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	Southern and Northern Dynasties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝, pinyin nánběicháo) (420-589) followed the Sixteen Kingdoms and preceded Sui Dynasty in China and was an age of civil wars and disunity.
		During this period the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Chinese arrivals in the north and among the aboriginal tribesmen in the south.
		This barrier was only overcome by the first emperor of the Sui Dynasty, who built a large invading navy in the Sichuan basin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties (324 words)

	Encyclopedia: Southern and Northern Dynasties
		Liang Dynasty 梁朝 (502-557) was the third of Southern dynasties in China, followed by the Chen Dynasty.
		Chen Dynasty 陳朝 (557-589) was the fourth and the last of Southern dynasties in China, eliminated by the Sui Dynasty.
		The Liao Dynasty (T: 遼朝 S: 辽朝 pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, sometimes also known as the Kingdom or Empire of the Khitan, was founded by the Yelü (耶律 Yēlǜ) family of the Khitan tribes in the final years of the Tang Dynasty, although Yelü Abaoji did not declare an...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Southern-and-Northern-Dynasties (2020 words)

	sung (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Refer to Song Dynasty (420-479) for the first of the four Southern dynasties of China.
		The Song Dynasty (宋朝 960-1279) followed the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms and preceded the Yuan Dynasty in China.
		In 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court fled to Guangdong by boat, fleeing Mongol invaders, and leaving the Emperor Gong of Song China behind.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Sung.html (931 words)

	Five Dynasties and Ten States: Chinese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Each dynasty was founded by the frontier commanders of their former states.
		This form of worship, popular during the Tang Dynasty, survived and was used by the rulers of The Five Dynasties and The Ten States as a means to consolidate their influence over the people.
		Its teaching of immortality had its appeal but the ceremonies and alchemy required of its practitioners meant that in the main it was a religion of the ruling classes and wealthy aristocrats.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/five_dynasty (1245 words)

	Southern and Northern Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Southern Dynasties, in the lower Yangtze region, the former territory of Wu, were politically and militarily weak and constantly plagued by internal feuds and revolts.
		The age reflected a gradual shift in Chinese civilization from its previous centre in the North to the relatively unpopulated southern area, whose capital was separated from the northern invaders by the Yangtze River.
		The period between the end of the Han dynasty and the foundation of the Sui.
	xie.dyndns.org /~chineseeyes/nanbei.htm (3594 words)

	Southern Dynasties -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The four dynasties were the Liu-Sung (420–479), the Nan (Southern) Ch'i (479–502), the Nan Liang (502–557), and the Nan Ch'en (557–589).
		By 1276 the Southern Sung capital of Hangzhou had fallen, and in 1279 the last of the Sung...
		Because of the barbarian occupation of northern China the second half of the Sung rule was confined to the area south of the Huai River.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9068920?tocId=9068920 (784 words)

	History of China - China History - China
		The Han Dynasty emerged in 202 BC; it was the first dynasty to embrace Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China.
		The unification is the second shortest dynasty in the history of China after Qin Dynasty, and during this time, millions laboured on the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world to date.
		Southern Song was a period of great technological development which can be explained in part by the military pressure that it felt from the north.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/History_of_China (5966 words)

	Chinese Porcelain History
		The historians described a Chinese political pattern of dynasties, one following another in a cycle of ascent, achievement, decay, and rebirth under a new family.
		Since most contacts with the Western powers were run with the Southern Hong merchants as middlemen, the key problem was that no tradition of contacts and understanding between China and the West ever came to be, on the ruling level.
		Lacking information and understanding China took it for granted that its relations with Europeans would be conducted according to the tributary system that had evolved over the centuries between the emperor and representatives of the lesser states on China's borders as well as between the emperor and some earlier European visitors.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/chinhist_1.shtml (545 words)

	Northern and Southern Dynasties: Ancient Chinese Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since all the southern regimes established their capital in present Nanjing City, they got a general term the Southern Dynasties.
		Historically, the Northern Dynasties referred to the regimes of the Beiwei, the Dongwei, the Xiwei, the Beizhou and the Beiqi.
		And thanks to the southern regimes, though short-lived, otherwise Chinese civilization would be vandalized if the whole country were under the control of the ethnic group.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/southern_northern (1197 words)

	Session 149: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The tensions—and accommodations—between local deity cults and centralized political authority during the Southern Dynasties have important implications both for medieval political history and the understanding of imperial Chinese cosmologies of power and territorial control.
		Moreover, prior accounts of the legitimation of power during the Southern Dynasties have erred by concentrating too narrowly upon the literati elite and the cultural forms (such as "pure conversation," ch’ing-t’an) that it employed to assert status, ignoring the politics of popular religion as can be traced through the Chiang Tzu-wen cult.
		Meager and much damaged though they are, careful study of the caves and their artifacts can shed considerable light, especially for studies of regional difference, in respect to questions of patronage, the stylistic sources for the art, and the religious beliefs of the period.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/china/c149.htm (1171 words)

	Nanjing, Regent Tour China
		It is regarded as one of the most famous cities in the southern part of China and attracts millions of tourists for its splendid history and beautiful scenery.scenic beauty.
		In the East Wu Dynasty, it was called Jianye and in the East Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties it was called Jiankang.
		In 1420, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing (literally means the north capital) for military purposes.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/nkg/nkg-glance.htm (452 words)

	The Northern and Southern Song dynasties
		Another reason that his dynasty lasted longer was that he did not try to fight the Khitans to the north; rather he conquered the southern half of China.
		The southern kingdoms, while economically and culturally advanced, did not have strong militaries and were relatively easy to defeat.
		His dynasty is generally known as the Southern Song.
	mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/classical_imperial_china/song.html (763 words)

	Chinese History - Southern and Northern Dynasties government and administration (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The military was built up from a Capital Army that was garrisoned in and around the capital, the armies of the princedoms and imperial clansmen, and private armies (buqu é¨æ²) of the magnate landowners were scattered throughout the empire and often represented a challenge for the central government in cases of rebellion.
		The more civil-oriented goverments of the Southern Dynasties often in vain tried to reduce the force level of the national army and that of the feudal princes, because there was a greater need to maintain a large army for the northern Dynasties because of the permanent danger of raids from neighboring states.
		Go back to the Jin Dynasty intro page, the Southern Dynasties intro page, the Sixteen Kingdoms intro page, or the Northern Dynasties intro page, and learn more about economy, arts, literature, government...
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/jin-admin.html (603 words)

	Ancient China [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was the first dynasty to embrace Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all dynasties until the end of imperial China.
		China was ruled by two independent dynasties, one in the south and the other in the north, and hence coined the era of Southern and Northern Dynasties.
		In 618 A.D., the Tang Dynasty was established and a new age of flourishing began.
	artzia.com /History/China (1273 words)

	EasternTea.com
		In the 5000 years of Chinese history, the southern Chinese had not been as prominent and powerful as the north until the period of turmoil during the Northern and Southern dynasties.
		Another example of northern power can be seen during the northern and southern dynasties (nan boku cho) when a tribe from the north called the Tabas attacked and conquered China.
		During Song dynasty, southern chinese were considered the lowest class of people.
	www.easterntea.com /research/ChinaHistory.htm (217 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Following this period Sima Qian relates that a system of inherited rulership was established during the Xia dynasty, and that this model was perpetuated in the successor Shang and Zhou dynasties.
		[edit] Han Dynasty: A Period of Prosperity The Han Dynasty emerged in 202 BC; it was the first dynasty to embrace Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China.
		However, the Tang dynasty declined in the end, eventually succumbing to the ambitions of warlords; another time of political chaos followed, the Five dynasties and the Ten kingdoms.
	www.xishuangbanna.org /chinesehistory (3839 words)

	China Travel Service - China Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nanjing is a famous historic city described as "a birthplace of southern beauties and a habitat of royal rules" by ancient Chinese poets.
		In the Five Dynasties Period following Sui and Tang, when the rest of China was torn by wars among various states contending for supremacy the Southern Tang Dynasty with its capital at Jinling was still able to exercise sovereignty in that part of China south of the Yangtze River.
		The prospering of the economy brought in its wake a flourishing culture and the emergence of a galaxy of outstanding poets, painters and calligraphers.
	www.landingchina.com /city_guide/Jiangsu/Nanjing.htm (1037 words)

	Search Results for southern - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Southern Buh is 492 miles (792 km) long and drains a basin of 24,610 square miles (63,740 square km).
		Association of Southern states of the U.S., dedicated to forging economic growth of the region.
		History and cultural importance of barbecue in the southern part of the U.S. Discusses the general trends of Southern cooking as well as regional differences.
	www.britannica.com /search?ref=B04201&query=southern&submit=Find (537 words)

	Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The period between 386 and 581 A.D. in Chinese history is conventionally called the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when North China—under the control of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (a proto-Mongol people)—was politically separated from, yet culturally connected with, the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (Nanking).
		Marked by the adoption of Chinese language, costume, and political institutions, the Northern Wei reform contributed greatly to an artistic and cultural amalgamation in sixth-century China, which was also manifested in painting, calligraphy, the funerary and decorative arts, and the style of the cave-temples at Longmen in Henan Province.
		The end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties also saw the beginning of a large influx of foreign immigrants, most of whom were traders or Buddhist missionaries from Central Asia.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/nsdy/hd_nsdy.htm (401 words)

	[No title]
		Cholas is an ancient dynasty of southern India having roots in Indian mythology.
		Kadambas is an ancient dynasty of south India who primarily ruled the region which is present day Goa state and nearby Konkan region (part of modern Maharashtra and Karnataka state).
		It destroyed the Hindu supremacy in southern India till rise of Marathas in seventeen century.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/postg1.html (2299 words)

	History of the Great Wall of China: Northern and Southern Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Subsequently, the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589) coexisted.
		The dynasties of the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, and the Northern Zhou were called the Northern Dynasty (386-581).
		During the short period of reign, the dynasty area was frequently invaded by northern nomadic peoples such as the Rouran, Turkic, and Qidan, and was threatened by Western Wei and Northern Zhou.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /china_great_wall/history/northern-and-southern-dynasties (1005 words)

	Hort 306 - Lectures 12-13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By the Tang dynasty (618-906), the Golden Age, crops such as spinach, sugar beet, lettuce, almond and fig entered China from Central Asia and the Mideast while palm sugar (jaggery), date, yam (Dioscorea), new types of rice, taro, myrobalan plum, citrus, cassia, banana, Canarium and litchi entered from the South.
		The original peoples of southern India were agriculturists who tilled the soil, raised crops of barley, wheat (rice was a later introduction), and cotton and domesticated horned animals, poultry, and probably elephants.
		In the Han dynasty China grew alliums in heated structures in the winter and in the Tang dynasty natural hot springs were used for vegetable forcing.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/history/lecture12/lec12l.html (5504 words)

	Coin history – Northern and Southern dynasties. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Southern Dynasties had much private minting, whereas private minting was more under control during the Northern Dynasties (p.192).
		The coins of the Northern and Southern dynasties were of a high artistic standard, especially those of the Chen and the Zhou.
		From the Tang all coin legends were reign titles, but the very first coin with a reign title in the legend came during the Jin, namely the Han Xing, the second was the Yong An Wu Zhu that came during the Northern and Southern dynasties.
	chinesecoins.lyq.dk /History/Coin_history_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties.htm (256 words)

	Glossary: Northern and Southern dynasties (386-589) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Long period of political disunity after the fall of the Han dynasty.
		During this time, China was divided into a large number of smaller kingdoms.
		The period is a part of what is also generally known as the Six Dynasties (220-589).
	www.gotheborg.com /glossary/data/northandsouth.shtml (41 words)

	Chinese History - Six Dynasties / Southern Dynasties (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The government of the Jin Dynasty - heavily damaged by the sixteen years long war among the Princes of the Sima family - had to escape to the south after various Non-Chinese chieftains and Chinese military leaders in north China had proclaimed their own dynasties and attacked the capitals Luoyang and Chang'an (modern Xi'an).
		They established their new capital in Jiankang (modern Nanjing) as refugee rulers and hoped to be able to conquer back their lost territory in the north.
		The following four dynasties were all weakened by bloody conflicts among the ruling family and the weak position of the central government in Jiankang against the local aristocracy.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/nanchao.html (262 words)

	Nanjing travel guide
		Set on the southern slope of the Zhongshan Mountain, the mausoleum of the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Zhu Yuanzhang, and the empress, is the largest among the mausoleums of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty.
		Although most of the ground buildings were destroyed during wars, the former splendor can still be seen from the existing wide approach, 800-meter-long, that leads to the mausoleum, flanked on both sides by giant stone statues of warriors and animals.
		The city gate stands in southern Nanjing and is the best-preserved city gate built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
	www.cnhomestay.com /city/cityguides/nanjing.htm (1681 words)

	Sung Dynasties, Medieval Chinese cast coins - Calgary Coin Gallery
		The Sung Dynasty, established in AD 960, saw relative stability in China, although conflict with the Tartars and Mongols continued.
		In AD 1127 the northern provinces were lost to them and the capital had to be moved from K'ai-feng Fu (Pien-liang) in the north to Lin-an Fu (Hangchou) in the south.
		Kao Tsung, first Emperor of Southern Sung, actually ruled from the Northern capital of K'ai-feng Fu for his first two years and could also be considered the last Emperor of Northern Sung.
	www.calgarycoin.com /cast5.htm (370 words)

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