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Topic: Southern Levant

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	Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant - ArchaeoWiki
		The Early Bronze Age in the Levant is most frequently characterised as the first great period of urbanism in the Near East, the material culture of the region reflecting a general trend towards living in urban settlements and social organisation along city lines.
		Social and cultural developments in the Levant at this time cannot be understood without appreciating their wider context in the regions as a whole; developments in both Egypt and Mesopotamia serve to frame those in the Levant.
		Several sites in the southern Levant were abandoned permanently at the end of the Chalcolithic period, and were not subject to resettlement with the advent of the EBI period.
	www.archaeowiki.org /Early_Bronze_Age_of_the_Southern_Levant (2261 words)

	Levant
		Levant or in Arabic Ø§ÙØ´Ø§Ù, Ash-ShÄm is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east.
		The term Levant is first attested in English in 1497, originally used in the wider sense of "Mediterranean lands east of Italy." It derives from the Middle French levant, the participle of lever "to raise" â” as in soleil levant "rising sun" â” from the Latin levare.
		Today "Levant" is most typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DLevant%26type%3Den (631 words)

	Levant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Levant or in Arabic الشام, Ash-Shām is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east.
		The term Levant is first attested in English in 1497, originally used in the wider sense of "Mediterranean lands east of Italy." It derives from the Middle French levant, the participle of lever "to raise" — as in soleil levant "rising sun" — from the Latin levare.
		Today "Levant" is most typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Levant (624 words)

	[No title]
		Overview of the archaeology of the southern Levant:
		The archaeology of the southern Levant is generally conceived as a series of phases or stages in human cultural and evolutional development based, for the most part, on tool technology for early pre-historic, proto-historic and early historic periods.
		The basic framework for the southern Levant is, as follows: Paleolithic or Old Stone Age is often divided up into phases called, from early to late: Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/s/so/southern_levant.html (611 words)

	Southern Levant - Definition, explanation
		The Levant is defined as the geographical region bordering the Mediterranean between Egypt and Anatolia (modern Turkey).
		The southern Levant is therefore roughly the same area as that occupied by the modern states of Israel (including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) and Jordan.
		The archaeology of the southern Levant is generally conceived as a series of phases or stages in human cultural and evolutional development based, for the most part, on tool technology for early pre-historic, proto-historic and early historic periods.
	lexikon.calsky.com /en/txt/s/so/southern_levant.php (718 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Levant
		The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia to the east.
		The Levant does not include Anatolia (although at times Cilicia may be included), the Caucasus Mountains, or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper.
		The term Levant, originally used in the wider sense of "Mediterranean lands east of Italy", is first attested in English in 1497, from Middle French levant "The Orient", the participle of lever "to raise", as in soleil levant "rising sun", from Latin levare.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Levant (534 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Near Eastern archaeology
		The name Levant (or Syria-Palestine) is used to refer to the area adjacent to the east coast of the Mediterranean.
		The southern region included in this term is sometimes known as Palestine, and encompasses the modern Israel, the Occupied Territories, and part of Jordan.
		The term northern Levant can be used to refer to Lebanon, the Syrian littoral and portions of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey in the province of Hatay.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Near_Eastern_archaeology (1100 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ancient Egypt
		Extensions to the geographic range of ancient Egyptian civilization included, at different times, areas of the southern Levant, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Western body (focused on the several oases).
		The Levant The Levant (IPA: /lÉ™vÃ¦nt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east.
		Motivating and organising these activities were a socio-political and economic elite that achieved social consensus by means of an elaborate system of religious belief under the figure of a semi-divine ruler (usually male) from a succession of ruling dynasties, and related to the larger world by means of polytheistic beliefs.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ancient-Egypt (1280 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The history of pottery in the Southern Levant describes the discovery and cultural development of pottery in the archaeological area of the Southern Levant, which includes the modern day polities of Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority administered areas of the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza strip.
		Pottery appears to have become ubiquitous in the southern Levant by late in the 6th millennium and remained as an integral part of human material culture up to the present.
		In the southern region pie-crust type decoration is commonly found on large storage jars, while for the first time this type of detail is also found on holemouth vessels.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=History_of_pottery_in_the_Southern_Levant (4804 words)

	The British Museum: Department of Ancient Near East - Room 57 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The largest of the display areas, continues the story of civilization from the Middle Bronze Age through to the end of the Iron Age.
		The other side of the room compares and contrasts the southern Levant with Syria, highlighting its indigenous people, the Amorites, and their Iron Age successors, the Aramaeans.
		The art of the latter is well represented by their unusual basalt and limestone reliefs from Tell Halaf.
	www.british-museum.ac.uk /ane/g57.html (80 words)

	PPN Conclusions
		The PPNA in the southern Levant begins at around 10,300-10,200BP (10,000-9900 cal BC) but at Mureybet in the northern Levant it appears earlier at c.10,600-10,500bp (c.10,500 cal BC): “Hence there is no evidence for synchroneity for the onset of the Neolithic between the northern and southern Levant” (Tchernov in Horwitz et al 1999, p.65).
		The precise character of the PPNB in the south and central Levant in the earliest period is obscure.
		Ducas (1999) observes that “though it is probable that the southern Levant was not the location where food animals were first domesticated, it is the sole region where al the significant steps in the process can be illustrated” (p.66).
	www.near-east.historians.co.uk /html/ppn_conclusions.html (1756 words)

	Basaltic-rock procurement systems of the southern Levant
		As a result of these various lines of research I was able to conclude thatmost of the analysed artefacts originated from only a few areas of the southern Levant, namely the Mount Hermon area, the North Jordan Valley, the Galilee area and, to a more limited extent, the Kerak Plateau.
		It is also probable that the possession of basaltic artefacts, whether vessels or 'utilitarian' tools, conferred some measure of social standing on the possessor, in all the periods studied.
		Appendix 7 of my thesis consists of a database of geochemical analyses, of both geological outcrops and artefacts from the southern Levant.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /rutter1/basalt/index.html (363 words)

	Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant - ArchaeoWiki
		The Chalcolithic Period in the Levant is that period between the late fifth and late fourth millennia BCE (approximately 4300 - 3300 BCE), during which human material culture consolidated on the advances of the Neolithic Period, utilising new metal technologies, in order to find expression in a variety of inter-related cultures trhoughout the region.
		Joffe, Alex H. and Dessel, J.-P. [1995], "Redefining Chronology and Terminology for the Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant", Current Anthropology 36 (1995), pp.507-518.
		Prag, Kay [1978], "Silver in the Levant in the Fourth Millennium", in Moorey, P.R.S. and Parr, P. (eds), Archaeology in the Levant - Essays for Kathleen Kenyon, Warminster: Aris and Philips, 1978, pp.36-45.
	www.archaeowiki.org /Chalcolithic_of_the_Southern_Levant (879 words)

	Early Bronze Age Levant - Ancient Near East .Net
		Comparative calibrated radiocarbon chronology for the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE in the Levant [adapted from Chesson and Philip 2003:4 (Table 1); adapted in turn from Philip 2002: Table 1 and Rothman 2001: Tables 1.1 and 1.2].
		Flender, M. 2000 "Cylinder-Seal Impressed Vessels of the Early Bronze Age III in Northern Palestine", in Philip, G. and Baird, D. (eds), Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant, [Levantine Archaeology 2], Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000, pp.295-314.
		Smith, P. 1989 "The Skeletal Biology and Palaeopathology of Early Bronze Age Populations in the Levant", in de Miroschedji, P. (ed.), L'urbanisation de la Palestine à l'âge du Bronze ancien: Bilan et perspectives des recherches actuelles, [BAR International Series 527 (ii)] Oxford: BAR, 1988, pp.297-313.
	www.ancientneareast.net /levant_archaeology/levant_eba.html (2514 words)

	Levant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia to the east.
		The Levant does not include Anatolia (although at times Cilicia may be included), the Caucasus Mountains, or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper.
		The term Levant, originally used in the wider sense of "Mediterranean lands east of Italy", is first attested in English in 1497, from Middle French levant "The Orient", the participle of lever "to raise", as in soleil levant "rising sun", from Latin levare.
	www.infoslurp.com /information/Levant (508 words)

	biblio
		Rollefson, G.O., and I. Köhler-Rollefson 1989 The Collapse of Early Neolithic Settlement in the Southern Levant.
		Unger-Hamilton, R. 1991 Natufian Plant Husbandry in the Southern Levant and Comparison with that of the Neolithic Periods: A Lithic Perspective.
		Unger-Hamilton, R. Natufian Plant Husbandry in the Southern Levant and Comparison with that of the Neolithic Periods: A Lithic Perspective.
	www.geocities.com /levent_atici/biblio.html (7980 words)

	Oiutline of the oligocene paper as it was submitteto EPSL:
		During the formation two major continental fragments are assumed to separate from the northern edge of the Afro-Arabian plate to form the Levant basin: the Tauride and Eratosthenes blocks.
		Studies of the continental margin suggested that the southern Levant segment (south of the Carmel Structure) was formed through continental rifting processes.
		In contrast, the northern segment, from the Carmel structure northwards and offshore southern Lebanon, was hardly studied.
	www.tau.ac.il /~zviba/uri/abs/Schattner_and_BA_06.htm (298 words)

	Project Aims
		This project will obtain new archaeological data from southern Israel to examine the role of early Egyptian civilization in the rise of urban communities in the less advanced southern Levant during the late 4th-3rd millennium BC (i.e., in Syro-Palestine; the area including Israel, Jordan, the disputed territories, and the Sinai peninsula).
		The southern Levant never witnessed ìpristineî state formation of the type and scale usually associated with centers of state formation such as central Mexico (Adams 1966), the Indus Valley (Kenoyer 1991; Possehl 1990), southern Mesopotamia (Adams 1981; Algaze 1993; Weiss and Young 1975; Zagarell 1986), and Egypt (Hoffman 1979; Hassan 1988; Wenke 1991).
		Hassan 1988; Wenke 1991) and one of its peripheries (the southern Levant).
	anthro.ucsd.edu /~tlevy/Tillah/project.html (1062 words)

	The Neolithic of the Levant (Excerpt 208)
		Thus the social organization of Neolithic 4 villages was similar to that of settlements in the central and northern Levant in Neolithic 3.
		This is the custom in modern peasant villages throughout the Levant in which a house built like the others may be reserved as a meeting place and for the use of guests.
		Thus one tribe may have occupied the central and northern coastal strip of Palestine, another the Bekaa, a third the Damascus basin, a fourth the southern Jordan Valley and hills to the west and a fifth the northern Jordan Valley.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /208.html (1161 words)

	[No title]
		The land known as Canaan was situated in the territory of the southern Levant which today encompasses Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, Jordan and the southern portions of Syria and Lebanon.
		The Levant is an imprecise geographical term, historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east.
		Because of this, and such statements as "the River is blood", some have interpreted the document as an Egyptian account of the Plagues of Egypt and the Exodus in the Hebrew Bible, and it is often cited as proof for the Biblical account by various biblical authorities.
	www.kingsnake.com /books/bookdetail.php?ASIN=0691000867 (879 words)

	references
		Displaced Terranes And Crustal Evolution Of The Levant And The Eastern Mediterranean.
		Geochronology Of The Arabian-Nubian Shield In Southern Israel And Eastern Sinai.
		The Eastern Mediterranean And The Levant: Tectonics Of Continental Collision.
	atlas.geo.cornell.edu /ctbt/references.html (14779 words)

	Village Elders of ‘Ein Zippori: The Hinterland of Milk and Honey in Text and Artifact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		This paper discusses the social, economic and political roles played by rural elites during a period of great socio-political flux, the Iron Age I. The organization of the rural hinterland in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages of the Levant is poorly understood and based primarily on data derived from urban sources.
		With the discovery at Tell ‘Ein Zippori of a large public building complex with redistributive capacities, it is now possible to discuss the articulation of rural elites and provide a broader social context into which these elites were embedded.
		The recognition of rural elites in the archaeological record provides a means of explicating the uneven socio-political landscape of the Southern Levant.
	www.classics.unc.edu /wgems/abstract3.html (396 words)

	Faculty Articles and Sermons - Pacific School of Religion
		Phoenician and Punic settlements in the Levant and around the Mediterranean continued to flourish from the Persian period through Roman times ([[Stern 1992]]; Berlin 1997; [[Lehmann 1998]], Markoe 2000), but these periods are beyond the scope of this paper.
		It is possible that the burial of donkeys and horses with elite members of southern Canaanite society was symbolic of the crucial role these equids played in overland commerce, which bolstered the wealth and status of the Canaanite ruling class.
		Preliminary results from the ongoing studies of the Hacksilber Research Group, which is conducting ore-provenience testing on the silver found in hoards Iron II contexts in the southern Levant, demonstrate that Spanish and Sardinian silver was traded to the region in the late Iron Age, presumably by Phoenician merchants (Thompson, Balmuth et al.
	www.psr.edu /page.cfm?l=62&id=1510 (8768 words)

	Part 2. Near Eastern Crop Diversity and its Global Migration
		Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae) or quince is native to southern Daghestan and Azerbaijan.
		The chronological context is the Neolithic which, in the southern and central Levant at least, is conventionally divided into two phases, the second approximately twice as long as the first, i.e.
		In the southern Levant, along the middle Euphrates and in the catchment of the upper Tigris, there are six other PPNA sites where remains of morphologically wild forms of barley, einkorn, rye, lentil, pea and bitter vetch have been found (Fig.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /publications/HTMLPublications/47/ch07.htm (18187 words)

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