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Topic: Southern Elephant Seal

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	The Living Edens "Patagonia" -- Wildlife
		Though elephant seal predators include large sharks, killer whales, and polar bears, the seal's greatest enemy is man. Hunted by sealers for their blubber, bones, fur, and oil, the elephant seal population was reduced nearly to the point of extinction during the 19th century.
		By a process known as a catastrophic molt, elephant seals shed their coats every autumn, sloughing large pieces of hair and skin, and leaving the seal with a ragged and tattered appearance until it grows new, sleek fur.
		Southern right whales seek the shelter of the Patagonian waters in December and stay there for five months to breed and raise their young.
	www.pbs.org /edens/patagonia/valdeanm.htm (904 words)

	The Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)
		Elephant Seals are the two largest pinnipeds (aquatic mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia).
		Elephant seals are gregarious animals famed for their size and for the male's inflatable, trunklike snout.
		The northern species is nonmigratory; the southern elephant seal, like the northern species, breeds and moults on land, but winters at sea, possibly near the pack ice (though this has never been firmly established).
	www.btinternet.com /~sa_sa/kerguelen/kerguelen_elephant_seal.html (253 words)

	Elephant seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elephant seals are large, oceangoing mammals in the genus Mirounga, in the earless seal family (Phocidae).
		The Southern Elephant Seal is found in the southern hemisphere on islands such as South Georgia, Macquarie Island, and on the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina in the Peninsula Valdés, which is the fourth largest elephant seal colony in the world and the only growing population.
		Elephant seals are shielded from extreme cold by their blubber, much more than by fur.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elephant_seal (500 words)

	SCS: Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Southern elephant seal was heavily exploited in the 19th and 20th centuries for its blubber as a source of oil, reducing its numbers considerably.
		The Southern elephant seal is a creature of the open sea when not breeding or moulting, and spends ten months a year intensively foraging over wide areas in the waters of the Antarctic for squid and fish.
		Southern elephant seals are known to dive as deep as 2,000m for as long as 2 hours.
	www.pinnipeds.org.cob-web.org:8888 /species/selephnt.htm (1519 words)

	Species Composition: Southern Elephant Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Southern elephant seals apparently bred along the northwestern coast of Tasmania 2000 years ago and were hunted there by Aborigines.
		A few seals, mostly males, also have been recorded near Mauritius and on the South African and Angolan coasts, particularly during the summer molting season; in 1982, a southern elephant seal gave birth on the Natal coast.
		On 10 January 1989, a 5-year-old female southern elephant seal was shot by a fisherman at Sawqarah (18o07' N, 56o32' E) on the coast of Oman, the first record of the species in the Northern Hemisphere.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /ASPIRE_99/seals/science/eleph.htm (2386 words)

	Southern Elephant Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Southern elephant seals normally live on and around the subantarctic islands, including the Campbell Islands, but can be found further north at certain times of the year.
		Elephant seals use their teeth during fighting to rake the necks of opponents.
		Seals normally come ashore to rest after long periods at sea or sometimes when they are sick, injured or tangled up in debris or nets.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Conservation/001~Plants-and-Animals/003~Marine-Mammals/Southern-Elephant-Seal-(Sea-Elephant).asp (748 words)

	Tasmanian Wildlife - Seals - Southern elephant seal
		Southern elephant seals are the largest of all seals with males reaching 4 - 5 m in length and 2 200 kg in weight.
		Southern elephant seals once bred in Tasmania on King Island but were wiped out by the sealing industry.
		Elephant seals have bloody-looking mouths, which is perfectly normal for this species but often alarms people who have not seen the species before.
	www.parks.tas.gov.au /wildlife/mammals/elphseal.html (369 words)

	Southern Elephant Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The biggest of the Antarctic seals, these impressive mammals were heavily exploited for their oil during the 19th and early 20th centuries by sealers, who called the animals 'sea elephants.' Populations have since recovered and today sightings throughout the Southern Ocean are quite common.
		Swift and powerful swimmers, Southern Elephant seals are cumbersome on land, having difficulty lifting their huge bodies off the ground as they haul themselves on and off the beach.
		Elephant seals accomplish this remarkable feat by lowering their heart rates to as little as a single beat per minute.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/s_elephant.shtml (480 words)

	Elephant Seal (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Southern elephant seals are known to travel great distances from their breeding beaches.
		Elephant seal sleep so soundly on breeding beaches that it is possible for a person to sit on one without waking it.
		The big difference in size between the male and female elephant seal is thought to be the greatest relative size difference between the sexes of any mammalian species.
	www.wonderclub.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Wildlife/mammals/elephantseal.html (462 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		The elephant seal is in the phocid, or true seal, family.
		Elephant seals molt each year between April and August, shedding not only their hair but also the upper layer of their skin as well.
		Today, the northern elephant seal population is over 150,000 and is probably near the size it was before they were over-hunted.
	www.tmmc.org /learning/education/pinnipeds/noelephseal.asp (720 words)

	Northern Elephant Seal, Phillip Colla Natural History Photography
		Elephant seals are the largest of pinnipeds, reaching 16 feet in length and 2.5 tons.
		Elephant seals were hunted heavily in the 1800's for their fatty blubber which was rendered into high quality oil for machinery, lamp oil and paint.
		Although Northern elephant seals are oceanic animals and as individuals spend the majority of their life at sea, as a population elephant seals utilize the Piedras Blancas colony nearly year round.
	www.oceanlight.com /html/northern_elephant_seal.html (1278 words)

	Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Of the six types of seals which are found south of the Antarctic Convergence, four of them are considered true Antarctic species: the Weddell, the Ross, the Crabeater and the Leopard.
		Both the Southern Elephant Seal and the Fur Seal do occasionally venture onto the continent, but prefer the more northerly islands of the warmer subantarctic seas.
		Today, seals in the Antarctic are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which nonetheless allows for a small quota of specific species to be taken for science.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/index.shtml (517 words)

	Elephant Seals Around Southern Vancouver Island Southern Vancouver Island
		Unlike Harbour Seals, Elephant Seals have no spots on the skin, rather they are a uniform greyish brown or yellowish colouration, although while moulting, their skin appears very patchy.
		The hind flippers of Harbour Seals are relatively straight along the trailing edge, while Elephant Seals have a inverted U-shaped curve to the trailing edge of their hind flippers.
		Records of Elephant Seals around southern Vancouver Island have been increasing in the last year, although it is not known if this is due to an actual increase in their presence, or just that more people are aware of the differences between Harbour Seals and Elephant Seals, and are reporting their presence.
	www.racerocks.com /racerock/rreo/rreoref2/elepseal/elephantseal.htm (1069 words)

	WhaleTimes Fishin' for Facts~Elephant Seal
		Southern elephant seal are found in the oceans around Antarctica.
		The elephant seal is the largest pinniped species, which would mean it is also the largest species of seal.
		The northern elephant seal was hunted to near extinction in the 1880s They are protected by Mexican and American laws, and have made an amazing comeback.
	www.whaletimes.org /whaelsl.htm (320 words)

	California Sea lions Versus Northern Elephant Seals
		In water these seals move their pectoral flippers in an up and down motion to swim and have been found to reach a speed of 25mph in short bursts (whaletimes and seaworld).
		This is different then the northern elephant seal who wander alone when they are in the water and only socialize while they are on land.
		Female northern elephant seals are open water creatures while the males typically stay next to the continental shelf, and they typically dive deeper then 1200 feet.
	essp.csumb.edu /eseal/kristi_west/sealion.html (762 words)

	Southern Elephant Seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) is one of two species of elephant seal (the other is the Northern Elephant Seal).
		The elephant seal gets their name from their great size and the fact that the adult males have a large proboscis, which is used in making extraordinarily loud roaring noises, especially during the mating season.
		Southern Elephant Seals are found throughout the Sub-Antarctic regions, coming ashore to breed in the summer but wintering at sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Southern_Elephant_Seal (470 words)

	DPIW - Southern Elephant Seal
		Mature males have a large 'trunk', or proboscis which is used to amplify their vocalisations and, together with their bulk, gives rise to their name 'elephant' seal.
		Southern elephant seals are the deepest diving seal in the world.
		On Maatsuyker Island there have been two recordings of elephant seals giving birth with a pup born in 1977 and one in 1998.
	www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au /inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-53K6XV?open (416 words)

	ESRG - Southern elephant seals biology
		Southern elephant seals (Pinnipedia: Focidae: Mirounga leonina Linneo 1758) are marine mammals strongly adapted to diving.
		A synopsis of elephant seals biology is required to understand the rationale of our research plan.
		Elephant seals are large (southern elephant seal is the largest species of the Pinnipedia order) and have a large sexual dimorphism in size (the highest in land breeding mammals): due to this large dimorphism males are able to effectively herd females, and this has a strong impact on mating tactics.
	www.eleseal.it /es_bio.htm (808 words)

	Mirounga leonina, Southern Elephant Seal at MarineBio.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Southern elephant seal adult males are larger than the females, and sizes also range within the same sex in this species.
		Southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, inhabit open water outside the breeding and molting seasons for an average of 10 months per year to feed on squid and fish.
		In 2000 branding of Southern elephant seals on Macquarie Island by scientists was banned by the Australian Environment Minister because the brands became infected leading to a decline in the health of branded seals.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=296 (1572 words)

	Elephant Seals: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 2000 the population of southern elephant seals was probably close to 750,000.
		Piedras Blancas elephant seal second seasonal pup (born 20 Dec. 2002) was born closer to the water.
		The elephant seal (both species) is a unique marine mammal in having its reproduction one of the most predictable, exciting, and easily viewed by humans.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/marinesci/05nekton/eshist.htm (1152 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Elephant seals
		Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) have a circumpolar distribution and breed on subantarctic islands.
		Southern elephant seals have a thick layer of blubber that sustains them during the breeding season as they do not feed during this time.
		Adult elephant seals return to subantarctic islands for the breeding season (September-November) and to moult their hair and skin (January to April).
	www.aad.gov.au /default.asp?casid=1733 (573 words)

	The Argument, Elephant Seals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The northern elephant seal is the second largest seal in the world, after the southern elephant seal.
		The female seal shown here is rejecting the advances of the young adult male.
		As the seals age, the males collect scars on the tough hide around their necks from the many battles they endure to attain dominance on the beach.
	www.dmcphoto.com /seals.html (131 words)

	Elephant Seals at Punta Delgada
		The Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) is a marine mammal that is perfectly adapted to aquatic life.
		The elephant seal does not have external ears due to the extreme depths to which it can dive (in some cases down to over 3500 ft or 1200 mt. although "normal" depths are 1000-1500 ft or 400-500 mt).
		The Male southern elephant seal (called "bulls") are the largest seals in the world.
	www.saveourscreen.com /Info/Elephant_Seals.htm (426 words)

	Marine Species Conservation - Seals and Sea Lions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Seal pups become independent from their mothers at ages varying in Australian seals from 10 weeks to about a year and a half in Australian sea-lions.
		Seals were hunted in Australia in the last century for their meat, oil and fur.
		In accordance with the Act, a recovery plan for the Sub-antarctic fur seal and southern elephant seal was made by the Australian Government in 2004.
	eriss.erin.gov.au /coasts/species/seals/index.html (842 words)

	Southern Elephant Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The heavy-weights of the seal family, elephant seals can barely move on land -- flippers make these creatures swift and powerful swimmers, but they aren't strong enough to lift a seal body off the ground much.
		The bulls are as much as three times as big as elephant seal cows!
		The biggest elephant seal ever was over 20 feet long, and when it raised up on its flippers, it stood 10 feet tall!
	www.pbs.org /kratts/world/ant/seal/index.html (220 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| A seal in every port
		It seems bull elephant seals are long-distance lovers.
		Southern Elephant seal colonies ring the White Continent and the tip of South America.
		Southern Elephant seals were hunted to the brink of extinction in the 19th Century for their oil.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2713767.stm (257 words)

	Northern Elephant Seal Links
		Reviews the conservation status of the southern elephant seal (and other seals), summarises the current knowledge on their biology, abundance and distribution, identifies the threats and recommends research and management actions required for their conservation.
		Animations of southern elephant seal weaner movements from Macquarie Island in relation to sea surface temperatures and ice concentrations.
		Antarctic seals, whales and dolphins of the early twentieth century: Marine mammals of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14, and the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-31
	essp.csumb.edu /eseal/soESlinks.html (881 words)

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