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Topic: Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

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	Archaeology Wordsmith
		A complex could be a characteristic tool or type of pottery or it could be a pattern of buildings that occur together.
		A complex is a chronological subdivision of different artifact types and implies a culture, whereas an assemblage is merely a collection of contemporaneous specimens.
		The major elements were: the valley temple, the causeway, the mortuary temple, the royal pyramid, a subsidiary/satellite pyramid(s), subsidiary burials of members of the extended royal family and officials of the king, and pits containing full-size boats.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=complex (1799 words)

	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Art, Visual (to 1960)
		Because of its geographical location, "advanced" civilization, and similarities with Mexico in areas such as masonry, painted pottery, cloth weaving, rain ceremonies, and the priesthood, the Southwest is often regarded as the passageway for the flow of culture from Mesoamerica to other parts of North American continent.
		The most well known example of art is the service of healing is the Navajo sand-painting ritual, in which a patient lies on the ground while a medicine man-singer chants and blows colored sand onto the patient and onto the ground.
		Many aesthetic changes have taken place in the twentieth century as native peoples have participated more fully on the dominant culture and incorporated artistic traditions from the United States, Europe, and other parts of the globe into their own traditions Native American artists are in the process of developing new definitions of Indian art.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/art-visual-to-1960.html (2936 words)

	Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands, a art history of pipe, gorget manufacture, and Iconography
		The largest group of descendants of the Mississippian ceremonial complex are comprised of the Cherokee (Tsalagi), Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Delaware, and Yuchi.
		This depends on the ceremony, or the ordeal the pipes are to be used in.
		This condition may be related to ceremony in the mortuary complex, but it appears the true culprit is the disturbance caused by farming, debasing the burial mounds, or poor archaeological practices in the early years of the discipline of archaeology in North America.
	www.wcedar.com /fin1.html (12722 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These developments are expressed in the size and density of settlements; the construction of elaborate earthen mounds upon which were erected public buildings; and the occurrence of numerous burials often accompanied by elaborate grave goods.
		In contrast to preceding cultures, a distinguishing characteristic of virtually all Mississippian ceramics is that the clay was tempered with crushed river mussel and snail shells.
		The representations of symbolic weapons, war costumes, and the use of raptors, especially falcons, also are prevalent motifs in Southeastern Ceremonial Complex artifacts, indicating an intense and pervasive interest in war.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=M108 (1569 words)

	FSTS 47PI0002 Mero Site (Diamond Bluff Site)
		The complex is located on a large glacial outwash terrace above the mouth of the Trimbelle River in Pierce County, Wisconsin.
		Of the mapped mounds, three were ceremonial effigy mounds in the shapes of a panther, wolf, and bird.
		Brower, in contrast to Lewis, identified the effigy mounds as a beaver and a wolf.
	www.fromsitetostory.org /rwl/47pi0002mero/47pi0002mero.asp (704 words)

	FSTS Sources - Papers - The Diamond Bluff Site Complex and Cahokia Influence in the Red Wing Locality
		The Diamond Bluff site complex is comprised of at least two large village areas and a large mound group that includes a variety of mound types characteristic of Late Woodland mound building traditions in the Upper Midwest.
		a ceremonial relationship between the participants through a fiction of kinship, and that the ceremony was specifically used to establish friendly relations between otherwise unrelated groups" (1991:88).
		During the latter half of the 19th century the pioneering investigations on the Diamond Bluff terrace recorded a large and complex mound group comprised of a variety of mound types that are characteristic of Late Woodland culture (cf.
	www.fromsitetostory.org /sources/papers/rwlprepressdiamondbluff/rwlprepressdiamondbluff.asp (11598 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Mississippian Period: Overview
		The Mississippian Period in the midwestern and southeastern United States, which lasted from about A.D. 800 to 1600, saw the development of some of the most complex societies that ever existed in North America.
		This technique did not involve smelting, but instead involved the cold-hammering of native copper nuggets into thin sheets that were then shaped, cut, and embossed with designs.
		Patricia Galloway, ed., The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989).
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-707 (1585 words)

	Conversations with the High Priest of Coosa, by Charles M. Hudson. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, first identified by Antonio Waring and Preston Holder in 1945, is a group of artifacts, symbols, and motifs far too specific in their shared traits to have been independently invented.
		It is also notable that some of these Southeastern Ceremonial Complex symbols are consistent with creatures of the imagination in the oral traditions and rituals of widely separated southeastern peoples.
		For example, the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex looped square—a square with loops at each of the four corners—is a dance pattern that endured into the twentieth century.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/hudson_conversations.html (3023 words)

	panel_description.gif (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The large figure on the left side of the panel has an elongated arm that terminates in a “split stick” motif, directly below which is a cross-in-circle figure.
		The "circle-cross" motif is a common element of Southeastern Ceremonial Complex iconography representing a "center point" of This World (often symbolized by a sacred fire) in Southeastern Indian cosmology.
		This sketch was drawn by Jared Pebworth of the Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
	www.cast.uark.edu /rockart/panel_description.htm (199 words)

	SYMPOSIA
		At Tell Umm el-Marra in western Syria, data from an elite mortuary complex of the mid-late third millennium BC on the site’s acropolis are employed to reconstruct the ideology and attendant rituals associated with the emergence of elite power in the period of the first complex societies in Syria.
		After the tombs fell out of use, the mortuary complex itself became an object of memory (and, perhaps, alteration of memory), when a circular monument was built atop it in the early second millennium BC, indicating the continued significance of the space as sacred landscape while its meaning and attendant rituals changed.
		Serving a didactic purpose, they were intended not only to impress visitors with the prominence of the nobleman’s family but also to inculcate moral and civic values in members of the family, especially young males who were expected to emulate the illustrious achievements of their ancestors to bring further distinction to the family.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/SYMPOSIA/abstracts.html (6638 words)

	Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings Alabama Review - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Power, a professor of art, not only guides the reader to a full appreciation of southeastern Indian art as works of art but also employs anthropology and archaeology to contextualize the changing social environments and the evolution of southeastern Indian art forms and meanings.
		The southeastern Indians employed several mediums in their art-textiles, ceramics, stone, mica, copper, shell, and others, as well as architecture and monumental earthworks.
		As she explains, the full scope of southeastern Indian prehistoric design motifs-from the flowing curvilinear incising on ceramics to the miniature animal effigies in stone, to the stunning human hand carved in mica-form a coherent artistic expression.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3880/is_200504/ai_n13510649 (774 words)

	Tejas > Caddo Fundamentals > Mississippian World
		Chiefdoms are inherently unstable because the authority of the leaders and legitimacy of the ranking social class depends mightily on the cooperation of the people.
		Chiefs also hold sway by arranging elaborate ceremonies and feasts during which accumulated wealth is redistributed as gifts, thus building bonds of social obligation.
		The house on the rectangular earthen mound in the foreground is that of a chief or shaman; the mound caps the remains of earlier houses of important people.
	www.texasbeyondhistory.net /tejas/fundamentals/miss.html (3423 words)

	McClung Museum - Research Notes #19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) is a term used by archaeologists to refer to a suite of artifacts that often includes iconographic imagery or symbols, finely-crafted and exotic materials, and/or connotes high status.
		Radiocarbon dating was new at the time of Kneberg's publication, so she correlated the gorgets with the then presumed span of Mississippian complexes, from AD 1000 to AD 1750.
		Like many other such mounds, the Hixon mound was built layer by layer over many years, forming a complex sequence of summits usually with evidence of one or more buildings on each summit.
	mcclungmuseum.utk.edu /research/renotes/rn-19txt.htm (1554 words)

	LostWorlds.org \| Georgia : Etowah Indian Mounds- creek & cherokee indians
		The Etowah Mounds complex consists of six earthen mounds all in the traditional Mississippian truncated pyramid shape.
		Among these were ceremonial copper axes, copper-covered earspools, necklaces and pendants of shell and engraved shell gorgets.
		Many of these shell gorget designs belong to a complex known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, once referred to as the Southern Cult or Southern Death Cult.
	www.lostworlds.org /etowah_mounds.html (2017 words)

	Tejas > Caddo Fundamentals > Spiro and the Arkansas Basin
		Inside were elaborate special burials and jumbled human bones accompanied by unbelievable quantities of unusual artifacts made of marine shell, exotic stone, bone, copper, feathers, fabrics, fur, and all manner of materials.
		As their lease expired and as state authorities moved to shut down the operation, the Pocola miners tried to blow up the rest of the mound in a fit of pique.
		During the Harlan phase (A.D. 1000-1250), Spiro was a ceremonial and population center.
	www.texasbeyondhistory.net /tejas/fundamentals/spiro.html (3334 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Reilly and Garber, Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms
		Objects of this complex were produced in the media of copper, shell, stone, clay, and almost certainly wood, although little of this material has survived in the soils of the eastern woodlands.
		However, in the past decade many students of ancient Native American archaeology in general and the Mississippian Period in particular have become convinced that this SECC label is woefully inadequate as a cultural, religious, and artistic identifier.
		At the beginning of the MIIS (Muller's Developmental and Southern Cult Horizons), MIIS symbols and motifs in all of the style regions are primarily carried by objects created from exotic materials, the majority of which are mica, marine shell, imported stone, and copper.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exreianc.html (2487 words)

	New fire ceremony plates at the Angel site by Hilgeman, Sherri L.
		The plates with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex motifs are laid out so that the plates are representations of the cross-in- circle motif.
		These "ceremonial" plates axe linked by design layouts and motifs to the Southeastern "fire-sun-diety complex" and, by extension, to the pan-Southeastern new fire or green corn ceremony at which this complex was at the fore.
		In addition, there is some evidence in the Southeastern ethno-historic literature for the manufacture, use, and deliberate breaking of pottery vessels in connection with the ceremony.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /abstracts/88/hilgeman_88.html (689 words)

	University of Arkansas Anthropology: Department Information - Stigler 2002-03 Schedule
		In Oklahoma just west of Fort Smith, Arkansas is Spiro, where a central element of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex is identified as the Classic Braden style complex of engraved objects of marine shell and copper; its iconic connections span much of the American Southeast.
		This complex represents a vital element of prehistoric art in eastern North America found most spectacularly at Spiro, at Etowah, Georgia, at Cahokia, Illinois, and at Moundville, Alabama, where Knight has devoted much of his professional career.
		Knight and his colleagues' efforts have shifted this debate to the underlying ritual structure of Southeastern Ceremonial Complex art.
	cavern.uark.edu /depts/anthinfo/stigler02.htm (1538 words)

	NEH Rock Art Grant
		The project, titled “Rock Art and the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex,” will be the first comprehensive attempt by Arkansas archeologists to place rock art within a regional framework.
		The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex was a system of American Indian religious beliefs and institutions found throughout the region during the Mississippi period, roughly A.D. 1000 to 1500.
		Elaborate depictions of supernatural themes including composite beings (bird-men, snake-men, winged serpents), circle-and-cross motifs, and various sky world motifs such as sunburst and bird figures, were produced on decorated pottery, stone tablets, engraved shell, and embossed copper as part of this system.
	www.uark.edu /campus-resources/archinfo/rockartgrantneh.html (1111 words)

	Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings Alabama Review - Find Articles
		Power, a professor of art, not only guides the reader to a full appreciation of southeastern Indian art as works of art but also employs anthropology and archaeology to contextualize the changing social environments and the evolution of southeastern Indian art forms and meanings.
		The southeastern Indians employed several mediums in their art-textiles, ceramics, stone, mica, copper, shell, and others, as well as architecture and monumental earthworks.
		As she explains, the full scope of southeastern Indian prehistoric design motifs-from the flowing curvilinear incising on ceramics to the miniature animal effigies in stone, to the stunning human hand carved in mica-form a coherent artistic expression.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3880/is_200504/ai_n13510649 (774 words)

	Welcome to Cahokia
		The latter was most intriguing as some of the shells were fragmentary pieces of ceremonial cups that had been engraved with designs associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), normally found south of here from Georgia to Oklahoma.
		James Brown of Northwestern University is exploring the hypothesis that the origins for some of the SECC concepts may have originated at Cahokia and spread southward, and that research into Mound 34 may elucidate information in support of this.
		Mary Beth Trubitt continued her pursuit of the palisade (stockade) wall around the western side of the central ceremonial precinct.
	www.cahokiamounds.com /Summer2000ResearchSummary.htm (1051 words)

	Of masks and myths Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This paper was first presented at the 1996 Plains Anthropological Conference in Iowa City, Iowa, and the 1996 Southeastern Archaeological Conference in Birmingham, Alabama.
		Brown, Ian W. 1989 The Calumet Ceremony in the Southeast and Its Archaeological Manifestations.
		Brown, James A. 1996 The Spiro Ceremonial Center, 2 vols.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3904/is_200004/ai_n8897879/pg_14 (483 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Ancient Architects of the Mississippi
		The social structure was that of the chiefdom; allied communities were governed by an elite whose positions were inherited or earned by outstanding accomplishments.
		Often symbolized in arts and crafts, the cult became more intricate as the culture evolved, with religion increasingly the means for rulers to assert authority.
		Centers of power such as Cahokia in Illinois—where the most impressive earthworks were built—hosted important festivals and ceremonies.
	www.cr.nps.gov /archeology/feature/riverlif.htm (408 words)

	Mississippians - Waterman and Hill Traveller's Companion
		The first appearance of this culture in the archaeological record occurs around 800 AD in the central Mississippi valley (northeastern Arkansas, western Tennessee and Kentucky, southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois) when ideas from the high civilizations of Mexico and Central America filtered into the Mississippi valley.
		This person was part chieftan and part high priest and always dwelt (with his retinue and retainers) in a large house on top of an earthen mound.
		The meanings attached to the following symbols are the best guesses we can make based on the frequency of their occurrence in the archaeological record and their current use and interpretation by contemporary tribes that are presumed to descend from the Mississippian tradition.
	www.naturealmanac.com /fixtures/sidebars/mississippians.html (1958 words)

	Mississippian
		The largest of these communities in Alabama was located at Moundville, on the Black Warrior River in Tuscaloosa and Hale Counties.
		The large population served as a work force for the elites, building earthen mounds used for elite residences, funerary remains, and public ceremonies.
		Rather, they have been polished in such a way that archaeologists believe these celts were used more for ceremonial purposes.
	bama.ua.edu /~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm (934 words)

	Eastern States Rock Art Research Association
		The age and cultural affiliation is unknown, but archaeologists suspect that the carvings were made by the ancestors of Algonquin-speaking groups in the area during the late prehistoric period.
		The petroglyphs resemble human foot prints, crosses, sun symbols, bi-lobed arrows, snails, and birds, which are attributed to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, AD 1100-1600.
		The carvings are thought to be associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, AD 1100-1600.
	www.esrara.org /sites.html (3327 words)

	Life Along the River
		The sociopolitical structure was that of the chiefdom, in which allied groups of communities were governed by members of an elite class whose positions were inherited or earned by outstanding accomplishments.
		The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, also known as the Southern Cult, was the belief system of the Mississsippian cultures, often seen in symbols on Mississippian arts and crafts.
		While the moundbuilding people thrived, the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex became more intricate, and religion was increasingly the means of asserting authority.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/legacy/cahokia/riverlif.htm (577 words)

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