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Topic: Soviet Armed Forces

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	92014: Russian and Other Former Soviet Armed Forces
		Soviet political leaders determined it was wise and prudent to begin reductions in both nuclear and conventional forces, to adopt a defensive national military strategy, and to withdraw voluntarily from Afghanistan.
		The unified Soviet armed forces were controlled from a centralized high command in Moscow, headed by the Minister of Defense, traditionally a marshal from the ground forces.
		Without an effective armed force, it was vulnerable to secession movements by some of its ethnic minorities such as the Chechens and Tatars, to border adjustments by former fraternal republics, and to problems along its Siberian borders with China and Japan.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/92-014.htm (7337 words)

	Red Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although it was officially known as the Soviet Army from 1946, the term Red Army is commonly used in the West to refer to the Soviet military after that date, i.e., during the Cold War.
		Soviet propaganda turned away from political notions of class struggle, and instead invoked the deeper-rooted patriotic feelings of the population, embracing pre-revolutionary Russian history.
		Soviet Army units which had liberated the countries of Eastern Europe from German rule remained in some of them to secure the régimes in what became satellite states of the Soviet Union and to deter and to fend off NATO forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces (2106 words)

	2500 Year Old Prophecy: Soviet Armed Invasion?
		With Soviet forces in Afghanistan the importance of the area to the communists is again demonstrated.
		Ground forces have been designed to project Red power and have been used to effectively in- fluence other national neighbors as seen in the cases of Hungary in 1956, Czechoslovakia in 1968 and most recently, Afghanistan of which Soviet forces from the Southern TVD remain to this day.
		Soviet forces later that year moved into the country to "aid" in the development of this adolescent Soviet satel- lite.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1988/BAG.htm (2859 words)

	HTML PAPER 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Soviet armed forces, in a state of decline accentuated by President Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, was desperate to regain the political influence once held by the hardliners of previous years.
		While the Union Treaty acted as the main catalytic force for the putsch, and the declining political and social influence of the military was the underlying cause, the intermediate cause can be identified as the actual physical deterioration of the Soviet armed forces.
		Gorbachev viewed military force reductions as a means to both remove the coercive element of force from Soviet interstate relations and to spearhead arms reductions between the two superpowers.
	www.is.rhodes.edu /modus/97/5.html (6999 words)

	Indian Armed Forces
		About the Indian Armed forces: Supreme command of India's armed forces--the third-largest in the world-- rests with the president of India, but actual responsibility for national defense lies with the cabinet committee for political affairs under the chairmanship of the prime minister.
		The armed forces have always been loyal to constitutional authority and maintain a tradition of non-involvement in political affairs.
		The air force has enhanced the capability of its fighter force with the addition of the multi-role Sukhoi 30, and it hopes to replace much of its Mig-21 fleet with the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft currently under development.
	www.indianchild.com /indian_armed_forces.htm (595 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C
		The Soviet Union claimed that the creation of the Warsaw Pact was in direct response to the inclusion of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in NATO in 1955.
		Soviet leaders believed that the Warsaw Pact allies would be most likely to remain loyal if the Soviet armed forces engaged in a short, successful offensive operation against NATO while deploying NSWP forces defensively.
		The Soviet Union resorted to occasional propaganda offensives, accusing West Germany of revanchism and aggressive intentions in Eastern Europe, to remind its allies of their ultimate dependence on Soviet protection and to reinforce the Warsaw Pact's cohesion against the attraction of good relations with the West.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html (6968 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Delusions of Soviet Weakness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		...The Soviet force of submarine-carried ballistic missiles is also much larger than the American, with 980 missiles as opposed to 640, but the quality difference is still so great that the American force remains superior...
		...The Soviets could only use them to achieve physical results (blasting gaps through the front) that would not begin to remedy the catastrophic deterioration of their position from a successful non-nuclear invasion to a nuclear conflict in which no good result could be achieved...
		...The purpose is not to threaten cities and towns already abundantly threatened, to "overkill" populations, but rather to threaten the intercontinental nuclear forces themselves: the missiles in their fortified housings, the bomber bases and missile-submarine ports, and the centers of military command and communication for all those forces...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V79I1P34-1.htm (5367 words)

	Thirty Minutes Away--December 1990
		For the Soviet armed forces, "less" is a relative term.
		Tactical forces, for example, are responding to the reductions by junking older equipment and outfitting their slimmed-down units with better weapons.
		Like most Soviet dogmas, it tended toward ambiguity, but it made a break, at least nominally, with the concept of the large-scale offensive, which had dominated Soviet military thinking for forty years.
	www.afa.org /magazine/1990/12edit90_print.html (711 words)

	Doctrine - Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces
		Soviet military thinkers believed that they could achieve a decisive victory by delivering preemptive nuclear strikes on objectives deep in the enemy's rear and, subsequently, by encircling, cutting off, and destroying the enemy's troops with nuclear and conventional munitions.
		In the early l960s, nuclear weapons became the "basic means of destruction on the field of battle." Soviet tacticians believed that nuclear strikes during an engagement would help the Soviet armed forces to seize and retain the initiative on a tactical level and achieve victory in battle.
		Soviet belief that the United States was acquiring nuclear missiles capable of delivering a surprise strike and was developing an antimissile shield to protect United States territory from Soviet retaliation contributed to the Soviet military's perception of the growing role of strategic surprise.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/doctrine/intro.htm (2646 words)

	Soviet readiness for war in 1939t (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Stalin had purged the armed forces leadership throughout the 1930's, eliminating anyne whom he believed to pose a political threat to his leadership.
		Soviet Pilots also had the advantage of having flown in the short war against Japan in 1938.
		The Soviet airforce versus the Luftwaffe - an academic article from History Today that analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the Red Airfroce in comparison to that of the Luftwaffe.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /EuropeatWar/sovietreadinessforwar.htm (392 words)

	Военная литература : История войн : Stolfi R. H. S. Hitler’s Panzers East: World War II ...
		The same wisdom emphasizes that the Germans faltered gradually during a great surge into the Soviet Union, in which they underestimated the men, weapons, and space of the Russians and were overcome by numbers and space in 1941 and thereafter.
		It is equally difficult to avoid concluding that the same army group, moving across the same roads under the summer skies of August 1941, would have destroyed the main concentration of the Soviet armed forces, taken the capital, and collapsed effective military resistance.
		Guderiaris and Weichs's forces were scarcely exhausted by their attacks either logistically or mechanically because on 25 August they began the great oblique advance away from Moscow into the Ukraine.
	militera.lib.ru /h/stolfi/09.html (3730 words)

	ARMED FORCES JOURNAL - Special forces and horses - November 2006
		Raised on a cattle farm in Kansas and having competed in collegiate rodeos, the sandy-haired Nutsch was a crack rider.
		Special Forces operations at first centered around the capture of Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan's second-largest city and the center of the northern part of the country.
		The Special Forces operators and their CIA counterparts were frustrated because they could never get as many bombers as they wanted.
	www.armedforcesjournal.com /2006/11/2146103 (5518 words)

	Soviet Aerospace Forces — A Survey
		After a brief introduction concerning the Soviet challenge and a call for an awareness of the Soviet military apparatus, Chapter 2 considers the organization of the Soviet Armed Forces.
		The Soviet Air Force is divided into three separate components, and it has the responsibility for providing tactical support to the Ground Forces, strategic bombing operations, and military airlift support.
		The Soviet Navy directs all naval forces and is committed to a strategic mission, upgrading its capability for waging general war and projecting Soviet naval power and influence abroad.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1981/jul-aug/kelly.htm (1223 words)

	ANALYSIS: The status of Ukrainian military terminology (02/23/97)
		With the break-up of the Soviet Union, the emergence of the independent Ukrainian state and the adoption of Ukrainian as the official language, a radically new period began in the field of Ukrainian military terminology.
		Unlike the countries of the Warsaw Pact, which under Communist rule retained and developed their native military terminology, Ukrainian members of the Soviet armed forces were forced to use the Russian language of command and communication, and were prevented from developing any semblance of Ukrainian military terminology.
		The post-Soviet Ukrainian armed forces formed in 1991 were composed of former Soviet army groups that had been stationed in Ukraine as a second strategic echelon of the Soviet Union's line of defense again the West.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1997/089717.shtml (1824 words)

	What's the Difference?
		Soviet AKs during the Cold War were identified with a series of markings on the left side of the front trunion.
		The original Soviet bullets are boat-tail bullets with a copper-plated steel jacket, a large steel core, and some lead between the core and the jacket.
		The Afghans who fought the Soviet Union often referred to the 5,45 as "the poison bullet" because of the severity of the wound in proportion to its relative anemic size and energy.
	www.sovietairborne.com /Difference.html (3135 words)

	KGB - Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies
		Special departments were responsible for security clearances of military personnel and for ensuring that security regulations and procedures were strictly observed in all branches of the armed forces.
		The leadership claimed that their armed forces were continually threatened by ideological sabotage, i.e., attempts by Western governments to subvert individuals through bourgeois propaganda aimed at weakening their political convictions.
		Officially, special departments were empowered to investigate armed forces personnel for the same crimes that were under KGB purview for ordinary citizens.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/kgb/su0520.htm (555 words)

	Workers World [Sam Marcy]: The Gulf War crisis and the Soviet military (Jan. 17, 1991)
		The Soviet chief of staff made very clear that Soviet forces would not be included in any kind of military operation in the Gulf.
		What probably interested the Pentagon most was when Gorbachev replaced the chief of the strategic rocket forces, the heads of the group of Soviet forces in Germany, Poland and Hungary, and the commanders of the Moscow and Byelorussian military districts.
		In the public discussion about the Soviet role in Afghanistan and the difficulties encountered in the Afghanistan struggle, it was all but forgotten that the U.S., Britain, France, West Germany, Pakistan and also China were arrayed against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, and still are.
	www.workers.org /marcy/1991/sm910117.html (2315 words)

	Pravda.RU The first Victory parade - reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Soviet Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Marshall of the Soviet Union J. Stalin." In late May and early June, troops were preparing hard for the Parade.
		Front and Navy regiments were followed by a column of Soviet soldiers carrying 200 pointed down to the ground banners of Fascist units defeated by the Soviet Army on the fields of battle.
		The quality of education that children from Chechnya and children of forced migrants from Ingushetia receive at schools is satisfactory, the UN Deputy Secretary General, UN special envoy on problems of children in armed conflicts, Olara Otunnu was quoted as saying at the press-conference in Moscow.
	english.pravda.ru /society/2002/06/24/30962.html (2503 words)

	Lettonie (119) USSR armed forces in Baltic States 1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The presence of USSR armed forces on the territories of the Republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, is a legacy of the aggression committed by the Soviet Union against the Baltic States.
		Soviet officers in the Baltic countries come to be turning into hostages of continuing imperial policies.
		In demanding the withdrawal of the Soviet armed forces, we will not take actions that could demean the dignity and the human rights of their families.
	www.letton.ch /lvx_ap2.htm (368 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Book Reviews
		He supervised the military resupply of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, helped the Nadjibullah government survive the mutiny of its Defense Minister, suffered a concussion from an incoming rocket round and developed a bad case of hepatitis.
		General Gareev was in the thick of the fighting and the thick of the decision making during the twilight of the communist Afghan regime.
		The book further provides a detailed look at the state of the Afghan government armed forces in 1989 and 1990, the Soviet aid program to Afghanistan, Soviet government dealings with Afghanistan following the Soviet Army withdrawal and the conduct of Afghan government during the 1989 and 1990 years of crisis.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /bookrevu/lastwar.htm (549 words)

	The Soviet Doctrine of War and Eurocommunism .
		At the same time it is trying to imbue Soviet military personnel, and es pecially the officer cadres, with the mission of the Soviet state i.e., to promote the building a socialist-communist society on a worldwide scale.
		Discussing the development of the Soviet armed forces, "under the conditions of mature socialism Col A. Timorin, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, claims them to be monofunctional I i.e fulfilling a purely foreign political function in contrast to bourgeois (capitalist) armies, "which even now still fulfill two functions--domestic and foreign.
		According to the scenario of these exercises, the armed forces of that bloc will have to deal with situation caused by the approaching collapse of the capitalist economy, food riots, inability of bourgeois governments to fulfill their public security obligations and to uphold law and order in general.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Europe/bg49.cfm (1599 words)

	Lettonie (125) Memorandum to USSR President Gorbachev 1990
		The Soviet Armed Forces and other Soviet Special Force Militia units stationed in Latvia are ever more aggressively interfering in the country's internal affairs and ignoring Constitution requirements.
		The presence of any USSR armed military units on the territory of the Republic of Latvia is a threat to Latvia's security and to its population.
		To discontinue the movement of Soviet Armed Forces into the territory of the Republic of Latvia, to discontinue the construction of Soviet military objects in Latvia, and to forbid Soviet soldiers to carry weapons beyond the army bases' territory; and
	www.letton.ch /lvx_ap9.htm (620 words)

	Russian armed forces training cycle, Soviet armed forces training on RussiansAbroad.com
		Nominally, the Russian armed forces operate on the same six-month training cycle that was observed by the Soviet armed forces.
		This means that by 1996 the armed forces had passed through more than ten cycles without conducting any serious training.
		The air forces of the Russian Federation are the most technologically sensitive of the armed forces.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_360.html (276 words)

	Soviet Armed Forces (I Serve The Soviet Union) (Soviet Army)
		An awesome visual account of Operation Dnieper, the 1967 Soviet military exercise which, involving more than half a million troops, stands as the largest such maneuver in world history.
		Pitting western against eastern forces in a blistering battle over Soviet territory, the maneuver showcased Soviet tank, air and missile capabilities; in Cold War terms, Operation Dnieper was the extravagent Soviet answer to NATO flexible response doctrine, significantly raising the stakes in any future European showdown.
		Soviet cameras recorded the event as a demonstration of socialist prowess; the version here was adapted by the U.S Department of Defense for internal purposes.
	www.ihffilm.com /730.html (187 words)

	Soviet Airborne and Airmobile
		Soviet airlift has decided limits, which probably means that airborne divisions will be used minus their BMDs.
		The battle for the Arnhem bridges was one of the clearest examples of the severe limitations of airborne forces during World War II, and the Soviets had several of their own examples with similar outcomes.
		Soviet citizens know when they see the blue berets of the VDV that party time is over.
	www.sovietairborne.com /VDV.html (2939 words)

	The Soviet Armed Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Part of his collection of Soviet sources had to be removed from his fifth-floor office in an eighteenth-century Edinburgh tenement because its weight compromised the structural integrity of the building; his home office resembled the Grand Canyon, with a single, narrow path through the four-foot piles of books to his desk.
		Using this approach, The Soviet Armed Forces, 19181992 goes beyond what might be rightfully expected of a bibliography and becomes perhaps the most valuable extant road map to the field of Soviet military studies--hence fulfilling its subtitle as a research guide.
		The Soviet Armed Forces, 19181992 is the essential source for serious students of the Soviet armed forces.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/bookrev/erickson.html (519 words)

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