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	History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soviet secularism, the discouragement of Yiddish, and the restriction of other elements that forged an exclusive, Jewish identity, caused assimilation to be a foreboding threat to Jewish existence.
		Soviet rule can be characterized by a rise in intermarriages and abandonment of Jewish identities by those who were eager to prove their loyalty to the Communist Party's atheism and proletarian internationalism, and committed to stamp out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism", such as Leon Trotsky, Maxim Litvinov or Lazar Kaganovich.
		Soviet approval in the United Nations Security Council was critical to the UN partitioning of the British Mandate of Palestine, which led to the founding of the State of Israel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union (6067 words)

	Russian Academy of Sciences - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the time of the Soviet Union it was known as the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
		In 1925 the Soviet government recognized the Russian Academy of Sciences as the "highest all-Union scientific institution" and renamed it the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
		After the collapse of the Soviet Union, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 2, 1991, Russian Academy of Sciences was restored, inheriting all facilities of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the territory of Russia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences (424 words)

	China - Soviet Influence in the 1950s
		The Soviet model is characterized by a bureaucratic rather than a professional principle of organization, the separation of research from production, the establishment of a set of specialized research institutes, and a high priority on applied science and technology, which includes military technology.
		The Chinese Academy of Sciences was explicitly modeled on the Soviet Academy of Sciences, whose director, Sergei I. Vavilov, was consulted on the proper way to reorganize Chinese science.
		When the Chinese Academy of Sciences completed a draft twelve-year plan for scientific development in 1956, it was referred to the Soviet Academy of Sciences for review.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-2821.html (755 words)

	Russian Academy of Sciences / History / The Academy of Sciences in Post-War Period. Development of Academic Research in ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1963, a new structure of the Academy was adopted.
		The scientists of the Academy solved a variety of most complicated scientific and technical problems, such as harnessing the energy of the atomic nucleus, penetration into outer space, and creation of electronic means of information processing.
		In these years, large-scale research projects were carried out in the Academy of Sciences aimed at exploration of the Universe, the Solar system and the near Earth space environment.
	www.pran.ru /eng/history/20021211023533history.html (1040 words)

	Soviet Academy Of Sciences - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Science in the USSR: To the 50th Anniversary of the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1922-1972 (Academy of Sciences of the USSR)
		A Scholars' guide to humanities and social sciences in the Soviet Union: The Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the academies of sciences of the Union republics
		Soviet Men of Science: Academicians and Corresponding Members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /soviet_academy_of_sciences.htm (182 words)

	1977 Soviet Constitution
		Although Soviet officials touted the changes as a return to "Leninist" forms and functions, citing that the Congress of People's Deputies had antecedents in the Congress of Soviets (see Glossary), they were unprecedented in many respects (see Central Government, this ch.).
		Unlike the old Supreme Soviet, however, the new Supreme Soviet was indirectly elected by the population, being elected from among the members of the Congress of People's Deputies.
		Although the Soviet Union signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Accords), which mandated that internationally recognized human rights be respected in the signatory countries, no authority outside the Soviet Union could ensure citizen rights and freedoms.
	www.fact-index.com /1/19/1977_soviet_constitution.html (1217 words)

	Russian/St Petersburg Academy
		The Academy project was presented in January 1724 when the organizational basis of the Academy, guarantees for its material existence, candidacy and election procedures were laid down.
		The form of the Academy was imported ready-made from the Berlin model proposed to Peter the Great by Leibniz several years earlier.
		This view of the Academy is explored to shed light on Russian natural philosophical publications, scientific disputes in the early Academy, and the issue of the 'Enlightenment' in Russia.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Societies/Russian.html (218 words)

	Soviet Economic Reforms: An Inside Perspective \| The Foundation for Economic Education: The Freeman, Ideas on Liberty
		The response of the Soviet ruling class to the deteriorating economy and growing societal alienation was the program of reforms known as perestroika, which was initiated in 1985 and significantly amended in 1987 and 1989.
		The few Soviet economists who taught themselves modern economics have no access to the decision-making process, which is still dominated by economists like my former col leagues Abel Aganbegyan, Leonid Abalkin, and Boris Milner, and other economic advisors to the government, who may pretend to be reformers but still fall within the Marxist-Leninist mainstream.
		According to estimates by the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the Soviet Union’s computer capacity equals that of Thailand, which is 10,000 times less than that of the United States.
	www.fee.org /publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=5629 (2970 words)

	Valery Legasov, 51, Chernobyl Investigator New York Times 30apr88 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Legasov's name was not mentioned in the dozens of Soviet media reports on Tuesday's anniversary of the accident.
		Legasov was first deputy director of the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy and a member of the Presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
		In August 1986, when Academician Valery Legasov, head of the Soviet delegation to Vienna, was faced with the fact that releases began to increase again on April 30th and May 1st, and that mitigation efforts apparently had been unsuccessful in stemming these releases, he reportedly exclaimed: "The people would not understand.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/Valery-Legasov-51-Chernobyl.htm (332 words)

	History of Science Society \| HSSOnline.org
		A treatment of the Soviet period, somewhat incomplete in its coverage, is Zhores Medvedev, Soviet Science (New York: Norton, 1978).
		Two sources treating the early history of the Academy in the tsarist period are Alexander Lipski, "The Foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences," Isis, 1953, 44:349-354 and Ludmilla Schulze, "The Russification of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Eighteenth Century,Ó British Journal of the History of Science, 1985, 18:305-335.
		A later, much less traumatic, reform of the Academy is described by Graham in "Reorganization of the USSR Academy of Sciences," in Soviet Policy-Making, edited by Peter Juviler and Henry Morton (New York: Praeger, 1967), pp.
	www.hssonline.org /teach_res/essays/graham/grahamp1.html (699 words)

	Soviet academy's President scrapes through for second term - 12 May 1990 - New Scientist
		According to the leaflets, Marchuk's leadership of the academy had been marked by 'a willingness to neglect the interests of society and to judge specialists in deference to the opinions of the (state and Party) authorities'.
		Marchuk was responsible, they said, for 'inconsistent' attempts to reorganise the management structure of Soviet science, and for the failure of the system of higher scientific qualifications.
		The rapid growth of science in the 1960s had been reversed in recent years, he said, and resources for further extensive development were not available.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=mg12617160.500 (496 words)

	How the bomb saved Soviet physics \| thebulletin.org
		The university physicists and their philosopher allies went on the attack, accusing the Academy physicists of spreading cosmopolitanism and idealism, of not citing Russian scientists, of avoiding honest arguments, of refusing to develop fundamental physics, and of spying for Germany.
		Stalin had launched a campaign against kowtowing to the West, and against the denigration of Russian and Soviet science and technology; but it was the party leadership that took Western technology as the model and distrusted Soviet scientists and engineers.
		The Soviet Union was copying foreign technology in several areas (the atomic bomb, the V-2 missile, the B-29 bomber), but trying to hide the fact from its own people by trumpeting Soviet achievements.
	www.thebulletin.org /issues/1994/nd94/nd94Holloway.html (6255 words)

	Soviet academics become their own bosses - 08 September 1990 - New Scientist
		AS PART of new reforms that effectively free the Soviet Academy of Sciences from state control, the academy is to acquire rights to set its own wage scales and to employ foreign scientists on contracts.
		But in return for 'special purpose financing' of basic research, academy employees will be expected to hand over their results to the state free of charge 'subject to the norms of copyright and patent'.
		Izvestiya noted that at present, as far as perestroika is concerned, the academy is lagging behind the tempo of Soviet society generally.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg12717330.600.html (459 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Kazakhstan: Biological Overview
		Unlike in Russia, where some former Soviet BW facilities are alleged to be maintaining the capability to produce BW agents alongside legitimate activities, the Kazakhstani government has been remarkably open with respect to facilities on its territory.
		The Soviet Union had the world's largest BW program, which in the course of 20th century developed a capability for wartime production of hundreds of tons of a range of biological agents causing plague, tularemia, glanders, anthrax, smallpox, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis.
		In 1972, the USSR Council of Ministers established a secret Interagency Science and Technology Council on Molecular Biology and Genetics consisting of representatives from the MOD, the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Agriculture.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Kazakhstan/Biological/index.html (1347 words)

	Bureaucratized pseudoscience (science bureaucracy in UFO studies)
		Soviet science was an integral part of the Soviet totalitarian system.
		But the science top brass (both academic and applied) was in fact fused in the Soviet establishment and these "orders" were prepared with their direct or indirect participation.
		Of course, the Academy of Sciences did also contain and is still containing many really outstanding scholars who have made a great contribution to science.
	www.rwgrayprojects.com /RIAP/buro.html (1713 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Full and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences were eligible to live in cottages, considered luxurious by Soviet standards, as most of the population lived in apartments situated in nine- and four-story multi-apartment buildings.
		The collapse of the Soviet Union saw many scientists, including whole cadres of Russia's top minds in the physical and theoretical sciences, reduced to penury.
		Presidium of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Akademgorodok (634 words)

	Fundamentals of Solid-State Phase Transitions,: Ferromagnetism and Ferroelectricity
		From 1966-1973, Dr. Mnyukh was the Director of the Crystallophysics Laboratory of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics.
		They were continued in the Crystallophysics Laboratory, which I headed, of the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics, and then, after my emigration in 1977 to U.S.A., in New York University.
		Rapid progress of the modern science as a whole is beyond question and, at first glance, this may seem to hold true for its branch investigating solid-state phase transitions.
	www.authorhouse.com /bookstore/ItemDetail~bookid~5180.aspx (707 words)

	Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union
		It seemed that the Soviet Union, on its part, intended to apply psychological pressure on the People's Republic of China and, at the same time, to downgrade the effect of developments in Sino-American relations on international politics by showing anew that, in international politics, it is American-Soviet relations that are of basic importance.
		On the basis of this agreement, a Soviet delegation led by A. Manzhulo, Deputy Minister for Trade, visited the United States (January 6 to 17, 1972) and it seems that the Soviet delegation proposed a resumption of American-Soviet negotiations on the problem of the Soviet Union repaying its wartime debts to the United States.
		In the field of science and technology, a group of members of the Soviet Academy of Sciences visited the United States (toward the end of June) for consultations with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Council, and agreement was reached between the two countries on methods of approaching and docking manned spaceships and space stations.
	www.mofa.go.jp /policy/other/bluebook/1971/1971-1-2.htm (963 words)

	Johns Hopkins Gazette: April 1, 1996
		The answer, of course, was that now long-ago event known as perestroika, wherein the vast edifice of Soviet society cracked, enabling--or forcing--thousands of ordinary Soviet citizens from all walks of life to take a more entrepreneurial approach to their jobs.
		In the Soviet Union this was an important topic." When perestroika came and the formerly closed society began to open up, one of the first opportunities available was the chance for the best scientists to travel to peer institutions in the West.
		In a sense, since the breakup of the Soviet Union, she is a woman from nowhere, as the multicultural "worker's paradise" of 15 autonomous republics has devolved into many separate--and oftentimes squabbling--nation-states.
	www.jhu.edu /%7Egazette/aprjun96/apr0196/elena.html (1591 words)

	SovLit.com - Soviet Literature Links
		Speech to the 2nd Congress of Soviet Writers (1954) Text of Sholokhov's speech to the 2nd Congress of Soviet Writers, in which he gives a lukewarm endorsement to the Thaw, calling most post-war literature dull and boring, but avoiding discussion of calls for more openness, honesty, and "sincerity" in Soviet literature.
		Science Fiction and Revolution in Soviet Literature of the 1920s: In Russian.
		Soviet Literature 1917-1953: From University of Pittsburg; Includes dates on some important works; images of authors and political figures; and some critical analysis.
	www.sovlit.com /sovlinks.html (3782 words)

	Issues in S and T, Spring 1999, Bioweapons from Russia: Stemming the Flow
		The three primary areas of concern are the "brain drain" of former BW specialists, the smuggling of pathogenic agents, and the export or diversion of dual-use technology and equipment.
		Soviet scientists were also working to develop entirely new classes of biological weapons, such as "bioregulators" that could modify human moods, emotions, heart rhythms, and sleep patterns.
		In 1997, for example, Valeriy Lipkin, deputy director of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, was approached by an Iranian delegation that expressed interest in genetic engineering techniques and made tempting proposals for him and his colleagues to come and work for a while in Tehran.
	www.issues.org /15.3/p_tucker.htm (2824 words)

	The Voice of Russia [ SPACE THEORETICIANS ]
		Mstislav Keldysh, who would grow up to become a full member of the national Academy of Sciences, was the son of a college professor and a graduate of the math and physics department of Moscow's Lomonosov University.
		With the end of the war, the Soviet Union got what one might describe as a second wind but the deepening rift in relations with the wartime allies and memory of the devastating war made national security the word of the day.
		His contribution to science and the national and international recognition of his role brought Mstislav Keldysh to the presidency of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
	www.vor.ru /Space_now/Theoreticians/Keldish/teoretic4.html (767 words)

	History of Russian and Soviet Science - Syllabus
		After the revolution, the Soviet Union developed its distinctive organizational structure for science, with research supported independently from higher education and with Academy of Sciences resembling a governmental agency.
		Graham, L. The Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party, 1927- 1932.
		Vucinich A. Empire of Knowledge: The Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1917-1970).
	www.arches.uga.edu /~anikov/syllab2.html (1181 words)

	Aleksandr Oparin -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He was a member of the (Click link for more info and facts about Soviet Academy of Sciences) Soviet Academy of Sciences, and founder of the RAS Biochemistry Institute (1935).
		On his passing in 1980, he was interred in (Click link for more info and facts about Novodevichy Cemetery) Novodevichy Cemetery in (A city of central European Russia; formerly capital of both the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia; since 1991 the capital of the Russian Federation) Moscow.
		Russian biochemist who, in 1924, wrote a pamphlet on the origin of life (based on ideas presented at the Russian Botanical Society in 1922) and provided what Bernal called "the first and principal modern appreciation of the problem" (see life, origin of).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/al/aleksandr_oparin.htm (502 words)

	Sakharov speaks out on repression, detente (12/28/80)
		That concept was a component part of the final communique of the Helsinki Conference, but words and deeds have gone their separate ways, particularly in the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe.
		I have learned of the scale and the cynicism with which fundamental civil and political rights are violated in the Soviet Union including the right to freedom of opinion and freedom of information, the right to a free choice of one's country of residence (i.e.
		I think it would have been only natural had the Academy of Sciences defended these repressed scientists and not permitted them to be slandered by its president.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1980/318005.shtml (1603 words)

	Mathematics in Latvia Through the Centuries, by Daina Taimina and Ingrida Henina
		In 1940, after the Soviet occupation, students could not anymore chose the sequence of courses -- there was a strict sequence of courses established, and the length of studies were extended to 5 years.
		Many institutes of the Academy of Sciences were included in the University of Latvia to stimulate scientific researches among professors of the university and also to involve researches into the teaching process.
		Institute of Mathematics of the University of Latvia and Latvian Academy of Sciences: http://www.lza.lv/inst/in07.htm
	www.math.cornell.edu /~dtaimina/mathinlv.html (16065 words)

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