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Topic: Southern Prussia

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Grand Duchy of Warsaw

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Provinz Posen

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	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Prussia dominated northern Germany politically, economically, and in terms of population, and was the core of the unified North German Confederation formed in 1867, which became the German Empire or Deutsches Reich in 1871.
		Prussia's reward in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the Rhineland, Westphalia, and some other territories.
		Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (6097 words)

	East Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1875 the ethnic make-up of East Prussia was 73.48% German-speaking, 18.39% Polish-speaking, and 8.11% Lithuanian-speaking (according to "Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego").
		During the interwar period, East Prussia and parts of West Prussia were exclaves of Germany, created as a result of the Treaty of Versailles when most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen were ceded to Poland to create the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig.
		The remaining German population of East Prussia was expelled by the Communist regime.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Prussia (2297 words)

	Northeast Prussia
		In Königsberg, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg is crowned as Frederick I, King in Prussia, against objections of the Pope.
		East Prussia and West Prussia are combined as the Province of Prussia.
		Treaty of Versailles: East Prussia is separated from the empire by the “Polish Corridor”.
	www.euronet.nl /~jlemmens/prussia.html (1040 words)

	A Brief History of Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The area known as Prussia was inhabited in early times by West Slavic tribes, ancestors of the modern Poles, in the West, and Baltic tribes, closely related to Lithuanians, in the East.
		Prussia was divided into Royal Prussia in the west and Ducal Prussia in the east.
		Prussia's power grew and in 1772, under King Friedrich II (Frederick the Great), consisted of the provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Danzig, West Prussia and East Prussia (modern day East Germany, northern Poland, and a small portion of the Soviet Union).
	www.franklinfamily.info /Ancestry/History_of_Prussia.htm (357 words)

	Prussia Article, Prussia Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		From the late 18th century the expanded Prussia dominated North Germany politically,economically and in terms of population size, and was the core of the unified German Empire formed in 1871.
		Prussia emerged from the Napoléonic Wars as thedominant power in Germany, overshadowing her long-time rival Austria, which had givenup the German Imperial Crown in 1806.
		Prussia's democratic constitution was suspended in 1932 as a result of a coup by Germany's conservative Chancellor Franz von Papen, marking the effectiveend of German democracy.
	www.anoca.org /germany/german/prussia.html (2066 words)

	Germany...Astroppo.com
		Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany.
		After the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia was a major voice in the Congress of Vienna which was a meeting to decide the fate of Post-Napoleon Europe.
		Prussia was now in control of all of Modern-Germany, and was among the dominant powers of Europe.
	www.astroppo.com /germany.htm (3293 words)

	bismarck
		Fredric Wilhelm IV died in 1861 leaving King Wilhelm I of Prussia to the throne.
		Prussia joined forces with Austria and sent an ultimatum to Denmark on January 16, 1864 demanding a withdrawal of the former constitution, which incorporated Schleswig in Denmark within 48 hours or face military action.
		Southern and Northern German states along with Prussia combined their powers to defeat the French army.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/Baker_00/2001_p2/baker_lg_bp_pd.2/bismarck.htm (1626 words)

	prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Being predominantly a north and east German state, Prussia had a large Protestant majority, although there were substantial Catholic populations in the Rhineland ; also a number of districts East Prussia, Posen, Silesia and West Prussia had populations of predominantly Catholic Poles (and some areas, such as the East Prussian Ermland, of Catholic Germans).
		De jure, Prussia continued to exist as a territorial unit until the end of the war, but in practice the " Gaue " of the Nazi Party organization were the building blocks of the Nazi state.
		These expulsions, together with the nationalisation of land by the Communist regime in the German Democratic Republic, destroyed the junkers as a class and marked the effective end of Prussia as a social and political entity; the GDR bureaucracy is seen by many as a "Red" continuation of the Prussian tradition, however.
	home.comcast.net /~savhannahnutbread/prussia.htm (2041 words)

	E.J. Emmett. The American Negro in the World War. Appendix C.
		She loses sovereignty over the northeasternmost tip of East Prussia, forty square miles north of the river Memel, and the internationalized areas about Danzig, 729 square miles, and the basin of the Saar, 738 square miles, between the western border of the Rhenish Palatinate of Bavaria and the southeast corner of Luxemburg.
		The southeastern third of East Prussia and the area between East Prussia and the Vistula north of latitude 53 degrees 3 minutes is to have its nationality determined by popular vote, 5,785 square miles, as is to be the case in part of Schleswig, 2,787 square miles.
		The northeastern corner of East Prussia, about Memel, is to be ceded by Germany to the associated powers, the former agreeing to accept the settlement made, especially as regards the nationality of the inhabitants.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/Scott/SChA3.htm (9212 words)

	East Prussia
		The territory of East Prussia was sparsely populated and colonized by the Germans and Poles (the southern parts).
		A considerable minority speaking Polish (the Masurian dialect) lived in the southern districts and the northeastern portions were partially inhabited by Lithuanians.
		East Prussia was in turn extended by the eastern districts (shown in green and in cyan) of the former Province of West Prussia which remained German after 1920.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/eastpr.htm (479 words)

	PGSA - Other Areas
		It became part of the Polish nation, as the lands or ziemie of Krakow and Sandomierz, in the late 10th century; as of the 16th century it comprised the southeastern lands of the Commonwealth.
		Ducal Prussia, Prusy Ksiazece, was territory once ruled by the Teutonic Knights but held by them as a fief of the Polish crown from 1525 to 1657.
		Southern Prussia (Polish Prusy Poludniowe, German Sudpreussen) was a term used for Wielkopolska (q.
	www.pgsa.org /towns/otherareas.htm (480 words)

	Geography, History
		In the 12 c., the southern Baltic coast (near Brandenburg) was mostly forests, colonization was offered to anyone who wanted to log the forests, and create an agriculture territory, in exchange for the German citizenship, including the Pomeranian cities Greifwal, Cammin and Kilberg, north of Stettin.
		By 1521, Pomerania held an ethnic mix of Slavs, Teutonic settlement in the east (later known as East and West Prussia), and German and Brandenburg colonization in the west; the Pomerianian princes took loyalty with the westward migration, and joined the Holy Roman Empire.
		Prussia remained Prussia, but had to give up its' eastern provinces of East Pommerania (or East Prussia) in order to balance what they were gaining in the western regions including the Rhineland and Westfalia.
	research.umbc.edu /~lmoren/ALMA/GEOHIS.HTM (3240 words)

	FAQ.ostpreußen - East Prussia
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia.
		In 1905 a third district of Allenstein was established from the southern parts of the districts of Königsberg and Gumbinnen comprising the Kreise of Allenstein (Stadt and Land), Johannisburg, Lötzen, Lyck, Neidenburg, Ortelsburg, Osterode, Rössel, and Sensburg.
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1808 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Ämter.
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faqopr.html (3961 words)

	Glossary of Places: Pr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		After World War I Prussia was split: the Western and Central portions remained with Germany, while Eastern Prussia was seperated from the mainland by the 'Polish corridor'.
		Prussia was dissolved in 1947, split between West and East Germany.
		Eastern Prussia was split from the German main land in 1919 by the 'Polish corridor' and Danzig was made a 'free city'.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/places/p/r.htm (263 words)

	Avalanche Press
		Austria’s 1866 war with Prussia and Italy would be a military disaster for the monarchy, driving it out of its powerful positions in both Germany and Italy.
		Southern Army had at most 70,000 men available for field action; the Italians put 220,000 into their two field armies.
		With Southern Army believed to be well east of Verona, two of the three Italian corps would occupy a line between Peschiera and Verona, to stop Southern Army from interfering with the siege.
	www.avalanchepress.com /SecondCustoza.php (1958 words)

	History
		The deltas of the Weichsel River in West Prussia and the Nogat of Sweden are occupied.
		The highest regional court at Königsberg becomes responsible for East Prussia and the highest level of regional court at Marienwerder becomes responsible for West Prussia (OLG Marienwerder archive is today in the AP Gdansk).
		In West Prussia the number was 20.8% of legitimate births and 43% of illegitimate births.
	home.arcor.de /hanspettelkau/pett/history.htm (4182 words)

	A Brief History of the Province of Posen
		This region was the historical center of origin of the Polish Nation in the 10th century and has always been one of the richest and most developed provinces of Poland.
		Still, due to the increasing pressure to unify Prussia, this name was abandoned and the name 'Provinz Posen' was introduced as the only official reference.
		The Polish part of the former Province became the new voivodship of Poznan (although the North-Eastern districts of Bydgoszcz, Mogilno, Strzelno, Inowroclaw, Wyrzysk, Szubin and Znin were later incorporated into the voivodship of Polish Pomerania with the capital seat in Torun/Thorn).
	www.franklinfamily.info /Ancestry/History_of_Posen.htm (795 words)

	Wikinfo \| Duchy of Warsaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the Polish lands he seized from the Kingdom of Prussia in Treaties of Tilsit.
		The area of the Duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising in 1806, provoked by proclomation of conscription to the Polish army.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Duchy_of_Warsaw (428 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1848-1871): German Unification (1850-1871)
		As the map of central Europe stood in 1850, Prussia competed with Austria for dominance over a series of small principalities fiercely keen on maintaining their independence and distinctive characteristics.
		Overwhelmingly Catholic and anti-militaristic, the southern provinces doubted Prussia's commitment to a united Germany of all provinces.
		Prussia's Protestantism and historic militarism made the gulf between north and south quite serious.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1871/section4.rhtml (672 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - WRESCHEN: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Its Jewish community formerly ranked among the largest of southern Prussia, and is mentioned as one of the congregations which suffered severely during the persecutions of the years 1648-51.
		to receive the allegiance of the new province of southern Prussia ("Das Jahr 1793," p.
		Rabbi Aaron Mirels, the author of the "Bet Aharon," is buried in the cemetery at Hirschberg in Silesia.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=289&letter=W (296 words)

	East Prussia, Suwalki & Lithuania: A Winter Journey through Central Europe [Karl Brodowsky 2003]
		Off course East Prussia had been known for its extremely cold winters and it is known that Lithuania is even further to the north and east, so probably at least not warmer.
		Today East Prussia is divided between three countries: 60 % in the south are Polish, 30 % around Koenigsberg (German: Königsberg, Russian: Калининград) are Russian and 10 % in the North (Memelland) are Lithuanian.
		But after the second world war the southern parts of East Prussia came under Polish administration anyway and are now accepted as being part of the Polish state.
	www.velofahren.de /e_Litauen-2003.html (7493 words)

	FAQ-G: German-Ost Preußen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		All monarchies in Germany were abolished in 1918, Prussia was declared defunct in 1945 by the Allied victors.
		Shortly after 1900 a third district of Allenstein was established from the southern parts of the districts of Koenigsberg and Gumbinnen comprising the Kreise of Allenstein (Stadt and Land), Johannisburg, Loetzen, Lyck, Neidenburg, Ortelsburg, Osterode, Roessel, and Sensburg.
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise") as well as the Immediatstaedte and royal Domainen-Aemter.
	thorin.adnc.com /~lynnd/gfaqg.html (2978 words)

	Tannenberg 1914 - page 1
		The bulk of the 8th Army and it's reserves are located in southern Prussia to face the Russian 2nd Army advancing from Warsaw.
		Southern Prussia: My opponent chose a rather aggressive Russian offensive posture, and it was obvious he was setting himself up for a large attack on Strassburg and northward toward Tannenberg.
		East Prussia: The rest of my army was facing the Russian 1st Army coming from Kovno, and was preparing defenses.
	www.warfarehq.com /index.php?page=after_action_reports/toaw_aar/tannenberg.shtml (968 words)

	PGSA - Poznan
		There was an uproar, which the King of Prussia soothed in 1775 by returning Powidz, while holding onto an area enclosed by a cordon: Wielen~, Radolin, Budzyn~, Margonin, Kcynia, Z*nin, Ga~sawa, Mogilno, Ge~bice, Strzelno, Gniewko~w.
		In January 1793 the Prussians seized the land known thenceforth as Southern Prussia, and the Grodno sejm confirmed this partition.
		With the new constitution of Prussia dated 5 December of that year this line of demarcation disappeared, and finally all of the Grand Duchy of Poznan~ was incorporated into the German Reich.
	www.pgsa.org /poznan.htm (1430 words)

	Johann's Journey
		The Mennonite settlers traveled over one thousand miles from their homes in West Prussia to the area about 120 werst (80 miles) north of the Black Sea port of Berjansk, where the Molotschna colony was located.
		In contrast to the earlier Chortitza settlers the Molotschna pioneers made the entire journey from West Prussia to their new homes in Southern Russia by land.
		The Molotschna pioneers, traveling over primitive roads in 1803, with wagon loads of possessions and herding their livestock, took an average of 5 to 7 weeks to complete their journey and sometimes up to 12 weeks.
	members.shaw.ca /familyhistory/story/Molotschna.htm (656 words)

	Anna M
		East Prussia: A plebiscite was held in the majority Polish speaking south in July 1920.
		Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Upper Silesia from Maria Theresa of Austria in 1740, after which it was part of Prussia.
		Furthermore, the Lwow/Lviv region was the southern passage from Russia into Poland, that is, south of the Polesie marshes.
	www.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm (8706 words)

	Julius Kottke
		This was, of course, written by a clerk at the county courthouse; the clerk obviously made a mistake in writing the birthplace and attempted to correct it by writing over it.
		She refused to tell me more; she said "Don't stir that up again." Apparently he had been in trouble of some kind and she thought that "the government" would cause difficulty for his descendants if I researched his past.
		The KOTTKE name, as mentioned earlier, seems to originate in southern West Prussia and northern Posen, in the neighborhood of the Netze river.
	home.att.net /~kattke/julius.htm (1237 words)

	Glossary of Events: WWI: Russia
		On September 3, 1914, the Southern Russian Army captured Lemberg, the capital of Galacia (present-day L'vov in Western Ukraine).
		Undaunted by success, the southern army continued to push on to Cracow (present-day Kraków of Poland) and aimed to continue into Silesia (South-Western portion of the German Empire — present-day Czechoslovakia).
		With the Russian Southern Army front compromised and in retreat, on June 30 (July 12) the German Twelfth Army, coming from the NorthWest (East Prussia and Pomerania) spearheaded into Poland.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/events/w/ww1/russia.htm (1231 words)

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