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Topic: Soviet

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1918 Soviet Constitution

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Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie

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1977 Soviet Constitution

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Soviet Union

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USSR

	Soviet Submarines
		The first Soviet ballistic missile submarines in the late 1950s were also diesel-electric.
		Because the names of individual Soviet submarines are seldom known abroad, the usual practice is to refer to them only as a member of a submarine class.
		This Soviet Charlie-class SSGN in the South China Sea was photographed from the air in 1974.
	americanhistory.si.edu /subs/const/anatomy/sovietsubs (461 words)

	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - MSN Encarta
		The Soviet Union was formed in December 1922 as a federal union of the RSFSR and those neighboring areas under its military occupation or ruled by branches of the communist movement.
		Three-quarters of Soviet territory was in the RSFSR (two-thirds of that in Siberia and the Russian Far East) and 12 percent in Kazakhstan.
		The Soviet Union, as heir to the former territory of the Russian Empire, was exceptionally diverse in its national composition.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553017/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics.html (2996 words)

	Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		By Soviet historiography, revolutionary activity in Russia began with the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, and although serfdom was abolished in 1861, its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to encourage revolutionaries.
		The Soviet Union occupied the eastern portion of the European continent and the northern portion of the Asian continent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet (5250 words)

	Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The USSR was born and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918–1921.
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian (colloquially known as Bolshevist Russia), Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		The GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), not publicized by the Soviet Union until the end of the Soviet era during perestroika, was created by Lenin in 1918 and served both as a centralized handler of military intelligence and as an institutional check-and-balance for the otherwise relatively unrestricted power of the KGB.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Soviet_Union.htm (7093 words)

	Soviet Military Power - 1984
		Soviet ballistic missiles, rockets, nuclear-capable aircraft and artillery could all be employed in a massed strike against a set of targets beginning at the battle line and extending to the depth of the theater.
		Soviet air forces in the Western TVD have by far the highest percentage of modern aircraft - over 90 percent of their inventory - because the Soviets perceive that this TVD faces the strongest enemy and the most dense and complicated target array.
		This was the case in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and of Afghanistan in 1979.
	www.fas.org /irp/dia/product/smp_84_ch3.htm (7890 words)

	Soviet system
		Considerable importance is attached to these soviets, not only as local organs of administration and government, but also because they involve wide participation by the population in the work of the party and the government at all elves and provide training in administration.....
		Soviets were organized in the 19o5 by Marxist-stimulated intellectual in Russian cities as strike committees to coordinate worker opposition to tsarist policies.
		In the soviets, votes were taken not according to fixed party allegiances but according to the momentary passions of the workers and soldiers.
	www.crossroad.to /Quotes/brainwashing/soviets.htm (2001 words)

	Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solzhenitsyn was a courageous Soviet dissident and that's why...
		In 1947, the book says, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia ââdismissedââ Mahatma Gandhi as ââa reactionary, who betrayed the people and helped the...
		The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Russian: Большая Советская Энциклопедия;, Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya) is the largest and most comprehensive encyclopedia in Russian.
	www.wikiverse.org /great-soviet-encyclopedia (194 words)

	Soviet Archives Exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The legendary secretiveness and general inaccessibility of the entire Soviet archival system was maintained throughout the Gorbachev era.
		This exhibit illustrates both the domestic and the foreign policy of Soviet rule.
		The first section covers internal politics and aspects of Soviet reality that were hidden or falsified in official propaganda.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/soviet.exhibit/soviet.archive.html (514 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression
		Soviet forces invaded Manchuria in 1929 to support the Soviet claims to the disputed Chinese Eastern Railway; they withdrew after Chinese acceptance of the Soviet position regarding the railway.
		In August 1945 the Soviet Union concluded a treaty of friendship and alliance with the Republic of China’s Kuomintang (KMT) government, granting it economic concessions and defense facilities, as previously agreed upon by the wartime Allies.
		Although the Soviets promised to respect KMT sovereignty in Manchuria, they stripped the region of nearly all of its industrial machinery, resisted efforts by the Chinese government to reestablish its authority, and gave arms taken from captured Japanese soldiers to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the KMT’s adversary in a civil war.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c04s05.html (788 words)

	Gendercide Watch: Soviet Prisoners-of-War
		The Soviet armies had been decimated by the prewar purges in their ranks, and they crumbled in the face of the Nazi onslaught.
		Because of the physical exertion of the marches, the meager diet and poor conditions in the quarters in individual camps, prisoners of war often break down, are then carried by their fellow-soldiers [see the photo at the beginning of this document] or are left lying.
		The Soviets stopped the Nazi armies at Moscow in December 1941 and eventually gained the upper hand at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43) and the Battle of Kursk (July 1943).
	www.gendercide.org /case_soviet.html (2705 words)

	SOVIET UNION
		For example, Soviet officials announced in November 1987 that they were eliminating the system of exile as a form of punishment, and that certain articles would be removed from the penal code.
		Soviet authorities also claimed that they would move special psychiatric hospitals from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to that of the Ministry of Justice.
		As the Soviet ethnic situation evolves, the administration will need to devote attention to the increasingly complex, important and difficult nationalities issue across the span of ethnic and national groups in the Soviet Union.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1989/WR89/Soviet.htm (4287 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C
		The Soviet Union claimed that the creation of the Warsaw Pact was in direct response to the inclusion of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in NATO in 1955.
		The Soviet Union was unable to conceal the fact that the alliance served as the ultimate mechanism for its control of Eastern Europe.
		The Soviet Union resorted to occasional propaganda offensives, accusing West Germany of revanchism and aggressive intentions in Eastern Europe, to remind its allies of their ultimate dependence on Soviet protection and to reinforce the Warsaw Pact's cohesion against the attraction of good relations with the West.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html (6968 words)

	Soviet Space History
		Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Russian Federation conducted space operations at a reduced level basically using assets and systems that were 'in the pipeline' before the end of the Communist government.
		Soviet Space History - Era of the Chief Designers (1950 to 1960) - The first concrete studies for spacecraft and launch vehicles were initiated in 1956.
		Second Generation Soviet Space Systems - (1975 to 1985) In April 1972 work began to draft a five year plan for satellites to be used in the 1985-1990 period.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/sovstory.htm (1228 words)

	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Infoplease.com
		Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Early Years - Early Years The USSR was the successor state to the Russian Empire (see Russia) and the short-lived...
		Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: The Gorbachev Era - The Gorbachev Era Brezhnev died in 1982 and was replaced by Yuri Andropov, the recent head of the...
		Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: The Brezhnev Era - The Brezhnev Era In a well-prepared and bloodless move by CPSU leaders, Khrushchev was ousted from...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0850044.html (419 words)

	Soviet-Empire.com - Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR
		The soviets of regions with a distinct mode of living and national composition can unite in autonomous regional unions at the head of which, as at the head of all regional unions that can be eventually formed, stand regional congresses of Soviets and their executive agencies.
		The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, recognizing the equality of rights of all citizens, irrespective of their race or nationality, declares the establishment or toleration on this basis of any privileges or advantages, or any oppression of national minorities or restriction of their equality, to be contraventions of the fundamental laws of the Republic.
		Sessions of the soviet of deputies are convened by the executive committee at its discretion, or on the demand of not less than half of the deputies to the Soviet: but at least once a week in cities and twice a week in rural areas.
	www.soviet-empire.com /ussr/constitution/constitution_1918.php (3612 words)

	soviet on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since the soviets represented the real power in Russia, when the Bolsheviks under Lenin captured the most important soviets in Petrograd, in Moscow, and in the armed forces, their success was assured.
		A soviet republic in Bavaria was short-lived, and the regime of Béla Kun in Hungary was put down.
		In Russia the soviets remained the basic political units, forming a hierarchy from rural councils to the Supreme Soviet, the highest legislative body in the USSR.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/soviet.asp (869 words)

	Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War
		The Soviet reservists, who comprised the majority of the troops initially sent in, were pulled into full-scale combat operations against the rebels, while the regular Afghan army was often unreliable because of the desertions and lack of discipline.
		The Soviet troops also suffered from the confusion about their goals—the initial official mission was to protect the PDPA regime; however, when the troops reached Kabul, their orders were to overthrow Amin and his regime.
		Criticism of the Soviet policy of national reconciliation in Afghanistan and analysis of general failures of the Soviet military mission there is presented in Colonel Tsagolov’s letter to USSR Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov of August 13, 1987.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/soviet.html (2702 words)

	Steve Nottingham: Early Soviet Cinema
		Soviet films could also deploy large crowd scenes, thanks to government funding, which would have been beyond the means of film-makers working in many other countries.
		Soviet film-makers were working during a time of great social upheaval, which saw the collapse of an existing culture and its replacement with a revolutionary world-view.
		Soviet film is also essentially different from contemporary European cinema, particularly Scandinavian cinema, where films dealing with complex themes centring on human relationships, for example The Abyss (1910), were made for an educated and sophisticated audience, who were quick to accept cinema as an art equivalent to music or painting.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Stephen_Nottingham/cintxt1.htm (1813 words)

	MILNET: The Former Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Soviet technology has improved keeping pace with and in somecases surpassing the U.S. (for instance in aircraft the Soviets have consistently produced high-supersonic bombers and fighters).
		The Soviet threat is based upon both their strategic and conventional forces as well as their very able and very well staffed intelligence agencies.
		The Soviet Union's military structure is controlled by the Communist Central Committee through the General Staff and fields an impressive array of Summary of Soviet Weapons, impressive even if the forces of the Soviet's Warsaw Pact allies are not included.
	www.milnet.com /soviet.htm (266 words)

	Soviet Glossary
		A term coined by Joseph V. Stalin to indicate that the Soviet Union was surrounded by capitalist states pursuing political, military, and economic policies aimed at weakening and destroying the Soviet regime.
		Soviet and Western experts believe that damage to the people's health, to the economy, and to the environment will be felt for decades.
		Once the Soviet regime stipulated the plan figures, all levels of the economy, from individual enterprises to the national level, were obligated to meet those goals.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/su_glos.html (9333 words)

	Soviet: Blogs, Photos, Videos and more on Technorati
		As documented on Soviet Players on Chessgames.com, I determined that nine out of 359 players are missing from my two initial sources of biographical data.
		It was the greatest holiday in Soviet State - the day when the Communists won, so it was commemorated annually with such a colorful parades.
		Regarding "Heroes and hitchhikers," Haaretz Magazine, November 9 I was happy that Tom Segev noted, in his column about the exhibition devoted to the struggle for the release of the Jews of the Soviet Union, that in effect the major debate between activism and diplomacy, which accompanied that struggle for years, has been downplayed.
	technorati.com /tag/Soviet (502 words)

	UTR - Soviet
		Due to the fact that Soviet has been lumped in with this movement they are currently in danger of being ignored as just another ‘80’s synth throwback group on the band wagon.
		Many music aficionados are disregarding Soviet’s sound as a throwback to a by gone era but Ruggiero’s take on this particular brand of electronic music is a little different, “Synthesizers are just the tools that I decided to use for this album.
		Soviet is fighting their own cold war and slowly they are winning.
	www.undertheradarmag.com /webonly/Soviet/soviet.html (1252 words)

	10/29/02 - My Time with Soviet Economics
		The Soviet Union wasted its resources because the success indicator for Soviet managers allowed them to be successful even though their output was poorly related to the needs of users.
		Soviet planners served primarily as supply agents for enterprises, endeavoring to supply the enterprises with sufficient inputs to fulfill their gross output targets.
		In my account, Soviet economic history is a product of the interaction of utopian intentions with a refractory reality, an interaction that ended in the abandonment of the original aims of the revolution (Roberts 1970, 1971a, 1971c, 1971d, 1973a, 1990; Roberts and LaFollette 1990).
	www.vdare.com /roberts/soviet_economy.htm (1701 words)

	Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Red field is symbolism of the blood that has been spilt by workers the world over in the fight for their emancipation, and was directly inherited from the red banner flown at the Paris Commune; the original and hitherto “base” symbol of a worker’s government flag.
		It seems to be a soviet national flag flipped and rotated (following the US practice for hanging flags), showing the reverse and on it the hammer-and-sickle emblem, which, according to the relevant legislation, should not be there (only on the obverse).
		The state emblem of the Soviet Union (corresponding to a coat of arms) had the Earth superimposed by the hammer and sicle.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/su.html (728 words)

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