPage/1566142/1.html (471 words)

	AllRefer.com - Yosuke Matsuoka (Japanese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		After graduating from the Univ. of Oregon, he served briefly in the foreign ministry and then entered the South Manchurian Railway Company (1921).
		He was appointed president of the South Manchurian RR in 1935.
		As foreign minister (1940–41) in the second Konoye cabinet he promoted the Japanese alliance with the fascist powers, helped forge the Pact of Berlin (Sept. 27, 1940), and early in 1941 signed a five-year peace pact with the USSR.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Matsuoka.html (246 words)

	gardner
		Colonialism and the Avant-Garde: Kitagawa Fuyuhiko's Manchurian Railway
		Moreover, the South Manchurian Railway was a centerpiece of Japanese colonial rhetoric about bringing "civilization" and "modernity" to her neighbors.
		Accordingly, the poet's view of the railway is from the inside: the predominant "ruin" and "pain to human beings" associated with the railway's expansion is located within the colonizing force itself, and not with those in the subjugated territory, which is represented as devoid of human life.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/7-1/html/body_gardner.html (3495 words)

	W.R. Wheeler. China and the World War. 1919. Appendix Two
		The date for restoring the South Manchurian Railway to China shall fall due in the 91st year of the Republic or 2002.
		Article 12 in the original South Manchurian Railway Agreement stating that it may be redeemed by China after 36 years after the traffic is opened is hereby cancelled.
		The question of inland residence in South Manchuria is, in the opinion of the Chinese Government, incompatible with the treaties China has entered into with Japan and other Powers, still the Chinese Government did its best to consider how it was possible to avoid that incompatibility.
	www.lib.byu.edu /estu/wwi/comment/chinawwi/ChinaA2.htm (4482 words)

	[No title]
		Rice and tea are the chief products of the south, while wheat and other kinds of grain form the staple crops in the north.[34] The rainfall is very great in the south, but in the north it is only just sufficient to prevent the land from being a desert.
		North and South China are divided by the Yangtze; East and West China are divided by the route from Peking to Canton.
		for railway sleepers) which now takes place is wholly unnecessary, and that the floods which often sweep away whole districts would be largely prevented if the slopes of the mountains from which the rivers come were reafforested.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/13940/13940.txt (21198 words)

	Chinese Eastern Railway -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The largest city and capital of Heilongjiang Province in the northeastern part of China known in the West as Manchuria, Harbin is situated on the south bank of the Songhua River.
		One of the 22 provinces of China, Jilin lies in the central region of a part of China known as the Northeast, or Manchuria.
		Jilin is bordered on the east by the Primorsky Kray (Maritime Province) of Russia, on the southeast by North Korea, on the south by Liaoning Province, on the west by the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, and on the north by Heilongjiang Province.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9024154?tocId=9024154 (871 words)

	History of Soybean Crushing: Soy Oil and Soybean Meal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An excellent description of the Manchurian soybean crushing and exporting industries between 1894 and 1900 was given by Hosie (1901), who was in charge of the British Consulate at Newchwang during those years.
		Hosie had observed that Manchurians used relatively little of their soy oil and cake, but he was not sure how much more than 555,000 tonnes of soybeans were produced annually in Manchuria.
		After the completion of the railway in 1905 Dairen (Dalny), a port near the railway's southern tip rapidly rose in importance until by 1909 it had almost equalled Newchwang as a soybean milling and exporting center; Antung was now a distant third.
	www.thesoydailyclub.com /SFC/historySCb.asp (4920 words)

	Japan - Overseas Expansion
		Russia also wanted to lease more Manchurian territory, and, although Japan was loath to confront Russia over this issue, it did move to use Korea as a bargaining point: Japan would recognize Russian leaseholds in southern Manchuria if Russia would leave Korean affairs to Japan.
		Russia replied that it would agree to a partition of Korea at the thirty-ninth parallel, with a Japanese sphere to the south and a neutral zone to the north.
		Politically and economically, Korea became a protectorate of Japan and in 1910 was formally annexed as a part of the empire.
	countrystudies.us /japan/27.htm (932 words)

	Europe-Asia Studies: The resettlement of Soviet citizens from Manchuria in 1935-36: a research note (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After the Russo-Japanese war in 1904-05 the southern branch of the railway was ceded to Japan and called the South Manchurian Railway (YuMZhD).
		Furthermore, after the sale of the railway, permission to enter the USSR was given (1935-36) not only to Soviet citizens who had formerly worked on the railway but also to a number of people who had previously had emigre status, including those whose earlier anti-Soviet disposition was well known to the Soviet security organs.
		The railway workers who arrived from Harbin were in the main distributed among the Moscow-Donbass, Kuibyshev, Central Asian, Orenburg, North Caucasus, South-Eastern and Ryazan-Urals railways, and some to other railways and cities: Kuibyshev, Saratov, Voronezh, Gorky, Tashkent, Chkalov, Orenburg and Ufa.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n6_v47/ai_18011983 (1260 words)

	Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness . Readings + Video . Interview with Carol Gluck \| PBS
		The Russians built the Chinese Eastern Railway and the Japanese turned their attentions later to something that became known as the South Manchurian Railway.
		The South Manchurian Railway Company, it was called, [was] a huge bureaucracy that tried to plan the world — the Manchurian world.
		It was not the government, but it had been there a long time, it had a lot of people working for it, and it had very grand schemes.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/sugihara/readings/gluck.html (1677 words)

	History of World Soybean Production and Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Before the South Manchurian Railway was built, Newchwang was the principal port for export of soybeans, cake, and oil; Antung ranked second.
		Yet Japanese trading firms, with their new lease on the South Manchurian Railway and their newly developed port of Dairen at the southern end of the railway, saw a means to turn this surplus to their advantage.
		In 1929 the Soviet port of Vladivostok was closed to Manchurian exports; thereafter the port of Dairen expanded rapidly.
	www.thesoydailyclub.com /SFC/historysp&t201.asp (5468 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		Question: I have been studying the Southern Manchurian Railway, their research department – and was wondering about the links between the various research agencies.
		I had the impression the Kôa-in asked the Manchurian Railway to do a lot of the research for them – that the Kôa-in didn’t do themselves.
		There was a lot of overlap and there was a lot of work to bring them together, to integrate them, but things didn’t go very well because it was difficult to make adjustments within the bureaucratic structure.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm (3791 words)

	Our Chinese Ally: The War In China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The fact is that the war really began in 1931 when an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway near Mukden touched off a well-planned invasion of Manchuria.
		The Young Marshal and his troops had been impressed by their arguments, and when Chiang Kai-shek flew to Sian to see why his Manchurian troops weren’t fighting the Communists, they held him under arrest for nearly two weeks while they attempted to convince him that the time had come to resist the Japanese.
		West of this line the Chinese have today less than 10 per cent of China’s former industrial production; some fragments of railway; mining resources that have largely been developed since the war began; and a system of motor roads that is badly hampered by the difficulty of getting fuel, new trucks, and spare parts.
	www.historians.org /projects/giroundtable/Chinese/Chinese6.htm (2544 words)

	Timeline Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1910 Jan 21, Japan rejected the American proposal to neutralize ownership of the Manchurian Railway.
		1928 Jun 3, Manchurian warlord Chian Tso-Lin died as a result of a bomb blast set off by the Japanese, who were planning to invade and claim Manchuria.
		It involved an explosion along the Japanese-controlled South Manchurian Railway.
	www.bonus.com /contour/timelines_history/http@@/timelines.ws/countries/MANCHURIA.HTML (680 words)

	EVENTS 1931
		A section of the South Manchurian railway north of Mukden dynamited.
		The Japanese forces are being withdrawn to the fullest extent which is at present allowed by the maintenance of the safety of Japanese nationals and the protection of the railway." [Reply of the Japanese Government, Sept. 24, 1931.] Ibid., pp.
		Secretary of State Stimson opposed a League Commission of Inquiry for the Manchurian incident.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/events/1931.html (1993 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Rules of the Game
		On September 18, 1931, a very small bomb caused a very minor explosion on the South Manchurian Railway just north of Mukden, a railway controlled by the Japanese and crucial to their economic domination of Manchuria.
		Two railway sleepers, half a dozen fish plates, one rifle, and two Chinese soldiers' caps were displayed as evidence by the Japanese army, which proceeded to take over the whole of Manchuria with alacrity.
		By the middle of 1933 Japan had gained a foothold across the Manchurian border and was threatening the North China plain.
	www.nybooks.com /nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?19730517010R (359 words)

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