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Topic: Southeastern Iranian languages

	Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iranian language group is part of a larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily and accounts for some of the oldest-recorded Indo-European languages.
		He then adds that Dari is the official language of the royal courts and the language of Khorasan and Balkh and eastern Iran; Parsi is the language of the Moobeds of Fars ; Khuzi is the unofficial language of the royalty and comes from Khuzestan ; and Seryani originates in Mesopotamia.
		It is agreed that the current Turkic form of the Azeri language supplanted and replaced Pahlavi in Azerbaijan before the Safavid dynasty, perhaps starting with the arrival of Seljukian Turks, and during a gradual course.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iranian_languages (803 words)

	Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Iranian-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu Kush
		Munji— idGa, the language of the small Munji population in the upper Munjân Valley; The idGa dialect is spoken by Munji émigrés in Upper Chitral.
		Ikâmi—Sangleci, the language spoken around the village of Ikâm on the Âb-e Panj (upper Oxus) and in Zêbâk and the neighboring Sanglec Valley to the south.
		History: The Irânian languages stem from the speech of the northern Âryas, whose probable homelands were on the lower Volga and regions adjacent to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, north of their linguistic cousins, the early Indo-Âryas.
	users.sedona.net /~strand/Iranian/Iranians.html (1883 words)

	Kurdish Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Old Persian was the administrative language of the early Achaemenian dynasty dating from the 6th century BC; and an eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialect was the language of the chancellery of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in India in the mid-3rd century BC.
		Iranian also lost the accompanying aspiration (a puff of breath, written as h) that is retained in certain Indo-Aryan consonants; e.g., Sanskrit dha "set, make," bhr, "bear," gharma- "warm," but Avestan and Old Persian da, bar, and Avestan gar[{schwa}]ma-.
		In addition to being the national language of Tajikistan, Tajik is important as the lingua franca of the Pamirs mountain range, a region where a remarkable variety of Iranian languages and dialects are spoken.
	www.freewebs.com /mahabadassociation/indoiranian.html (11270 words)

	Iranian languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		Iranian languages are probably spoken by more than 80 million people in southwestern and southern Asia.
		Nearly all the Modern Iranian languages have been written—if at all—in adaptations of the Arabic alphabet.
		Iranian languages are spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and scattered areas of...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9368164 (720 words)

	Iranica.com - DARDESTAÚN
		The Dardic languages are an offshoot of the Indo-Aryan languages of the post-Vedic period.
		Alhough Dardic languages were occasionally mentioned in travelers' notes and Christian missionaries actually published parts of the Bible in Kashmiri (in the Nagari alphabet) in the 1820s, the study of Dardic languages actually began in the 1830s, when the first professional linguistic data, in the form of compact vocabularies and glossaries, were published by M.
		In the Iranian languages of the Pamirs the term for the local style of kerchief is probably a similar borrowing with relatively early phonetic transformations: Shughni-Bajuwi ce@l, Rushani-Khufi, Roshorvi c^l, Yazghulami cil (possibly from Rushani), Wakhi ±il.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7f1/v7f126.html (3234 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS AND GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH
		Avestan, the language of the religious poetry or Gathas of Zoroaster, and Old Persian, the language of the official inscriptions of the Achaemenid rulers, are the two ancient languages known from texts or inscriptions dating from the sixth century BCE.
		In the northeast and northwest, the language spoken was Parthian.
		Russian, Belarusan, and Ukrainian became the languages of the eastern Slavs: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian became the languages of the southern Slavs; Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Wendish, and the extinct Polabian became the languages of the western Slavs.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/languages.htm (11296 words)

	IL&S: Old Iranian Languages and Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		By the 1st millennium BC, Iranian languages had dominated a vast region from the northern shores of the Black Sea in the north (inhabited by the western Saka or Scythian tribes), to the borders of China in the east (occupied by the eastern Sakas).
		This common (old Iranian) language in turn belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Old Iranian language began to break up and evolve into different languages and dialects, as the various Iranian tribes separated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and central Asia.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /oldiranian (351 words)

	Wakhi Language
		The Wakhi language belongs to the southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages, where the different Ishkashmi and Wakhi languages are included.
		The Wakhi language, rich in archaisms, differs considerably from the Pamir languages, and generally from the southeastern group of Iranian languages, having certain common characteristics with the Indian languages.
		The language for schooling is, without exception, Tadzhik, which places Wakhi in a passive role and accelerates the disintegration of the language.
	www.geocities.com /explorepassu1/wakhi_language.htm (453 words)

	Anthropology (Languages) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The other main regional languages are Turkish, Azari, Kurdish, Arabic and Lori; and there are dozens of other tongues throughout the 26 provinces, such as Gilaki, Baluchi and Turkmen.
		Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands; Western Armenian is spoken elsewhere.
		Language varieties in Suleimaniya, Iraq and Qazwin, Iran may be inherently intelligible with it.
	www.farhangsara.com /language.htm (1801 words)

	Pushtu language - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Pushtu (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan.
		The language is believed to have originated in the Kandahar/Helmand areas of Afghanistan.
		Pushtu is presently classified in the Southeastern Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
	www.free-definition.com /Pashto.html (283 words)

	Term paper on Wakhi language
		The Wakhi Tajiki language is an Iranian language in the subbranch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages).
		The origin of this language is Wakhan in the extreme northeast of Afghanistan.
		This Association is working for the preservation of the Wakhi Tajiki Language and culture as well as documenting the poetry and music.
	www.termpapertopic.org /wa/wakhi-language.html (350 words)

	Art of Legend India: Know India
		Two other languages of the Indo-Aryan family are among the 15 regarded as official languages by the constitution: Sanskrit, a classical literary language, and Sindhi, spoken largely in the Sind province of Pakistan and also by Hindu refugees who came to India after partition in 1947.
		While it is not one of the 15 languages, it is officially recognized and is used, for example, for correspondence between Hindi-speaking and non-Hindi-speaking states.
		Members of a religion founded in the 6th century BC by the Iranian prophet Zoroaster, they are descendants of Zoroastrians who fled to India from the 10th century onward to escape Muslim persecution.
	www.artoflegendindia.com /library/knowindia (10968 words)

	Reference Materials
		A lexicon of Louisiana Creole supplemented by a grammatical sketch of the language, a guide to variant pronunciations, English and French meaning equivalents, and examples of folklore, traditional medicine, religious beliefs, and agricultural practices.
		A lexicon of the language used in German literary texts from 750 to 1150.
		A lexicon for the language used in the ancient Khmer empire, whose direct ancestor, modern Khmer, is spoken in Cambodia, southeastern Thailand, and southern Vietnam.
	www.neh.gov /projects/reference.html (819 words)

	February - The Indo-European language family: languages with no relatives (Albanian, Armenian, Greek), and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The parent language, Proto- Indo-European is thought to have been spoken before 3,000 B.C. It then split into different branches that, in turn, split into different languages in the subsequent millennia...
		In the Bengali language, the former is called Bangla....
		It is thought to have derived from languages spoken in southeastern Europe two thousand years ago.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february (473 words)

	3.4. EXCHANGES WITH OTHER LANGUAGE FAMILIES
		The first type of language contact is the exchange of vocabulary and other linguistic traits, whether by long-distance trade contact, by contiguity or by substratum influence, between languages which are not necessarily otherwise related.
		It is suspected that the centre of dispersion of the Sinitic languages was near the Koko-nor lake, at the borders of China proper, Tibet and Mongolia.
		This family of languages is the one with the second greatest geographical spread after IE: from Madagascar through Malaysia and Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines, to Melanesia and Polynesia, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Hawaii and Easter Island.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch34.htm (6353 words)

	Iranian languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		, the language is already found differentiated into several distinct languages.
		Scholars have reconstructed the sound system and some of the grammatical features of Common Old Iranian, the protolanguage that preceded these dialects.
		Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages are spoken by some 800 million persons in India, Pakistan, Sri...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=74632 (624 words)

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	www.languagesecrets.com (514 words)

	Iranian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Iranian languages are the eastern-most group of the living Indo-European languages.
		They are well represented among the oldest records of Indo-European languages.
		Scythian, Sarmatian, Alanian, Ossetian (Dialects: Iron, Digor) B. Southeastern 1.
	www.enlightenweb.net /i/ir/iranian_languages.html (136 words)

	Ethnologue report for Afghanistan
		The language is close to Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic.
		Radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics.
		Zargari (Morghuli) is a secret language used among goldsmiths and perhaps others, based on a dialect of Persian.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Afghanistan (1366 words)

	Iran - PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Iran has a heterogeneous population speaking a variety of Indo-Iranian, Semitic, and Turkic languages.
		The largest language group consists of the speakers of Indo-Iranian languages, who in 1986 comprised about 70 percent of the population.
		The speakers of Indo-Iranian languages are not, however, a homogeneous group.
	countrystudies.us /iran/36.htm (65 words)

	The Many Faces of Venus in Ancient Myth and Religion
		Carnoy, "Iranian Mythology," in L. Gray ed., The Mythology of All Races (Boston, 1917), pp.
		Cornelius, "The Lion in the Art of the Ancient Near East: A Study of Selected Motifs," Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages XV (1989), pp.
		Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess (San Francisco, 1989).
	www.aeonjournal.com /venus.htm (4580 words)

	Iranian languages - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Numerous languages are spoken in Iran, yet all of them originate from the same linguistic roots.
		2 Iranian Languages after the Arab Conquest of Persia
		3 Iranian languages and the question of Azeri
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Iranian_languages (888 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of Eastern Iranian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Other descriptions of List of Eastern Iranian languages
		The Eastern Iranian languages include some 14 ( SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about many people in Asia ; this language family is a part of the Iranian language family.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-Eastern-Iranian-languages (104 words)

	Regional: Europe: Ukraine - Open Site
		In antiquity, parts (Southern and Eastern) of the current territory of Ukraine was populated by Iranian nomads called Scythians.
		At the beginning of the second millennium BC, the speakers of the Proto-Iranian language moved from Ukraine to the southeast but many also remained.
		In the 7th century AD the Khazars (a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism) founded the independent Khazar kingdom in the southeastern part of today's Europe, near the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus.
	open-site.org /Regional/Europe/Ukraine (1963 words)

	Home Page Afghanology.com
		National or official languages: Eastern Farsi, Western Pashto.
		The number of languages listed for Afghanistan is 45.
		PASHAYI, SOUTHWEST 108,000 or.6% of the population (1982), including all Pashayi languages or dialects.
	www.afghanology.com /languages.htm (289 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The self-designation is vuhh, hik, vahi (Tadzhik vahhon), and their language is called Hik zik.
		Shaw travelled about in the areas of the dialects of the Wakhi language in China, on the territory of the present-day Uighur autonomous region in Xinjiang.
		In Afghanistan, compared to the Tadzhik Wakhs, the extinction of the Wakhi language is a slower process, as there is no compulsory education and literacy is still not widespread.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/wakhs.shtml (919 words)

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	www.pimsleurapproach.com (83 words)

	Endangered languages in Europe: report
		Remarks: There are people living in the Isle of Man who have studied Manx as a foreign language, but who wish to be called speakers of Manx.
		Remarks: five Turkic languages are known to have been spoken in Crimea, viz Crimean Tatar, Krimchak, Karaim, Nogai, and Turkish; two of them, Crimean Tatar and Nogai, are also spoken in Dobruja; a lot of confusion exists in general literature
		There are also secret or in-group languages of nomadic groups like Polari and Shelta (Cant) in the British Isles, Quinqui in Spain, and Yeniche in central Europe.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/europe_report.html (9417 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Iran
		A group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981.
		Relatively high oil prices in recent years have enabled Iran to amass some $22 billion in foreign exchange reserves, but have not eased economic hardships such as high unemployment and inflation.
		In December 2003 a major earthquake devastated the city of Bam in southeastern Iran, killing more than 30,000 people.
	www.brainyatlas.com /geos/ir.html (1244 words)

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