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Topic: Southern Netherlands

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	Southern Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Southern Netherlands were lost to France under Napoleon (who made the separate United Provinces of the Netherlands the puppet Batavian Republic, later becoming the Kingdom of Holland).
		The Congress first joined the Southern Netherlands to the former Batavian Republic as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange-Nassau, but with the south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province made into the autonomous Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, because it was claimed by both the Netherlands and Prussia.
		) and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Southern_Netherlands (1091 words)

	Kingdom of the Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a federal monarchy is constituted in the Statute for the Kingdom of the Netherlands of October 28, 1954.
		The Kingdom of the Netherlands is constituted by the Statute for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
		The Netherlands Antilles is a decentralized unitary state, with federal characteristics, with as administration the Monarch (represented by the governor) and the (Antillean) council of ministers together.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands (1016 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Kingdom of the Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The monarch is represented by governors in the Netherland Antilles and Aruba.
		the Constitution of the Netherlands Antilles is the staatsregeling of the Netherlands Antilles.
		The Kingdom of the Netherlands has a single seat at the United Nations and is a member of the European Union.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands (582 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Dutch Economy in the "Golden Age" (16th-17th Centuries)
		In just over one hundred years, the provinces of the Northern Netherlands went from relative obscurity as the poor cousins of the industrious and heavily urbanized Southern Netherlands provinces of Flanders and Brabant to the pinnacle of European commercial success.
		Not until the eighteenth century, when the Netherlands as a whole faced declining fortunes would the inland provinces begin to match the growth of the coastal core of the country.
		Probably stemming from the inaction on the part of merchants from the Southern Netherlands to participate in seaborne transport, the towns of Zeeland and Holland began to serve the shipping needs of the commercial towns of Flanders and Brabant (particularly Antwerp).
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/article/Harreld.Dutch (4405 words)

	Seventeen Provinces - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seventeen Provinces originated from the Burgundian Netherlands, that were inherited by Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1482.
		The southern Provinces, Flanders, Brabant, Namur, Hainaut, Luxembourg a.o., were restored to Spanish rule thanks to the military and political talent of the Duke of Parma, especially at the siege of Antwerp (1584-1585).
		However after the independence of the seven northern provinces and the resulting closure of the Scheldt river to navigation, a large number of people from the southern provinces emigrated north to the new republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seventeen_Provinces (696 words)

	History of BELGIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nevertheless the Spanish Netherlands remain in a stategically perilous state, with Protestant neighbours to north and west (the United Provinces and England) and Spain's perennial enemy, France, to the south.
		The southern Netherlands settle down under Austrian Habsburg rule (conducted in the same arm's-length fashion as under the Spanish branch of the family), until they are once more an issue in a major European war concerning the Habsburg dynasty.
		The southern Netherlands are returned to Austria in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab53 (905 words)

	Austrian Netherlands (1713-1786)
		The southern provinces were ´convinced' to stay loyal by the Spanish army, and as a result, the entire intellectual elite from the Southern Netherlands moved to the Northern Netherlands.
		The Oostendse Compagnie was founded by Emperor Charles VI in the Southern Netherlands to promote ecomomic life; by octroy of 19 December 1722, the Compagnie impériale et royale des Indes Orientales, établie dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens got the monopoly for 30 years of trade with East- and West-Indies and Africa.
		However Charles VI needed the approval of the Northern Netherlands and England (sic!) for the recognition of his daughter Maria-Theresia as his successor (Pragmatic Sanction), so he suspended the Compagnie on 31 May 1727 (Preliminaries of Paris) and revoked the octroy on 16 March 1731 (Treaty of Vienna).
	www.fotw.net /flags/be_at.html (490 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty -- Netherlands
		The first king of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands was Willem I, Prince of Oranje Nassau, son of the last stadtholder, Willem V. Besides, the King was also Grand Duke of Luxemburg, with which the Netherlands until 1890 had a personal union.
		The southern Netherlands in 1830 seperated and established the modern Belgian Kingdom.
		Both the constitution of the Netherlands and Luxembourg (which was a personal fieddom of the Dutch king) required the the head of state to be a man. The Dutch government was concerned that Kaiser Wilhelm I might claim the throne as Wilhelm III had no direct male heir.
	histclo.com /royal/net/royal-neth.htm (2825 words)

	History before French Invasion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the second half of the sixteenth century the Belgians and Dutch reacted against the tyranny of Philip II (1555-1598), King of Spain and the Netherlands.
		This caused the decline of Antwerp and the rise of Amsterdam.
		The Southern Netherlands, once back under Spanish control, had to pay for the defeats inflicted on their masters.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~blanch/SomeBlanchaer(t)s/hist1.htm (311 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Netherlands, 1815-1830
		The Vienna Congress created the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, comprising of the former Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands (Belgium, Luxemburg), with the head of the House of Orange, hitherto stadholder of the Dutch provinces, as King.
		Willem I. dreamt of the Netherlands as an economic power, the economy of the North being based on trade, the one of the south on industry.
		The southern provinces, catholic as opposed to the dominantly protestant north, and in part french-speaking, came to resent the rule of Willem I. of Oranje-Nassau.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/neth181530.html (947 words)

	Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands - Country Profile - Nederland - Holland - Pays-Bas
		In 1815, the northern and southern Netherlands – today's Netherlands and Belgium – were combined to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
		The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I but was invaded in World War II by Germany in May 1940 and occupied for five years.
		Today the Netherlands is a modern, industrialized nation and the third largest exporter of food.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/netherlands.htm (979 words)

	The Crossroads: Netherlands Forces at Les Quatre Bras 15 - 16 June
		Austria, which had held the sovereignty over the southern Netherlands until 1794, had little desire to regain these remote territories and preferred to be compensated with Italian lands along its own border, something which was relatively easy to settle.
		What was more, the Prussian Chancellor Prince Hardenberg argued that the Netherlands should become a member of the newly created German Confederation-a claim by the right of arms, as it had been mainly Prussian troops that had pushed the French out of the Netherlands.
		PLATE 5 "New map of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg," an engraving from 1815.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/battles/c_quatre2.html (2118 words)

	Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte - Onderzoek - Doctorandi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The massive presence of English exiles in the Southern Netherlands led to the establishment of an extensive network of convents, colleges and schools and other places of residence which became a home of sorts to these English expatriates.
		This network was the operating base for the religious and political activities of those who, with the assistance of the Spanish, wished to see the claims of the Catholic community in England restored or who aimed at political rehabilitation in their native country.
		The most obvious case in point is that of Charles II himself, who in his attempts to regain the throne at the time of his stay in the Spanish Netherlands both drew on the resources of this network (including financial ones) and relied on the assistance extended to him by Philip IV.
	www.flwi.ugent.be /research/abstract.xml?userid=kdgelder&viewsecondlanguage=1 (763 words)

	The Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands
		The Dutch tricolour is the national flag, flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (which includes the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba and until its independence in 1975 Suriname), merchant flag, naval ensign and war flag.
		The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was established in 1581, but did not include the Southern Netherlands (nowadays Belgium and Luxembourg, which were united with the Netherlands 1815-1830).
		The colours of the flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are red, white and blue.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/nl.html (975 words)

	Netherlands travel guide - Wikitravel
		The Netherlands (also popularly, though inaccurately, called Holland in English, in Dutch Nederland) is a Benelux country in Western Europe, facing onto the North Sea and the United Kingdom and bordered on land by Germany and Belgium.
		The southern Netherlands have a distinct cultural identity because the population is (or was) largely Catholic.
		Quite a few travellers visit the Netherlands to enjoy its famously tolerant attitude: prostitution is legalized and licensed and the sale, possession and consumption of small quantities of cannabis or magic mushrooms, while technically still illegal, is officially tolerated by the authorities under a policy of gedogen (tolerance).
	wikitravel.org /en/Netherlands (6122 words)

	Kloosterman Genealogy, Timeline of the Netherlands
		Around 1300 the counties of Holland and Vlaanderen, the duchies of Brabant and Gelre and the bishopric of Utrecht are strong regions in the Netherlands.
		Half of the population of the town of Louvain in Southern Netherlands die as a result of the plague.
		A period of military and political success for the Northern Netherlands lasts for a period of 10 years, and many strategic towns in the Northern Netherlands are recaptured: Zutphen, Deventer, Delfzijl, Hulst and Nijmegen (1591), Steenwijk and Coevorden (1592), Geertruidenberg (1593), Groningen (1594) and at least Oldenzaal and Grave in 1597.
	www.kloosterman.be /timeline-eng.php (9668 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Belgium, 1815-1830
		The House of Orange, previously holding the position of Stadholder in the territories of the Northern Netherlands, was crowned Kings of the Netherlands.
		Overall the free trade advocates of the north were more influential; the Netherlands regained her position as one of the world's leading trading nations, and Antwerp became one of her major ports.
		In the years 1815-1820 the southern Netherlands experienced a crisis, with considerable numbers of unemployed (poor, in the language of the time).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/bel181530.html (731 words)

	migrations
		IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION TO AND FROM THE NETHERLANDS FROM 1500 -1900
		Two main groups who emigrated to the Northern Netherlands were the Protestants from the Southern Netherlands who left their native soil after the start of the 80 Years War in 1568 and the Huguenots who came to the Netherlands after the Battle of St.Bartholomew in 1572.
		Dutch Patriots -opponents of the Orangists- fled to the Southern Netherlands and France in 1787.
	www.rabbel.info /immiemi.html (2566 words)

	History of International Migration Site
		After the Spanish domination over the Northern Netherlands had ended, this country became extremely favourable to escape to, because there it was possible to choose your own religion.
		1555: The war Charles V (who ruled Spain, the Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Aragon, Sicily, Naples and the Spanish colonies, the Habsburger areas, Austria, Alsace and since 1519 also the German areas) fought against the Lutheran monarchs united in the "Schmalkaldische Liga" (1531-1547) ended in the peace of Augsburg.
		In 1568 Phillips II re-conquered the Southern part of the Netherlands, but the northern part, Holland, remained in revolt.
	www.oshel.com /history_of_international_migrati.htm (2590 words)

	The Rijksmuseum Comes to Maastricht: Works from the Southern Netherlands on Loan - Bonnefanten Museum - Absolutearts.com
		The agreement involves a long-term loan of approximately eighty paintings, tapestries and glasswork from the Southern Netherlands.
		With 'Renaissance in the Southern Netherlands' as the theme, the works on show in the room at the head of the wing examine the inspiration sought in Italy by Dutch artists.
		In the 16th and 17th century, the landscape genre developed in the Southern Netherlands from mere backdrop into an independent specialism.
	www.absolutearts.com /artsnews/2002/03/13/29732.html (765 words)

	Netherlands American Society of Southern California - NAS
		The aim and purpose of the Netherlands American Society of Southern California (NAS) is to provide a social environment for persons of Dutch descent or persons who have an active interest in the Netherlands, in order to communicate with one another on a regular basis about their common heritage and or interest.
		The Netherlands American Society welcomes membership applications from all persons who have an active interest in the Netherlands.
		Although NAS is intended for those who live in the Southern California region, particularly in and around the Los Angeles area, membership is not restricted by geographical location.
	www.nassocal.org (657 words)

	Foreign & Commonwealth Office Country Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Throughout the Middle Ages, the Netherlands consisted of many separate feudal entities, which were eventually united, under Emperor Charles V (1500-1558), with the rest of the 'Low Countries' (present-day Belgium and Luxembourg) as part of the Holy Roman Empire.
		In 1815, the northern and southern Netherlands - today’s Netherlands and Belgium - were combined to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with Willem Frederik as King William I. This marked the introduction of the Dutch hereditary monarchy.
		The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy with a parliament (the States-General) consisting of two chambers.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019061813313 (2376 words)

	The Revolt of the Netherlands
		William of Orange, Egmont and Admiral Horn, the Admiral of the Netherlands, all withdrew from the Council of State in protest but both Egmont and Horn were known to be loyal to the crown so they were not expected to do anything too extreme.
		William still wanted a united Netherlands based on religious toleration and he tried to restrain the activities of the Sea Beggars by dismissing their leader in 1573.
		The southern areas were given a form of self-government under Albert of Austria who had married the Infanta Isabella (Philip II's daughter).
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /revolt_of_netherlands.htm (4989 words)

	Timeline Netherlands
		The Catholic heir to the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and Germany.
		A liberal Protestant, de Groot became involved in religious disputes in the Netherlands and was arrested in 1618 and sentenced to life imprisonment.
		The one-legged professional soldier was sent from the Netherlands to head the Dutch trading colony at the southern end of Manhattan Island.
	timelines.ws /countries/NETHERLANDS.HTML (13206 words)

	Holland vs Amsterdam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Some people call the Netherlands Holland, but it is not the same.
		Holland gave up this independence in the 16th century, when it allied with the Northern and Southern Netherlands against the armies of the King of Spain.
		Eventually, the Southern Netherlands gave up the fight and war occupied by foreign forces until 1830.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~cruffini/hollandamsterdam.htm (290 words)

	Southern Netherlands, Celts or Teutons? (#1)
		A report about the lecture "The Celts in the Netherlands" by Mrs.
		On the other side the main part of the Southern Netherlands show strong cultural resemblances with the land north of the Rhine, eg.
		Resemblances with Celtic culture have been found in the Southern Netherlands.
	www.angelfire.com /me/ik/celt.html (2234 words)

	WORLD WEBCAMS NETHERLANDS 1
		What the world knows like 'Holland' officially only is the western part of The Netherlands.
		The Dutch webcams are divided in three parts: Holland, Eastern & Southern Netherlands and Dutch beaches.
		Flevoland is the newest province of The Netherlands, created 1942-1968 at the soil of the former Zuijder Zee by building dikes in the water and pump the water away.
	members.chello.nl /~a.horlings/geo-ned1.html (153 words)

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