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Topic: South Pacific convergence zone

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	Fire-Southern Oscillation relations in the Southwestern United States (part 1 of 2)
		Teleconnections with the tropical Pacific are indicated by correlations between the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and rainfall over the Line Islands (LIRI) against precipitation, streamflow, and tree growth in the American Southwest.
		During the high-SO phase (La Nina), when sea surface pressure is higher than normal in the Southeast Pacific, the central Pacific cools anomalously and the Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) diverge on either side of the equator, the latter bringing abundant rains to Indonesia and eastern Australia.
		During the low-SO phase, when sea surface pressure is lower than normal over Tahiti, the central Pacific warms, the ITCZ and SPCZ converge on the equator, and the zone of deep convection shifts eastward to the Line Islands in the central Pacific, where tropospheric disturbances then propagate to extratropical regions.
	www.cpluhna.nau.edu /Research/firesorelate.htm (690 words)

	Convergence zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Convergence zone usually refers to a region in the atmosphere where two prevailing flows meet and interact, usually resulting in distinctive weather conditions.
		An example of a convergence zone is the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a low pressure area which girdles the Earth at the Equator.
		Another example is the South Pacific convergence zone that extends from the western Pacific Ocean toward French Polynesia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Convergence_zone (150 words)

	South Pacific convergence zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is a band of low-level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation extending from the west Pacific warm pool south-eastwards towards French Polynesia.
		This zone occurs where the southeast trades from transitory anticyclones to the south meet with the semipermanent easterly flow from the eastern South Pacific anticyclone.
		"Relative influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO in the South Pacific Convergence Zone".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Pacific_convergence_zone (259 words)

	Convergence Index - www.computer-tutorials-online.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Convergent boundary is a fault boundary defined in the specialty of Geology known as Plate techtonics.
		South Pacific convergence zone in Meteorology is a belt of low atmospheric pressure extending from the west Pacific warm pool south-eastwards towards French Polynesia.
		Convergence and Unity is a coalition of the two political parties Democratic Convergence of Catalonia and the Democratic Union of Catalonia in Catalonia Spain.
	www.computer-tutorials-online.com /Convergence/index.html (1205 words)

	Movement of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The South Pacific Convergence Zone is the largest and most persistent spur of the ITCZ (Fig 12.1 in the book).
		It is a 200-400 km broad zone stretching from the ITCZ near the Solomon Islands to Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and further Southeast.
		The shift of the SPCZ caused drier conditions in Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu and New Caledonia, and wetter conditions in the northern Cook Islands and Tokelau.
	www.atmos.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap12/spcz.html (317 words)

	Severe Weather Information Centre
		A semi-permanent convergence zone found in the tropical South Pacific marked by the boundary between the usually cooler and stronger southeast trade wind flow and warmer and lighter east or northeast winds, or northwesterly winds when the SPCZ is active.
		In the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean, it is the period from 1 November to 30 April.
		An elongated zone of low pressure, V-shaped in the easteries in the Southern Hemisphere and an inverted V-shape in the westerlies.
	severe.worldweather.org /tc/au/acronyms.html (968 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As the warm SST anomaly appears in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the boreal spring and subsequently spreads across the ocean basin, a well-defined sequence of meteorological events is evident in the model atmosphere.
		The model response in this mature stage is characterized by tropospheric warming throughout the entire tropical zone, and by the appearance in the tropical upper troposphere of a pair of Pacific anticyclones straddling the equator.
		The warm Pacific SST anomaly tends to be replaced a year later by a cold anomaly.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~gth/netscape/1985/gl8501.html (497 words)

	Physical Oceanography of the tropical Pacific
		The wave climate of the Pacific Islands region is dominated by long period swell reaching the area from distant storms, by relatively low amplitude, short period waves generated by more local winds, and the occasional bursts of energy associated with intense local storms.
		There are four of these points, called "amphidromes" in the Pacific: one on the North Pacific near the dateline, one near the equator in the eastern North Pacific, ond in the central South Pacific near Tahiti, and one east of New Zealand.
		The upper ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific is driven mostly by the stress from the wind.
	sam.ucsd.edu /papers/talley_tropical_pacific.html (10018 words)

	Tiempo Climate Cyberlibrary, Tiempo - Issue 26, South Pacific climate change
		The meeting was organized by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the ORSTOM Research Institute.
		Carbon dioxide exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial zone east of the international dateline resulted in 1000 million tonnes of carbon being exported to the atmosphere as a result of upwelling.
		The social and economic dimension of global climate change has a number of implications for Pacific countries: Pacific Island countries make a small or negligible contribution to greenhouse gas emissions; they are among the countries which are most impacted; and knowledge of relevant parameters is very low.
	www.cru.uea.ac.uk /tiempo/floor0/recent/issue26/t26art2.htm (1814 words)

	The Impacts of Climate Change on Pacific Island Countries
		Pacific island countries (PICs) are among the most vulnerable to impacts of climate and sea-level changes, particularly when these impacts are coupled with other environmental changes.
		Based on data from 34 stations in the Pacific from about 160 E. and mostly south of the equator, surface air temperatures increased by 0.3°C to 0.8°C this century, with the greatest increase in the zone south-west of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ).
		The reason for this surprising association may be the positioning of the convergence zone along the eastern boundary of the warm pool, where up-welling enables secondary production which tuna feed on.
	www.sidsnet.org /sidsdocs/cc.htm (3412 words)

	4.5 South Pacific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The distinction of the boundary between the Australian and South Pacific basins is often unclear and typically overlaps.
		The main factor in TC formation east of the Coral Sea is the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ).
		This zone occurs where the southeast trades from transitory anticyclones to the south meet with the semipermanent easterly flow from the eastern South Pacific anticyclone (see Chapter 2).
	www.nrlmry.navy.mil /~chu/chap3/se405.htm (188 words)

	Samoa Meteorology Division - Climate Outlook Page
		The May 2006 position of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), as identified from total rainfall, is indicated by the solid green line.
		The average position of the SPCZ is identified by the dashed green line.
		South Pacific SST values generally remained marginally warmer than average during May. ENSO-neutral conditions are expected to prevail in the next 3 months.
	www.meteorology.gov.ws /monthly_climate_outlook.htm (1368 words)

	Lee Byerle
		The first focuses on South America, extending from 40 S to 10N and from 100 W to the Greenwich Meridian (denoted as REOF A) while the second is applied to a sector from 180 W to 20 E and from 40 S to 40 N (denoted as REOF B).
		The "with SPCZ" positive events are one phase of the "seesaw" from enhanced to suppressed convection over the SACZ (the positive signal has been shown to occur 8 days from onset of a negative event).
		This may be associated with convergence in the area of positive precipitation anomalies along 10 N, (to be further investigated with an examination of moisture flux differences).
	www.met.utah.edu /jnpaegle/homepages/labyerle.html (14437 words)

	Climate variation in the tropical Pacific: coral provides proof
		IRD scientists have revealed, in an article just published in Nature, that the cooling event known in the Northern Hemisphere as the Younger Dryas (about 12 000 years B.P.) was expressed in the Pacific by the absence of any South Pacific Convergence Zone activity and the movement of tropical waters closer to the Equator.
		Conversely, in the South-West Pacific subtropical area, unaffected by rainfall coming from the SPTCZ, the SST and surface water salinity are positively correlated.
		This climatic scenario is similar to conditions seen in the present during an El Niño event, during which the west Pacific warm pool contracts towards the Equator, the SPTCZ then moving towards the North to fuse with the intertropical convergence zone.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/idrp-cvi_1050604.php (955 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		Observational evidence also suggests that much of the variability in the rainfall record of Caribbean and Pacific islands appears to be closely related to the onset of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
		However, part of the variability in these areas also may be attributable to the influence of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ).
		Furthermore, warming in some regions (e.g., the Pacific Ocean) is likened to an El Niño pattern, suggesting that climate variability associated with the ENSO phenomenon will continue on a seasonal and decadal time scale.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/620.htm (1693 words)

	references
		The Upper Proterozoic Ophiolite Melange Zones Of The Easternmost Arabian Shield.
		Migration Of The Subduction Zone In The Eastern Mediterranean.
		Convergence Of The African And Eurasian Plate In The Eastern Mediterranean.
	atlas.geo.cornell.edu /ctbt/references.html (14779 words)

	Info \| Seminars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is known that the ENSO oscillation for the atmosphere consists of the La Nina/El Nino oscillation over the Pacific Ocean, and the oscillation over the equatorial Indian Ocean.
		Above all, there are significant circulations, i.e., the North Pacific convergence zone and South Pacific Convergence Zone.
		The oceanic heat content anomalies are characterized by the structure of the horseshoe in east and the two lobes in west of the equatorial Pacific.
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /web/info/seminars271_win2006.html (514 words)

	RealClimate » El Niño and Global Warming
		Paita sailors who used to sail north-south direction along the coast called the counter-current 'El Niño', after the Child Jesus because it had a tendency to appear soon after Christmas (the reason for this seasonality is not yet fully understood, and some of the strongest events peaked earlier in the year).
		The seasonal migration of both the ITCZ and the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) are affected by the presence of El Niño.
		The western tropical Pacific is known as the 'warm pool' with the highest sea surface temperature (SST) in the world (on average).
	www.realclimate.org /index.php/archives/2006/05/el-nino-global-warming (6403 words)

	Pacific Exploratory Mission in the tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics B, March-April 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The latter field study encountered considerable biomass burning indluence over the South Pacific associated with the dry season in the southern tropics.
		Photochemical ozone loss over both the North and the South Pacific exceeded local photochemical production by about a factor of two, implying the need for a major inflow term to balance the tropospheric budget over the region.
		Dedicated flights investigated the sharp air mass transitions at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and at the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ).
	www-as.harvard.edu /chemistry/trop/publications/raper2000a.abs.html (370 words)

	The TAO project: TRMM Precipitation Array
		The data will be used to address TRMM objectives of characterizing the time and space scales of rainfall variability in the tropical Pacific, for documenting and understanding the impact of rainfall on the ocean, and for better understanding the role of the hydrologic cycle in the climate system.
		There are broad geographical overlap with island measurements in the western Pacific (Morrissey et al., 1995); however, the array extends into the central and eastern equatorial Pacific which is essentially devoid of islands.
		The time series data are also valuable for characterizing the time and space scales of rainfall variability in the tropics, for documenting the impact of rainfall on the ocean, and for better understanding the role of the hydrologic cycle in the climate system.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /tao/proj_over/trmm/trmm.html (1542 words)

	Evolution of the Tropospheric Split Jet over the South Pacific Ocean during the 1986-1989 ENSO cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The analyses reveal a shift in the split jet stream over the South Pacific sector (180 to 120W) from a strong subtropical jet (STJ) and weak polar front jet (PFJ) during the warm phase to a weak STJ and strong PFJ during the cold phase.
		During the warm phase, the strong STJ is associated with advection of the mean flow momentum flux from the Australian sector which is approximately balanced by a large negative ageostrophic term; the PFJ is primarily associated with eddy momentum convergence which is partially counterbalanced by the ageostrophic term.
		The strengthened PFJ is associated with an increase in the convergence of eddy momentum flux which is mainly comprised of 2.5-6 day poleward momentum transport from midlatitudes and 7-30 day equatorward momentum transport from high latitudes.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /PolarMet/PMGAbstracts/abs.CSB.96.html (360 words)

	ATLAS No. 3 -- Southern Hemisphere seasonal variations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		During summer, dry conditions, upper-level convergence and mid-tropospheric sinking motion are observed over the eastern portions of the tropical and subtropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (Figs.
		19), the precipitation pattern displays a zonally symmetric appearance, with heavy precipitation in the intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs), located between 5 and 10 N over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and in the vicinity of the Southern Hemisphere storm tracks (20-40 S).
		This pattern is consistent with the seasonal variation in the low-level meridional flow, which features strong northerly winds from the Amazon Basin southward to northern Argentina during the austral summer (DJF) and much weaker northerly flow during winter.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /research_papers/ncep_cpc_atlas/3/cont_chp3.html (420 words)

	Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) PEM Tropics Maps
		Note that the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) just north of the Christmas Island and the south Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) over Fiji are manifestations of converging air flow at the surface and lower altitudes.
		The central regions in the southern hemispherical Pacific Basin are geographically far removed from sources of pollution, yet air mass flow into this region can serve as conduits for long range transport of trace emissions from the northern hemisphere as well as from regions east and west of the tropical Pacific.
		The sondes were released at a rate of one per week during the months prior to the field deployment, and increased to two per week during the deployment.
	www-gte.larc.nasa.gov /pem/pemt_map.htm (383 words)

	Pacific Interdecadal Climate Variability: Linkages between the Tropics and North Pacific during boreal winter since ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This study examines the Tropical linkages to inter-decadal climate fluctuations over the North Pacific during boreal winter through a comprehensive and physically-based analysis of a wide variety of observational data sets spanning the 20th century.
		Simple difference maps between epoch of high sea level pressure over the North Pacific (1900-1924 and 1947-1976) and epochs of low pressure (1925-1946 and 1977-1997) are presented for numerous climate variables throughout the Tropical Indo-Pacific region, including rainfall, cloudiness, sea surface temperature and sea level pressure.
		The spatial patterns of the inter-decadal Tropical climate anomalies are compared with those associated with ENSO, a predominantly interannual phenomenon; in general, the two are similar with some differences in relative spatial emphasis.
	www.cgd.ucar.edu /cas/abstracts/files/deser2003_3.html (214 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The authors present the simulation of the tropical Pacific surface wind variability by a low-resolution (R15 horizontal resolution and 18 vertical levels) version of the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions, Maryland, general circulation model (GCM) when forced by observed global sea surface temperature.
		The amplitude of the annual harmonics are weaker than observed over the intertropical convergence zone and the South pacific convergence zone regions.
		The amplitudes of the interannual variation of the simulated zonal and meridional winds are close to those of the observed variation.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=90913 (438 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Economy - overview
		Another long-term concern is the flow south to the US of professionals lured by higher pay, lower taxes, and the immense high-tech infrastructure.
		Like many other South Pacific island nations, the Cook Islands' economic development is hindered by the isolation of the country from foreign markets, the limited size of domestic markets, lack of natural resources, periodic devastation from natural disasters, and inadequate infrastructure.
		The government has been successful in meeting, and even exceeding, the economic convergence criteria for participating in the third phase (a common European currency) of the European Monetary Union (EMU), but Denmark, in a September 2000 referendum, reconfirmed its decision not to join the 11 other EU members in the euro.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2116.html (16442 words)

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