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	Soviet coup attempt of 1991 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Soviet Coup of 1991, also known as the August Putsch or August Coup, a group of hardliners within the Soviet Communist party briefly deposed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country.
		The coup leaders were conservatives who felt that Gorbachev's reform program had gone too far and that a new union treaty that he had negotiated dispersed too much of the central government's power to the republics.
		Large public demonstrations against the coup leaders took place in Moscow and Leningrad, and divided loyalties in the defense and security establishments prevented the armed forces from crushing the resistance that Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin led from the White House, Russia's parliament building.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991 (1021 words)

	History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On March 17, 1991, in an all-Union referendum 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.
		On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian republics met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha to issue a declaration that the Soviet Union was dissolved and replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
		As the Soviet Union was unraveling, Gorbachev and U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a U.S.-Soviet strategic partnership at the summit of July 1991, decisively marking the end of the Cold War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union (2843 words)

	Soviet Coup of 1991
		The Soviet Coup of 1991 or the August Coup crushed the hopes of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that he could at least hold the union together in a decentralized form.
		On August 19, 1991, one day before Gorbachev and a group of republic leaders were due to sign the union treaty, a group calling itself the State Emergency Committee attempted to seize power in Moscow.
		Large public demonstrations against the coup leaders took place in Moscow and Leningrad, and divided loyalties in the defense and security establishments prevented the armed forces from crushing the resistance that Yeltsin led from Russia's parliament building.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/soviet_coup_of_1991 (633 words)

	Lessons from the 1991 Soviet coup, by Wendy Varney and Brian Martin
		All this was jeopardised in August 1991 when a group calling itself the Emergency Committee, with Gennadi Yanayev as its figurehead, detained Gorbachev in his Crimean dacha and attempted a coup in the hope of maintaining the centralisation about to be diminished by the new principles of the union that Garbachev was about to formalise.
		Those in the military who opposed the coup, or who at least were willing to disappear, resign, shoot themselves or simply be unutterably inefficient rather than carry out the orders of the coup leaders, would have found solace in the presence of high profile figures who were forthright in their opposition.
		There is no doubt that the Soviet citizens lacked much of the technology in the numbers they would have desired for resisting the coup, but they did not seem to be lacking in technical skill and their ability to improvise was extraordinary.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/00pr.html (5441 words)

	Although every Soviet history scholar knows that the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia is regarded as a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although every Soviet history scholar knows that the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia is regarded as a revolution, the same is not as often said about the 1991 coup d'etat of the Soviet Union by the democratic reformists led by Boris Yeltsin
		Although every Soviet history scholar knows that the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia is widely known as a revolution, the same is not as often said about the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, which transferred power to the democratic reformists led by Boris Yeltsin.
		It is true that tremendous changes took place after 1991; a single-party federalist system was replaced by a parliamentary, democratic one; a planned economy was traded for a free market; and there was at last, an end to censorship and public repression.
	rabeh.soofinet.com /work/mobs2.html (1998 words)

	The Russian Nets and the Coup of 1991
		The early soviet networks had been formed to connect Unix3 programmers, but by the time of the coup "'99 percent of the users [were] commercial'" (Lawton 1993).
		DURING THE COUP The Soviet Coup of 19 August 1991 was led by Gennady I. Yanayev, the Russian Vice-President, and the eight members of the self-appointed State of Emergency Committee -- all Gorbachev's closest advisors -- during the time that Gorbachev went on vacation to his dachta in the Crimea.
		Soviet cities and areas [that were] stimulated by the arrival of military force," (Valauskas 43) as well as troop movements, reports of resistance activities in various cities, the Finnish-Soviet border status, and the status' of various countries' radio stations and phone lines were all reported online.
	www.msu.edu /~corcora5/essays/RusNets+Coup.html (4207 words)

	The Conservative Coup
		You will not live long!" (2.) The crucial reason the coup failed was that during the past six years of glasnost and perestroika the Soviet people had lost their fear of the Communist Party.
		The coup leaders gave in on Wednesday and the plotters either committed suicide or were arrested during a last minute plea to Gorbachev for forgiveness.
		Yeltsin's popularity soared after the coup and he used this to act like a head of state rather than the head of a republic he was supposed to be.
	www.historyorb.com /russia/conservative_coup.shtml (731 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Ex-putschists defend 1991 Soviet coup
		The coup lasted only two days and the plotters were later sent to jail, labelled traitors.
		Their coup paved the way for the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
		On 19 August 1991, the coup plotters announced that President Gorbachev was ill, isolated him at a Black Sea resort and put themselves in charge.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1423000/1423034.stm (577 words)

	[No title]
		The coup was in violation of the law and the constitution.
		Through the eyes of people in Moscow (which is NOT all the Soviets) one sees Gorbachev, Yeltsin, the Deputies in the Congress, and the leaders of the various republics all as players in a process of redefining the Soviet Union as some sort of federation of sovereign states.
		As the coup attempt began to crumble, there was anger toward the Communist Party since the leadership had supported the coup attempt.
	eserver.org /history/soviet-diary.txt (5867 words)

	mhp: The Soviet Challenge to America
		He reported that all eight coup leaders were Gorbachev appointees, and coup leader, Gennady Yanayev, referred to himself as the "acting President" saying that Gorbachev would return to power after he recovered from his "illness".
		By August 21, 1991, the "coup" had failed and Gorbachev was restored as President.
		The coup was not able to rally the support that he needed, and on December 25th, 1991, he resigned, and said: "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
	modernhistoryproject.org /mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarn07-7 (4691 words)

	USSR Coup 1991
		However, in the eyes of the remaining CPSU conservatives, he had gone too far because his new union treaty dispersed too much of the central government's power to the republics.
		Soviet Union vice president Gennadiy Yanayev was named acting president.
		On December 8, Yeltsin and the leaders of Belarus (which adopted that name in August 1991) and Ukraine met at Minsk, the capital of Belarus, where they created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS--see Glossary) and annulled the 1922 union treaty that had established the Soviet Union.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/uniform/ussr1991.htm (537 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Ex-putschists defend 1991 Soviet coup
		Russian Communist hardliners who staged the abortive August 1991 coup against the former Soviet President, Mikhail Gorbachev, have jointly defended their actions.
		They denounced "the destruction of the country," and said they were ready to "mount the barricades" again to restore the Soviet Union.
		Coup leader Gennady Yanayev - a former Soviet vice-president who proclaimed himself acting president of the USSR - said he would gladly do it all over again.
	news.bbc.co.uk /low/english/world/europe/newsid_1423000/1423034.stm (593 words)

	[No title]
		What the 1991 coup plotters did not have was a clear plan of action, a set chain of command and the resolve to crush the spontaneous protests by tens of thousands of Muscovites.
		On the morning of the coup, Igor Sherman, the young editor of his city's first independent newspaper, Bryanskoye Vremya, was woken up by a telephone call from his father.
		From the morning of Aug. 19, 1991, as they heard about the coup and the Yeltsin-led opposition forming at the White House, people began converging there and — unarmed — placed themselves in the line of fire should the coup leaders try to storm the building.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /indexes/146.html (840 words)

	The coup that failed: 10 years ago a plot to save the Soviet Union led to its dissolution [Free Republic]
		The president of the Soviet Union, their president, was destroying the one-party state, its central economy, its totalitarian institutions of social control.
		The reaction to the hardline coup of August 18-22 in the streets of Moscow, where thousands of politicians and everyday people protested in the face of overwhelming military force, proved the Soviet Union and everything it stood for were, in a sense, already dead.
		While most Soviet citizens, and most Russians today, retreat to bare-bones bungalows whose vegetable gardens provide vital sustenance, the Soviet leader was entitled to the most modern of amenities and a beautiful beachfront on the Crimean Peninsula.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b7810510eb7.htm (2783 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Finnish Press and the Soviet Coup in 1991 and the Parliamentary Crisis in Russia in 1993.
		This thesis studies the reactions of the Finnish press towards the Yanayev's Coup d'état in the Soviet Union in 1991 and the Russian Parliamentary Crisis in 1993.
		The objective of the thesis is to study the ways in which the press reacted to the above-mentioned events and to clarify the developments in the reactions and attitudes of the press during the study periods.
	www.valt.helsinki.fi /gradutmp/g781.htm (595 words)

	NATO Review - No. 5 - Oct. 1991
		Even the Soviet coup leaders in their brief period in power were anxious to stress that they would abide by existing international commitments.
		In the middle of 1991, there were worrying signs that some economic interests in the EC, relating especially to steel, textiles and agriculture, were preventing a speedy, closer relationship of Central Europeans with the Community.
		As these countries increasingly appreciate, the Soviet Union is a declining problem at the moment, not least because it is distracted and weakened by domestic issues.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1991/9105-4.htm (3220 words)

	Okno Group - E/W Letter article - In the Wake of the August Coup
		The attempted hard-line coup against the Gorbachev government seemed to jeopardize all the accomplish merits of the previous six years in politics and economics.
		The failure of the coup not only gave hope to the Soviet people and people around the world, but it leaves us lessons to which observers interested in the Soviet Union might pay heed.
		Contrary to the expectations of many observers, and apparently of the coup leaders themselves, the Soviet people were not cowed into submission by decrees, curfews, and tanks in the streets.
	www.okno.com /ewltr/archive/vol1/august-coup-v1n1.html (562 words)

	The Soviet coup and collapse caught watchful America by surprise [Free Republic]
		In truth, eight of Gorbachev's political enemies had detained the Soviet president at his home on the Black Sea and were leading a coup to oust him.
		Had the coup been instigated in January or February of 1991, it might have succeeded, she said.
		The day the coup began, Western leaders watched on television as Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Federation, stood on a tank to rally hundreds of thousands of citizens demonstrating in support of Gorbachev, president of the Soviet Union.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b7d5f222e54.htm (1816 words)

	CNN.com - Russia reflects on collapse of USSR - August 20, 2001
		A rally to honour the coup plotters was being held at Pushkin Square, with a speech from hardline nationalist leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky.
		The August 19, 1991, coup began with music by Chopin and Tchaikovsky, the classical harbingers of grave news in the Soviet Union, being played on state television and radio as the coup leaders announced that Gorbachev was sick and unable to perform his duties, and they were taking control.
		By the time the sun set on August 19, 1991, tens of thousands of people had answered his call for resistance to the coup leaders, making barricades around the building where the Russian parliament met.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/08/19/russia.coup/index.html (628 words)

	Divided, Russia Marks Failed 1991 Soviet Coup ±±·½Íø>English
		The coup began with state radio and television playing music by Chopin and Tchaikovsky, the Soviet Union¡¯s classical harbingers of grave news, as the coup leaders announced Gorbachev was sick and they were taking control.
		Sunday Gennady Yanayev, Soviet vice-president and a key coup plotter, said the putsch was an attempt to restore order and prevent signature of a treaty giving the Soviet Union¡¯s constituent republics greater powers at Moscow¡¯s expense.
		The Soviet Union¡¯s demise ushered in radical economic reforms which saw a frightening collapse in living standards, soaring crime, two wars in Chechnya, endemic corruption and the rise of powerful business oligarchs who grabbed control of the commanding heights of the economy for a pittance.
	english.enorth.com.cn /system/2001/08/20/000119752.shtml (665 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		The rest of the winter, into 1991, was lived in an atmosphere of escalating tension as the then leader of the Russian republic, Boris Yeltsin, increased his rhetoric against central Soviet institutions amid discussions of a new union treaty to loosen the bonds of the USSR.
		The Soviet president was unfazed, as he recalled in a 1996 interview with RFE/RL.
		The officials confiscated the codes needed to launch the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, the so-called "nuclear briefcase." Gorbachev and his family were in effect under house arrest.
	www.rferl.org /features/2001/08/15082001123554.asp (1562 words)

	American Red Groups
		Both groups had supported Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks and the new Soviet Union, but were different demographically (the CPA was mostly composed of immigrants and the native-born CLP was lead by journalist John Reed).
		Due to the fall of the Soviet Union and a near consensus of the international Left that Stalin was responsible for its demise, the Communist Labor Party dissolved in January of 1993 and reformed into the "League of Revolutionaries for a New America" (LRNA).
		Always critical of both the Soviet Union and of the Socialist Party's "reformism," the SLP has been isolated from the majority of the American Left, and that isolation seems to be ever-increasing.
	reds.linefeed.org /groups.html (6783 words)

	CNN.com - Russian politician killed in crash - April 29, 2002
		The 52-year-old governor of the vast Krasnoyarsk territory of Siberia died in hospital after the Mi-8 in which he was travelling came down on Sunday morning near the town of Abakan, about 3,400 km (2,100 miles) east of Moscow, Russian television reported.
		The coup leaders ordered him to send in his paratroopers to surround the headquarters of Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
		He refused, a move that to a large degree led to the coup's collapse.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/04/28/russia.lebed (563 words)

	The War That Never Was - The Fall of the Soviet Empire 1985 - 1991 - Pryce-Jones, David
		The coup of August 1991 brought an end not only to Gorbachev's political career, but to the entire Soviet Union: communism imploded, the Berlin Wall had been dismantled, Germany reunified, and several European states regained their independence.
		He asked why Gorbachev and the leadership didn't resort to armed violence in classic Soviet style; how much was accidental, how much planned; and how much will never be known about the workings of the impenetrable structure which held together the Soviet bloc.
		Party leaders, decision-makers and first secretaries of the Soviet republics and satellites each give their version of events, often speaking frankly about Gorbachev, his motivations and actions.
	www.dking.co.uk /si/002900.html (238 words)

	/Users/acoyne/Desktop/Essays/Essays/Newspapers/Globe 91-96/Soviet coup analysis (1991).rtfd/TXT.rtf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The coup leaders commanded all the necessary apparatus: the
		A coup's victory must be total, or it is nothing.
		The coup probably was intended for last December, when the hard-liners
	www.andrewcoyne.com /Essays/Newspapers/Globe%2091-96/Soviet%20coup%20analysis%20(1991).rtfd/TXT.html (777 words)

	Historical Text Archive: Articles: Aborted Soviet Coup--1991, The
		The real mastermind of the coup was Alksnis - I really regretted that I had not be able to get a copy of his statement.
		They were discussing the upcoming Supreme Soviet meeting (of the USSR - scheduled for Monday).
		There were several phone calls - including the information that the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was about to meet - without Lukyanov in the chair - and would annul all the acts of the junta.
	historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=70 (6165 words)

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