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Topic: Southern Dravidian languages

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Dravidian languages

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	Dravidian languages
		Dravidian languages are spoken by more than 200 million people, and they appear to be unrelated to languages of other known families.
		The Dravidian language family was first described in 1816 by Francis Ellis[?], a British civil servant who recognized the relationship between the four literary languages as well as Tulu, Kodagu and Malto.
		Phonetically, Dravidian languages are notably characterized by a three-way distinction between dental[?], alveolar, and retroflex[?] places of articulation.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/dr/Dravidian_languages.html (198 words)

	Dravidian - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The various Dravidian languages, with the number of speakers returned at the census of 1901, are as follows: Of these Tamil and Malayalam can be considered as two dialects of one and the same language, which is, in its turn, closely related to Kanarese.
		In the north-eastern part of the Dravidian territory, to the east of Chanda and Bhandara, the usual state of affairs is that Dravidian dialects are spoken in the hills while Aryan forms of speech prevail in the plains.
		Tamil, Malayalam, Kanarese and Telugu are the principal literary languages.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Dravidian (2261 words)

	Dravidian Languages - MSN Encarta
		Thus the Dravidian family constitutes one of the most populous language families in India, as does the Indo-Aryan (a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages).
		Since some of the minor Dravidian languages are spoken in the far north-east and north-west of India, linguists have reason to suppose that this family formerly covered a much greater area than it does today.
		As a written language of learning, Sanskrit seems to have exerted strong influence even on the earliest known Dravidian language, and in the modern Malayalam, Kannada, and Telugu languages, Sanskrit loanwords retain the four distinctions between stop consonants that are characteristic of Indo-Aryan but not of Dravidian.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781534918/Dravidian_Languages.html (375 words)

	RBC RADIO - Languages of India
		Languages of the Indo-European group are spoken mainly in northern and central regions.
		The languages of southern India are mainly of the Dravidian group.
		The ancestors of this language are the Indo-Aryan.
	www.rbcradio.com /knowlanguages.html (1706 words)

	Dravidian languages - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of Afghanistan and Iran.
		The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages.
		Dravidian languages are also characterized by a three-way distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation as well as large numbers of liquids.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php?title=Dravidian_languages (886 words)

	Dravidian languages - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages.
		The existence of the Dravidian language family was first suggested in 1816 by Alexander D. Campbell in his Grammar of the Teloogoo Language, in which he and Francis W. Ellis argued that Tamil and Telugu were descended from a common, non-Indo-European ancestor.
		Dravidian languages are also characterized by a three-way distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation as well as large numbers of liquids.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=7922 (1189 words)

	Indian Languages - MSN Encarta
		Indian Languages, the several hundred indigenous languages spoken on the Indian subcontinent, the vast majority of which belong either to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family or to the non-Indo-European Dravidian family.
		It is the language of the poet Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1913), and has the most extensive literature of any modern Indian language.
		Other significant Indic languages include Sinhala, the official language of Sri Lanka; and the many Romani languages, the languages of the Roma (Gypsies) that originated in India and were spread throughout the world.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578153/Indian_Languages.html (1035 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems - Crystalinks
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		Languages of the Finno-Ugric family, such as languages of the Sami (Lapp) and Baltic-Finno groups (e.g., Sami, Finnish, and Livonian), are spoken in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2691 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Dravidian languages
		Even though the Dravidian languages are thought to be distinctly different from the Indo-Aryan languages, there are thirty to seventy per cent Sanskrit words in south Indian languages like Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada, which can be attributed to the heavy borrowing of vocabulary from Sanskrit over the millennia during which the two language families coexisted.
		Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, which was used in a 7th century text to refer to the Tamil language of the south of India.
		Dravidian languages are noted for the lack of distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Dravidian_languages (1166 words)

	Languages of India
		Dravidian languages form a group by themselves, and unlike the Aryan, Austric or Sino-Tibetan speeches, have no relation outside the Indian subcontinent, that is, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
		Tamil, the state language of Tamil Nadu, apparently the oldest and the purest branch of the Dravidian family.
		Dravidians have lived in the area for at least 4,500 years, and Dravidian languages have a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.
	indiansaga.com /languages/dravidian_lang.html (323 words)

	The Aryan-Dravidian Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sanskrit and the languages of North India were found to be relatives of the languages of Europe, while the Dravidian languages of south India were found to be another language family.
		The Hungarians and Finns of Europe are of a different language group than the other Europeans, but we do not speak of them as of a Finnish race, or the Finns as being non-Europeans, nor do we consider that their religious beliefs must therefore be unrelated to those of the rest of Europe.
		In addition the traditional inventor of the Dravidian languages was said to have been none other than Agastya, one of the most important rishis of the Rig Veda, the oldest Sanskrit text.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/aryan/aryan_frawley_1.html (3577 words)

	Dravidian Language Family
		At present, speakers of the Dravidian languages are concentrated in the southern portion of India, while speakers of the Indo-Aryan language predominate in the northern portion of the country.
		Dravidian languages are agglutinative, i.e., i.e., grammatical relations are indicated by the addition of suffixes to stems.
		Dravidian languages are written with syllabic alphabets in which all consonants have an inherent vowel.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/april/DravidianLanguageFamily.htm (705 words)

	Dravidian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A few scholars incorporate the Dravidian languages into a larger Elamo-Dravidian language family, which includes the ancient Elamite language of what is now southwestern Iran.
		The theory that the Dravidian languages display similarities with the Uralic language group, suggesting a prolonged period of contact in the past
		Dravidian from Etruscan Paper claiming a relationship between Dravidian and Etruscan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Southern_Dravidian_languages (1019 words)

	Peoples and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The language of the first wave, which remained confined to the Pamir mountains of Pakistan, is identified as Dardic while the second one may be called Indic.
		In Grierson's opinion Punjabi is the descendant of the Takka Apabhramasa of the North Central Punjab and the Upanagara Apabhramasa of the Southern Punjab.
		These languages have not generally been used in the domains of power because the rulers of this region were generally foreigners.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These were Saurseni, Magadhi and Maharashtri.The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka with significant areas in Pakistan (Brahui), Nepal(Kurukh) and eastern (Kurukh, Malto) and central (Gondi) India.
		English is the one of the principal and official languages of India.
		More than 70% of the population converse in English.Nowadays, the Indian languages have undergone a fusion with the English language with even the commonest of the common man using English words without his knowledge.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~nl210/languages.htm (378 words)

	Austro-Asiatic languages Summary
		In India the Munda languages, which are in contact with the Aryan and Dravidian languages, have a complicated word structure that permits two or more syllables per word and an extensive system of grammatical affixes for both nouns and verbs.
		It is widely believed that the Austroasiatic languages are the autochthonous languages of Southeast Asia and eastern India, and that the other languages of the region, including the Indo-European, Tai-Kadai, and Sino-Tibetan languages, are the result of later migrations of people.
		Nicobarese languages: 6 languages of the Nicobar Islands, a territory of India.
	www.bookrags.com /Austro-Asiatic_languages (1479 words)

	Languages of India
		There are 18 officially recognized languages in India (Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added in 1992) and each has produced a literature of great vitality and richness.
		Although some of the languages are called "tribal" or "aboriginal", their populations may be larger than those that speak some European languages.
		Twenty Dravidian languages are spoken by nearly a quarter of the people.
	indiansaga.com /languages/index.html (387 words)

	A Brief Introduction to Tamil Language & Culture - தமிழ் மொழி
		The Dravidian family of languages are further subdivided into southern, central and northern Dravidian languages.
		Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Kudagu, Thulu, Thoada and Koatha belong to southern Dravidian languages.
		Southern Dravidian languages including Tamil and Malayalam are being spoken in Tamilnadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
	www.tamilnation.org /literature/geetha.htm (2216 words)

	The Individualist: Dravidian language family
		The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of Afghanistan and Iran.
		A few scholars include the Dravidian languages in a larger Elamo-Dravidian language family, which includes the ancient Elamite language of what is now southwestern Iran; but this is not accepted by most linguists.
		Dravidian languages are agglutinative and exhibit the inclusive and exclusive we feature.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Dravidian_language_family (822 words)

	Malayalam
		It is estimated that the ancestral language that gave rise to both Tamil and Malayalam split sometime in the 9th century AD, giving rise to Malayalam as a language distinct from Tamil.
		Like other Dravidian languages, such as Tamil, Malayalam has a series of retroflex consonants, pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled against the roof of the mouth.
		Malayalam Language Courses at the University of Pennsylvania
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html (608 words)

	Languages : Dravidian Family
		The Dravidian Family of languages are the very difficult sounding languages of South India.
		These constants give Indian languages their distinctive sound and are formed with the tongue rolled up to the top of the mouth.
		The languages once covered all of the Indian sub-continent and originated in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_dravidian.html (153 words)

	Routledge - Languages
		Some 800 Austronesian languages are spoken in the area extending from Madagascar to eastern Indonesia and, to the north, to...
		Geographically, Bantu languages are spoken in the southern half of Africa.
		The Dravidian language family is the world's fourth largest with over 175 million speakers across South Asia from Pakistan to...
	www.routledge.com /Languages/reference_list.asp?series=14 (301 words)

	History of Indian Languages
		It referred to the mixed Western Hindi-Urdu language that developed in the camps and marketplaces around Delhi, was spread throughout India from the 16th to 18th century, and functioned as a lingua franca among the different language groups.
		Like the Dravidian languages, the Munda languages are known to have existed in India prior to the migration of people, from the Indus valley down southwards.
		Linguists consider the Munda languages to be related to the Mon-Khmer languages of Southeast Asia in a larger grouping called the Austro-Asiatic family.
	www.diehardindian.com /demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm (999 words)

	HYDonline - Telugu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Telugu language spoken by the Dravidians, Yakshas, and the Nagas was influenced by Desi, Sanskrit, and Prakrut.
		Literary language is Sanskrit and spoken one is Prakrut.
		Desi was the ancient language of Kashmiris and Nepalis.
	www.hydonline.com /people/Culture/languages/telugu.htm (2021 words)

	Ethnologue report for India
		Considered to be dialects of one language with Chaudangsi and dialects in Chhanguru and Tinker districts of Nepal.
		Andhra Pradesh, Adilabad District; Maharashtra, southern Yavatmal, southern Chandrapur and southeastern Garhchiroli districts.
		Southern coastal strip of Maharashtra, primarily in the districts of Ratnagari and Goa; Karnataka; Kerala.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=India (7527 words)

	Open Directory - Science:Social Sciences:Linguistics:Languages:Natural
		The Austronesian language family is one of the most widely, geographically distributed language groups extending from Madagascar in the west, Easter Island in the east, Hawai`i in the north and New Zealand in the south.
		The Kordofanian languages are spoken primarily in Sudan.
		Languages of this family are spoken, or used to be spoken, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, both in Canada and the US.
	dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/desc.html (2130 words)

	OHCHR: Sinhala () - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sinhala or Sinhalese is the official language of Sri Lanka.
		It is spoken by about 14 million people, living mainly in the southern and western two-thirds of the island.
		Sinhala descended from Sanskrit, and was brought to Sri Lanka by settlers from northern India in the 5th century B.C. The alphabet, however, with its generally rounded letters, more closely resembles those of the Dravidian languages of southern India.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/snh.htm (95 words)

	THE GENEALOGY OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE
		Nihongo wa doko kara kita ka (Whence the Japanese Language?
		However, bececaue he took on the Dravidian family as a whole, his methodology was rather clumsy, and he failed to sufficiently demonstrate a kinship with Japanese.
		This paucity of documents recording the ancient forms of the languages in the vicinity of Japan has been a major stumbling block in the study of the genealogy of Japanese.
	arutkural.tripod.com /tolcampus/jap-tamil.htm (1892 words)

	Dravidian languages - UniLang Wiki
		Dravidian Languages are spoken in southern India, northern Sri Lanka, and parts of Bangladesh and Pakistan.
		Ancient Elamite, spoken in what is now Iran, was also a Dravidian language.
		Interesting features are contrasting dental and alveolar stops; the absence of adjectives (nouns and verbs are used instead); and a rich, agglutinating inflection of both nouns and verbs.
	home.unilang.org /wiki3/index.php/Dravidian_languages (133 words)

	5.4. LINGUISTIC ARGUMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		S.P. Upadhyaya) reaching similar conclusions, is the multifarious kinship of the Dravidian language family with African languages of the Sahel belt, from Somalia to Senegal (Peul, Wolof, Mandè, Dyola).
		As Sergent notes, all Melano-African languages have been credibly argued to be related, with the exception of the Khoi-San and Korama languages of southern Africa and the Afro-Asiatic family of northern Africa; so the kinship of Dravidian would be with that entire Melano-African superfamily, though it would be more conspicuous with some of its members.
		For all Sergent’s details about Dravidian snake-worship, which fits in well with the classical picture of snake-worship as an “aboriginal” or at least non-Aryan element in Hinduism, it is interesting to note that he (Genèse de l’Inde, p.482, n.607) deviates from the mainstream in his etymology of nAga, “snake”.
	voi.org /books/ait/ch54.htm (4024 words)

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