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Topic: Soviet Fourth Army

	Republican China
		The intellectual milieu in which the May Fourth Movement developed was known as the New Culture Movement and occupied the period from 1917 to 1923.
		Soviet advisers--the most prominent of whom was an agent of the Comintern, Mikhail Borodin--began to arrive in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the Guomindang along the lines of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
		The Soviet Union, still hoping to prevent a split between Chiang and the CCP, ordered Communist underground activities to facilitate the Northern Expedition, which was finally launched by Chiang from Guangzhou in July 1926.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/republican.html (1489 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Fourth Army fought on the Axis side as part of the German Army Group B and later it fought on the Allies's side as part of the Soviet First Ukrainian Front during World War II.
		The Soviets took control of the oilfields in the PloieÅti area, and the Romanian Army was used to fight German forces on the Eastern Front.
		The Fourth Army took part in Soviet offensives, notably at Prague in May 1945, which happened to be the last offensive it took part in World War II.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Romanian_Fourth_Army (507 words)

	The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945
		The Japanese Kwangtung Army faced severe shortages in all areas and was in the middle of the redeployment of her defensive forces when the Soviets attacked.
		Japan's lack of armor and anti-tank weapons, failure to correctly estimate the size of the Soviet force build-up and predict the Russian avenues of approach were all reminiscent of her defeat at Nomonhan in 1939.
		The Soviet army's doctrine was believed to be inflexible and rigid to the point of being unable to adapt to the Japanese tactics of surprise and maneuver.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm (5500 words)

	The Red Army
		The army had to be established quickly as it was needed to fight the White Army during the Civil War.
		It was not until the spring of 1940 that the 7th and 13th armies led by General Kiril Meretsokov, was able to break through the Finnish defences.
		Political leaders in the troops (Red Army) are not recognized as prisoners of war and are to be liquidated at the latest in the prisoner-of-war transit camps.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSred.htm (5205 words)

	The Armenian Weekly Online: May 2001: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		June 15, 1988: The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR adopts the decision taken during the NKAO's February 20 session regarding reunification.
		Soviet troops are assigned to guard the homes of Armenians in Baku.
		July 13-14, 1991: Azerbaijani Interior Ministry forces, with the support of sub-units of the USSR MVD Internal Troops and the 23rd Division of the Soviet Fourth Army, forcibly deport Armenians from the villages of Manashid and Buzlukh in the Shahumian region.
	www.hairenik.com /armenianweekly/may/history001.html (1382 words)

	THE EMERGING ARMY IN AZERBAIJAN by Patrick Gorman
		As was the case in OMON units in other republics of the Soviet Union, the OMON detachments in Azerbaijan were often manned by former soldiers of the Soviet Army and veterans of the war in Afghanistan.
		The MVD regiment in Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh was withdrawn during November and December 1991 in conjunction with the reorganization of the MVD and KGB.
		The issue concerning the division of military assets belonging to the former Soviet Union was the primary topic of the May 15 meeting of CIS leaders in Tashkent.
	www.zerbaijan.com /azeri/azarmy.htm (3554 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| World War II \| Operation Bagration: Soviet Offensive of 1944 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His sector was a tempting target for the Red Army, since the eastern end of the bulge included the 50-mile-wide land bridge between the Dniepr and Dvina rivers that guarded Russia from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
		Soon thereafter, the Fourth Army endured a scene reminiscent of Napoleon’s 1812 campaign: A mass of troops retreating from the east had abandoned their heavy equipment on the east side of the Berezina and were fleeing west in disorder, crossing small crowded bridges under fire.
		With a 45-mile gap yawning between the tattered shards of the Third Panzer Army and Army Group North, Model was exceedingly vulnerable, but sooner or later the Soviet tanks had to outrun their fuel and ammunition supplies, and Model could give East Prussia and Poland a respite while he rebuilt his forces.
	www.historynet.com /wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3421346.html?showAll=y&c=y (3891 words)

	Army - Iraq Special Weapons
		The vast majority of the army's equipment inventory was of Soviet manufacture, although French and Brazilian equipment in particular continued to be acquired in Iraq's ongoing attempt to diversify its sources of armaments.
		Since the War, the army reduced the numbers of units and personnel, and focused on reconstituting armor and mechanised units with remaining equipment.
		The number of regular army divisions was cut from seven armored/mechanised and 20 infantry divisions to two or three armor divisions, three mechanised divisions and 15 to 17 infantry divisions.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm (1240 words)

	The Polish Army in France, Haller Army, Blue Army - Battles in France
		The German Army had withdrawn from the area between Poland and Russia and the void created was filled by both Polish and Russian forces each looking to establish the new boundry in their favor.
		Poland desperately needed her army to be able to protect her from the growing threat.
		Germany refused to allow an armed foreign army to be transported across her or through the port of Danzig.
	www.hallersarmy.com /FranceBattles.php (1125 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - The Failures of Historiography: Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet ...
		Soviet historiography has not been universally bad, Western works have always existed which challenge the German view, and these works are now growing in number and their credibility is improving in the eyes of Western readers.
		Soviet sources cover the period in greater detail, properly underscoring the importance of these combat phases in the ultimate outcome of battle on the approaches to Moscow.
		Soviet historians highlight the confused ferocity of the Border Battles, the importance of the Battle of Smolensk, and the Herculean efforts of the Stavka to assemble, amass, and commit to combat those strategic reserves which, at the gates of Leningrad, Moscow, and Rostov, ultimately thwart the German Barbarossa offensive.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/failures.htm (10120 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2001
		Militarization of politics in Afghanistan in the fourth quarter of the last century opened a bloody chapter in the country's history that is yet to be closed.
		As the Soviets withdrew from direct military involvement in the conflict in 1989, ethnic and regional elements on both sides of the waning ideological line forged coalitions in a new struggle for power.
		Although the core of Ahmad Shah Masoud's army has some elements of the former 5th Corps in Parwan-Kapisa and the 6th Corps in the north, it is essentially a heterogeneous militia force, though it retains the original designations.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/parameters/01spring/jalali.htm (6417 words)

	Kursk
		The Ninth Army's offensive was spearheaded by the mighty Ferdinand tanks, whose two hundred millimeters of frontal armor were "electrically driven, with an eighty-eight millimeter L70 cannon in a fixed turret, as in an assault gun.
		This is clearly visible in two Soviet diplomatic initiatives: first, the Soviet peace initiative in Stockholm in spring and summer 1943; second, the diminished sense of urgency in Stalin's requests for a second front in Europe after summer 1943.
		The importance of the Soviet peace initiatives to this study is not their success or failure but rather what they reveal about Soviet leaders' views on the situation at the front.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~epf/1997/padilla.html (4908 words)

	Russia
		The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established as a federation on Dec. 30, 1922.
		Soviet foreign policy, at first friendly toward Germany and antagonistic toward Britain and France and then, after Hitler's rise to power in 1933, becoming anti-Fascist and pro–League of Nations, took an abrupt turn on Aug. 24, 1939, with the signing of a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany.
		The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty because of the invasion of Afghanistan by Soviet troops on Dec. 27, 1979.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107909.html (3144 words)

	Fighting the Russians in Winter: three case studies
		Soviet operations at the road position east of Bolshie Ozerki had resumed on 2 April with an exceptionally heavy artillery and mortar barrage, answered by an effective counterbarrage.
		The future marshal of the Soviet Union, Kirill Meretskov, then commander of the Leningrad Military District, which was initially responsible for the entire Soviet operation, cautioned on the eve of the invasion that serious resistance could be expected.
		Among the four Soviet armies initially involved in the invasion, the Ninth Army was to bisect Finland at its narrow waist by driving for the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Chew/CHEW.asp (15835 words)

	Dwight David Eisenhower
		An obscure Army officer in 1940, he was internationally known four years later as the Supreme Allied Commander who was leading the Allied armies, navies, and air forces in the crusade in Europe.
		Thus the consequences of peace for the Army were reduced budgets and a smaller force, and for its officers, a succession of dreary postings to the little forts and camps that made up the interwar service.
		The eventual consequence of Eisenhower's attendance at the Army's senior military schools was a posting to the War Department in the early 1930s, the first of a series of high-level assignments that accustomed him to dealing with issues of Army-wide significance.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/ike/ike.htm (8182 words)

	ORDER AND STATEMENT ON THE SOUTHERN ANHWEI INCIDENT
		The attack on the New Fourth Army units in southern Anhwei and the reactionary Order of January 17 [2] are only the first open signs of this plot.
		As for the New Fourth Army, the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an order on January 20, appointing Chen Yi as Acting Commander, Chang Yun-yi as Deputy Commander, Lai Chuan-chu as Chief of Staff and Teng Tzu-hui as Director of the Political Department.
		The telegram of October 19 contained outrageous calumnies against the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army which were fighting in the enemy-occupied areas and peremptorily ordered their units operating against the Japanese south of the Yellow River to be shifted to the north by a specified date.
	www.etext.org /Politics/MIM/classics/mao/sw2/mswv2_38.html (2427 words)

	ARMENIA: A REPORT FROM THE BORDER - The New York Review of Books
		We found a new element: the Soviet Fourth Army stationed in Azerbaijan, and Soviet internal troops of the Interior Ministry, were engaged in a joint effort with special units ("OMON") of the Azerbaijani Ministry of Internal Affairs, to forcibly deport Armenian civilians from Azerbaijani-controlled territory along the border.
		But many of our official sources, including not only Armenians but Soviet army officers and Azerbaijani OMON, acknowledged that Armenia's strong independence movement, and refusal to agree to the "nine plus one" agreement on the new union treaty, was related to the ferocity and timing of the recent campaign against the Armenians.
		From our interviews with refugees and Soviet Army officers, we estimate that as of the third week of May about 7,000 Armenians had been deported from the area, and these deportations are continuing.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/3195 (889 words)

	AGF Study No. 23: TRAINING FOR MOUNTAIN AND WINTER WARFARE
		Its small regular army had neither the men nor the appropriations for the specialized units which might be required if and when the nation engaged in war with one or more of its potential enemies in one of the many possible theaters of operation.
		An army which may have to fight anywhere in the world must have an important part of its major units especially organized, trained and equipped for fighting in the mountains and in winter.
		The four Regular Army officers assigned to his command had each had some training in winter operations or with pack animals but none was a skilled or trained mountaineer The enlisted men, recruited by the National Ski Association, had considerable knowledge of civilian ski and mountain techniques but no military knowledge.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/agf/agf23.htm (8826 words)

	Amazon.com: Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War Two on the Eastern Front: Books: Constantine ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Soviet deployments certainly make this plausible, as do other factors, such as the failure to build up defenses on the new Soviet border after stripping the old ones of most of their weapons and troops.
		Tracking the retreats of generals and missions of Stalin's emissaries to ascertain the situation, Pleshakov arrives at the moment--the German capture of Minsk--when Stalin apparently went into a swoon; he plainly expected to be overthrown.
		Despite their inexperience the Soviet High Command understood that Stalin's decision to position the bulk of his army and air force so close to the front lines was extraordinarily dangerous.
	www.amazon.com /Stalins-Folly-Tragic-First-Eastern/dp/0618367012 (2247 words)

	Fourth Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A number of nations have had a Fourth Army
		Republic of China Fourth Army and New Fourth Army
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fourth_Army (87 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly
		Morgan, Matthew J. Army Recruiting and the Civil-Military Gap.” Summer 2001.
		"Army Doctrine and Modern War: Notes Toward a New Edition of FM 100-5." Spring 1997.
		Chilcoat, Richard A. The `Fourth' Army War College: Preparing Strategic Leaders for the Next Century." Winter 1995-96.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/a-index.htm (7145 words)

	Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Turkic Crimes Against Humanity, Karabagh
		Relations between Russia and Iran first began to blossom in February 1989 when Shevardnadze, in his capacity as foreign minister of the Soviet Union, met with the Ayatollah Khomeini.
		Then the Soviet Union tried to convert it into a communist republic.
		Chehregani was welcomed warmly in the former Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.
	www.geocities.com /master8885 (3265 words)

	Amazon.com: "mechanized corps": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations, December 1942 - August 1943 (Soviet Military Experience) by David M. Glantz
		The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: 'August Storm' (Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Experience, 7) by DAVID GLANTZ
		Key Phrases: Sixth Army, Fourth Panzer Army, First Panzer Army, Eleventh Army, Eighth Army, Panzer Division, muddy season set, whole southern wing, one motorized brigade, entire southern wing, panzer corps, army group (see more)
	www.amazon.com /phrase/mechanized-corps (339 words)

	William C. Triplett on North Korea on National Review Online
		EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the fourth in a week-long series of excerpts from Rogue State: How a Nuclear North Korea Threatens America by William C. Triplett, which as released Monday.
		A North Korean army defector has pointed out just how easy it was to fool the WFP.
		He told a South Korean magazine that because of the "military-first" policy, the KPA has carte blanch for whatever it wants at the ports.61 His unit simply put on civilian clothes and changed from military to civilian license plates whenever the WFA inspectors were around.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/triplett200403180915.asp (1925 words)

	S. W. Golomb's Publications
		"On the Longest Cycle of a Random Permutation", (with P. Gaal), Fourth Petrozavodsk Conference on Applications of Probability to Discrete Mathematics, Petrozavodsk, Russia, June, 1996 Full text to appear in Hard-bound volume of the conference papers.
		"Some Problems of Numbered Graphs", Fourth Soviet International Symposium on Information Theory, Repino, USSR, June, 1976.
		"Some Problems of Numbered Graphs", Fourth Soviet International Symposium on Information Theory Repino, USSR, June 16, 1976.
	csi.usc.edu /faculty/golomb-pub.html (5574 words)

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