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Topic: Soviet council

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	The Soviet as Revolutionary Instrument
		When ending the strike in the capital, the soviet transformed itself into a continuing organ of labor, the main purpose of which was declared to be the continuation of the struggle for a constituent assembly.
		Soviets of various types were rapidly set up, and by the beginning of September their number was officially estimated at 600, representing theoretically some 23 million voters.
		A plenary session of the Soviet held in the morning of March 15 repudiated the agreement, however, and the Executive Committee, reversing itself, passed a resolution prohibiting socialists from serving in a bourgeois cabinet.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/26soviet.html (1945 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Soviet republic
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		The Soviet Union was formed in December 1922 as a federal union of the RSFSR and those neighboring areas under its military occupation or ruled by branches of the communist movement.
		Three-quarters of Soviet territory was in the RSFSR (two-thirds of that in Siberia and the Russian Far East) and 12 percent in Kazakhstan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Soviet-republic (722 words)

	Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soviet Union became the primary model for future Communist states during the Cold War; the government and the political organization of the country were defined by the only permitted political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian (colloquially known as Bolshevist Russia), Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		Soviet troops intervened in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and cited the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviet counterpart to the U.S. Johnson Doctrine and later Nixon Doctrine, and helped oust the Czechoslovak government in 1968, sometimes referred to as the Prague Spring.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/soviet (7094 words)

	Soviet (council) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The councils were later adopted by the Bolsheviks, as the basic organizing unit of society.
		However, these soviets, rather than the Constituent Assembly, were seen by Lenin as the fulfillment of the slogan, and he, therefore, in opposition to the will of the soviets and all parties dissolved the Constituent Assembly, which led to the Russian Civil War.
		Based on and in support of view of the state implicit in the Bolshevik use of the term, the word "soviet" naturally extended, or consciously was extended, to mean in effect any body formed by a group of soviets to delegate, up a hierarchy of soviets, the authority to express and effect their will.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_%28council%29 (428 words)

	Talk:Soviet (word) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the term Supreme Soviet suggests, there were gov't organs called soviets at other levels, as reflected in the versions recent to the splitting out of Soviet (council).
		The actual division, into obvious and somewhat obscure uses of "soviet" may be the ideal resolution of the problems of the preceding version (for the structure of which i bear the responsibility).
		It is of course conventional, when using English, to leave the word 'soviet', in the meaning of a discussion/decision body, untranslated in a 1917-91 context (and also, with regard to workers' councils, in the context of 1905-06), and to translate it to 'council' in all other contexts, whether post-1991 or pre-1917.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Soviet (1144 words)

	Soviet (council) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The councils and the term later were adopted by the Bolsheviks who saw it as the basic organizing unit of society.
		Originally the soviets were a grassroots effort to practice direct democracy.
		The term also came to be used outside the Soviet Union by some Marxist-Leninist movements, for example, the Chinese Communist Party's efforts in the "Chinese Soviet Republic" immediately prior to the Long March.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Soviet_%28council%29 (259 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Soviet (council)
		The first soviet (in this sense) was created in Saint Petersburg in January 1905 by workers meeting in the apartment of Voline.
		The Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет, Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments.
		Soviet (council) can mean a council of workers, a term that was used from the late Imperial Russia days.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Soviet-%28council%29 (1055 words)

	Soviet Union - Council of Ministers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Supreme Soviet or, indirectly, the Congress of People's Deputies, could annul a decree if it found the decree to be in violation of the Constitution or an existing statute (perhaps upon the recommendation of the Constitutional Oversight Committee).
		In 1989 the Council of Ministers had more than 100 members, including the ministers, the heads of government bureaus and state committees, and the chairmen of the councils of ministers of the fifteen constituent republics.
		Soviet scholars maintained that the Council of Ministers met "regularly," but reports in the press indicated that full meetings occurred only quarterly to hear and ratify a plan or a report from the chairman.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12617.html (342 words)

	Soviet (council) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The councils and the term laterwere adopted by the Bolsheviks who saw it as the basic organizing unit ofsociety.
		Originally the soviets were a grassroots effort to practice directdemocracy.
		Based on and in support of view of the state implicit in the Bolshevik use of the term, the word soviet naturally extended, orconsciously was extended, to mean in effect any body formed by a group of soviets to delegate, up a hierarchy of soviets, theauthority to express and effect their will.
	www.therfcc.org /soviet-council--37630.html (243 words)

	soviet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Soviet - There are two main meanings to the word soviet : Soviet (council) can mean a council of workers, a term that was used from the late Imperial Russia days.
		Soviet era - Soviet era is the period of Russian history comprising the years 1917 – 1991, when the power was held by the Communist Party of the Soviet U...
		Soviet Canuckistan - " Soviet Canuckistan " is an unflattering epithet for Canada, used by Pat Buchanan on October 31, 2002, on his television show on MSNBC in...
	www.serebella.com /search/topic-soviet.html (831 words)

	Soviet - AOL Music
		a period known as the Cold War?the Soviet Union and the United States of America were the two world superpowers...
		According to the official historiography of the Soviet Union, the first Soviet (in this sense) was organized during the 1905 Russian Revolution in Ivanovo...
		Watch or listen to Soviet music videos, songs, live performances, concerts and more on AOL Music.
	music.aol.com /artist/soviet/545025/main (84 words)

	Soviet (council) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The councils and the term later adopted by the Bolsheviks who saw it as the basic unit of society.
		Based on and in support of view the state implicit in the Bolshevik use the term the word soviet naturally extended consciously was extended to mean in effect body formed by a group of soviets delegate up a hierarchy of soviets the to express and effect their will.
		In sense post-Kerensky government bodies at local and republic levels (but in the Russian federated republic local republic and federated republic levels) were described soviet and at the top of the the Supreme Soviet was the nominal core of the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics officially formed in December 1922.
	www.freeglossary.com /Soviet_(council) (476 words)

	Stalin - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The plan, which was financed by exploiting resources in the countryside, resulted in the near collapse of Soviet agriculture and the deaths of millions of peasants from famine.
		Although the Soviets were poorly prepared for the invasion and at first suffered huge losses, the country rallied behind Stalin, who assumed direct leadership of the war effort.
		In 1947 the Soviets established the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), an international body of Communist leaders that was to ensure conformity with the Soviet line.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761559200__1/Stalin.html (1896 words)

	Trotsky - MSN Encarta
		An outstanding administrator and an eloquent theorist, Trotsky held a number of important posts in the government of Soviet Russia and then that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) until he was ousted for his opposition to Communist Party leader Joseph Stalin in 1925.
		He returned to Russia shortly after the outbreak of the February (or March, in the New Style calendar) phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the establishment of a Provisional Government led by Aleksandr Kerensky and other socialists, as well as by liberal politicians.
		In December 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed as a federal union of Russia and the neighboring areas that the Soviet government had brought under its control.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557000/Trotsky_Leon.html (2046 words)

	Learn more about Russia in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Soviets also ignited the space race by launching Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the Earth, and Col. Yuri Gagarin, the first human to orbit the Earth.
		By the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms such as glasnost and perestroika, but these measures were unable to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union after a failed military coup in 1991.
		A decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is still struggling to establish a modern market economy and achieve strong economic growth.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/ru/russia.html (1826 words)

	Soviet council - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Start the Soviet council article or add a request for it.
		Look for "Soviet council" in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for "Soviet council" in the Wikimedia Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/soviet__council_ (168 words)

	1917, March 8. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Soviet leaders, on the other hand, insisted on a radical revision of war aims, renunciation of secret diplomatic agreements concluded by the tsarist government (and promising Russia Istanbul), and the speedy conclusion of a “general democratic peace,” without annexations or indemnities.
		Suspecting the generals of counterrevolutionary tendencies, the Soviet issued (March 14) Order No. 1, which deprived the officers of all authority except for strategic operations, and entrusted the administration of the army to committees elected by both officers and men.
		The movement broke down because of defection on the part of many soldiers and because of mobilization of the radical elements in the capital, to whom Kerensky appealed for support against the “counterrevolution” (Trotsky and some other Bolshevik leaders were released from prison).
	www.bartleby.com /67/2064.html (936 words)

	Perspectives on U.S. - Soviet joint ventures. (includes related article)
		This is not the first time the Soviet Union has used the JV as a means of acquiring foreign technology and hard currency.
		In the Soviet Union, an enterprise cannot be held liable for mishaps.
		Although the Soviets are demonstrating surprising flexibility in their negotiations, it is advisable to clearly define all details of the JV arrangement in the contract, including accounting procedures, supplies, shipments, arbitration, insurance, the valuation of each partner's contributions and duties, and even liquidation.
	www.nysscpa.org /cpajournal/old/07687822.htm (2433 words)

	Russian Revolution of 1917, series of events in imperial Russia that culminated in 1917 with the establishment of the ...
		The Soviet condemned Milyukov's pledge, and although the two bodies found a vague compromise, the conflict was not resolved during the existence of the Provisional Government.
		During the ill-fated offensive, the opposition by workers and soldiers in Petrograd to a renewal of military hostilities forced the Congress of Soviets to adopt a resolution calling for the abolition of the Duma—that is, the political base of the Provisional Government—and setting September 30 as the date for the convocation of a constituent assembly.
		Their policy was motivated by the consideration that they could have seized power easily in the capital but could not have held it in the rest of the country without support by a majority of the soldiers at the front and of the peasants in the provinces.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/russianrev.html (4539 words)

	Page 3
		On October 3, 1948, the Soviet Union disputed the competence of the United Nations Security Council to deal with the Berlin crisis and proposed, instead, a meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers to discuss Berlin and Germany as a whole.
		The Soviets, still not convinced that the airlift could succeed through the Berlin winter, were not willing to lift the blockade without a concession and a chance to stop the formation of the West German state.
		In October, the UN Security Council presented a resolution calling for the lifting of all restrictions on traffic and commerce; resumption of quadripartite talks on the currency problem; and a reconvening of the Council of Foreign Ministers to consider the entire German question.
	www.trumanlibrary.org /whistlestop/BERLIN_A/PAGE_33.HTM (1088 words)

	bitterlemons-international.org - Middle East Roundtable
		Even the description of the dissolution of the Soviet Union--by another American thinker, this time coming from the right, Francis Fukuyama--as the “end of history,” has once again turned out to be simplistic, as shown by the cruel wars in the former Yugoslavia or Chechnya.
		In 1955, the Soviets offered their blessings to Abdel Naser while the majority of the communists suffered brutal torture in his jails.
		Due to this history of divergent visions, the collapse of the Soviet Union did not have a similarly bloody impact on Egyptian Marxism.
	www.bitterlemons-international.org /previous.php?opt=1&id=11 (3928 words)

	Celebrating Soviet Heroes, Remembering Soviet Monsters - Council on Foreign Relations
		Many Soviets died, after all, because of the criminality and stupidity of their own government.
		Though the Soviets had a numerical advantage, the quality of their forces had been compromised by a purge of the officer corps.
		The Soviets suffered 350,000 casualties in the battle of Berlin in 1945.
	www.cfr.org /publication/8095/celebrating_soviet_heroes_remembering_soviet_monsters.html (809 words)

	in history - May 25th to 31st - Learn English Magazine - British Council
		He was at first assumed to have successfully evaded the Soviet Union's extensive air defence network by flying low enough to avoid radar detection.
		Herr Rust went on trial on Sept. 2 before the Soviet Supreme Court on charges of unlawful entry into the Soviet Union, violation of international flight rules, and malicious hooliganism.
		On Sept. 4 Herr Rust was sentenced to four years in an ordinary-regime labour camp for 'malicious hooliganism'; his claim that he had been engaged in a peace mission was rejected and his aim was declared to have been that of 'seeking publicity'.
	www.learnenglish.org.uk /magazine/keesings_rush_flight.html (715 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Soviet Jews under Khrushchev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		...The rush of Soviet Jews to Poland and Israel, according to reports from Warsaw, alarmed the Soviet authorities, and measures were taken in 1957 to slow down this East European equivalent of the "underground railroad...
		...Isolated though Soviet Jews may be, they are not abandoned, they are sustained in their trials by the existence of Israel, the support of world Jewry, and-not least-the sumpathy of all free men...
		...As no Soviet citizen is allowed to emigrate, with the exception of isolated cases on compassionate grounds, it is inevitable in the Communist scheme os things that the Jews should suffer the same restrictions...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V27I2P41-1.htm (3409 words)

	soviet - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about soviet
		Originally a strike committee elected by Russian workers in the 1905 revolution; in 1917 these were set up by peasants, soldiers, and factory workers.
		The soviets sent delegates to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets to represent their opinions to a future government.
		Primarily: examinations, when we perform the bodily movement of writing it down; conversation, when we assert it to display our historical erudition; and political discourses, when we are engaged in showing what Soviet government leads to.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /soviet (148 words)

	Soviet (council)
		SUPREME SOVIET; SUPREME COUNCIL; PARLIAMENT of the Republic of...
		The Soviet government's Council on Religious Affairs and the KGB were the instruments of Soviet control of these religious groups.
		State and Government Organizations; The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet; The Council of Ministers and Its Presidium; The...
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Soviet_%28council%29 (298 words)

	mhp: The Soviet Challenge to America
		Soviet leaders could reason that a U.S. President would not order a retaliation, knowing that his few surviving weapons could not annihilate Soviet society; and that a counterstrike by Soviet second-strike weapons would, in fact, utterly destroy the U.S. as a viable society...
		Mikhail Gorbachev, the youngest member of the Soviet Politburo, was chosen to be the General Secretary of the Communist Party.
		On September 2nd, Gorbachev announced that his country was "on the brink of catastrophe," and that all authority was to be transferred to himself, the Presidents of the ten independent republics, and an appointed legislative council, which would be the basis for a new Soviet Union.
	www.modernhistoryproject.org /mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarn07-7 (4691 words)

	Russia - Rural Life
		The end of Soviet rule cast a shadow over the villages' guarantee of medical care, job training, and entertainment, and rural areas benefited much less from the increased pace of information exchange characteristic of urban centers.
		Many young people return to their rural homes after acquiring the type of education or technical training that is available only in cities and that is increasingly necessary to run mechanized farming operations and agroindustrial enterprises.
		They are joined by Russian émigrés from former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia, for whom it is easier to start life in Russia in a rural rather than an urban setting.
	www.countrystudies.us /russia/48.htm (448 words)

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