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Topic: Soviet Jews

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	History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1886, an Edict of Expulsion was enforced on Jews of Kiev.
		Soviet approval in the United Nations Security Council was critical to the UN partitioning of the British Mandate of Palestine, which led to the founding of the State of Israel.
		Soviet rule can be characterized by a rise in intermarriages and abandonment of Jewish identities by those who were eager to prove their loyalty to the Communist Party's atheism and proletarian internationalism, and committed to stamp out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism", such as Leon Trotsky, Maxim Litvinov or Lazar Kaganovich.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union (7829 words)

	Refusenik (Soviet Union) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Refuseniks included Jews who were desiring to emigrate on religious grounds and Jews seeking to emigrate to Israel for national/Zionist aspirations and relatively secular Jews desired to escape an undercurrent of the state-sponsored anti-Semitism.
		The coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s and his policies of glasnost and perestroika, as well as a desire for better relations with the West led to major changes.
		With the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the decade, the term "otkaznik" largely passed into history.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refusenik_(Soviet_Union) (605 words)

	The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
		Soviet POW’s, who had been captured by the Germans in the first months of the war, were starved to death in large numbers in the POW camps.
		Jews unable to work, especially children, the elderly and the sick, were to disappear as fast as possible.
		Jews are murdered in a ravine at Zdolbunov in the Soviet Union, 14 October, 1942, USHMM #30251.
	www.holocaust-education.dk /holocaust/massemordetsovjetiskejoder.asp (3830 words)

	Modern Arab Propaganda started as Soviet Propaganda to suppress dissident Soviet Jews
		While the first generation of Jews in the era of the Bolshevik Revolution may have been able to inspire some spiritual resistance in the hearts of its sons, that little had all but evaporated when, after the creation of the Jewish state, the sons were faced with the task of rearing the third generation.
		The Soviet delegate to the United Nations delayed the speedy adoption of a cease-fire resolution which might force to a halt the destruction of Israel that was being described in the official Arab communiqués and news reports.
		To Turkey and Iran-whose northern borders march with the Soviet's-the full arrival of Soviet power in their strategic rear in an encircling posture, with a now fading Israel their only buffer on the south, would be the irrebuttable proof of Soviet supremacy and of the valuelessness of American and of NATO plans and undertakings.
	www.eretzyisroel.org /~samuel/soviet.html (3289 words)

	PALESTINE PAPERS - Ingathering of Exiles -- Soviet Jews and Palestine
		Throughout the Soviet Union and indeed, the world, ethnic groups are under attack by other ethnic groups who have suffered under a dominant culture - witness the Azerbaijanis against the Armenians, the Serbs, Croats, Kurds, Basques, Afghanis, Sihks, Tamils, Catholic North-Irish etc,.
		Prior to Shamir's October demand, Soviet Jews petitioned to leave the U.S.S.R. to go to Israel, and when permission was finally granted, flew to their first stop in Europe.
		The Jews from the Soviet Union now must fly into Israel first, where they can either accept the abundant social services provided for them to resettle in Israel, including large economic and political enticements to settle in the Occupied Territories, or they can state their desire to go on to the United States.
	www.sonomacountyfreepress.com /palestine/ingathr.html (834 words)

	Jews From Russia and the Former Soviet Union Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Jews From Russia and the Former Soviet Union Table of Contents
		Jews From Russia and the Former Soviet Union
		White House Statement on the Release of Anatoly Shcharanskiy From the Soviet Union
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Human_Rights/sovjewtoc.html (72 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Soviet Jews under Khrushchev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		...The rush of Soviet Jews to Poland and Israel, according to reports from Warsaw, alarmed the Soviet authorities, and measures were taken in 1957 to slow down this East European equivalent of the "underground railroad...
		...The aspiration of the Russian Jews to be recognized as a distinct cultural entity is being denied on the grounds that the Jewish group does not fulfill the requirements laid down by Stalin for constituting a nationality...
		...Isolated though Soviet Jews may be, they are not abandoned, they are sustained in their trials by the existence of Israel, the support of world Jewry, and-not least-the sumpathy of all free men...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V27I2P41-1.htm (3409 words)

	The Jewish Soldier's Red Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		And on top of that a Jew, who had been inspired in his readiness for battle by the "shining example" of Bar Kokhba, a controversial, fanatical Jewish nationalist, a star, whose hopeless rebellion against the Roman Empire once and for all set the seal on the Diaspora all around the globe.
		Following this announcement, according to Kopelev, Jews were withdrawn from exposed positions in their contingents, in order to give the Nazi propaganda as few targets as possible.
		The part the Jews had contributed to the victory over the National Socialist invasion in the Great Patriotic War was obviously regarded by the Soviet Union as a strictly guarded state secret, to be buried forever under the many archeological layers of historical truths in the depths of some archive.
	www.sovietjewishsoldiers.org /essays_articles.asp (2348 words)

	Soviet Treatment of Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Soviet Jews have experienced a long history of persecution and anti-Semitism.
		During World War II Jews in Russia and the Ukraine were often killed by locals who collaborated with the Nazis (4).
		Over half of the Jews living within the borders of the Soviet Union were annihilated during the Holocaust (1).
	www.georgetown.edu /users/lg56/soviet_treatment_of_jews.htm (176 words)

	Carleton College: Media Relations
		It commemorated the 10 year anniversary of the peak exodus of Soviet Jews to Israel, and was sponsored by the United States Helsinki Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas and the former National Conference on Soviet Jewry.
		The release of the Jews from the former Soviet Union has been characterized as one of the most compelling events of the 20th century.
		For decades, Soviet Jews were imprisoned for their religious activism, denied the right to emigrate, and suffered a second-class status within their country of birth.
	www.carleton.edu /campus/newsbureau/pr/SovietJews.html (312 words)

	The Jewish Community of Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
		It is the capital of the Republic of Georgia, a former Soviet republic.
		Part moved to the Eastern Georgian regions, ruled by the Persians, where Jews were tolerated, as opposed to the suppression Jews suffered under the rule of the Byzantine Empire.
		Another result of the Russian annexation to Georgia was the development of ties between the native Georgian Jews and the Ashkenazi Russian Jews, who were settled in Georgia by the Russian administration in the first decade of the nineteenth century.
	www.bh.org.il /Communities/Archive/Tbilisi.asp (1506 words)

	Jews for Judaism Library - The Silent Holocaust Rescuing Russian Jews
		Unlike Jews in the West, who are usually somewhat resistant to conversion, our brethren who have lived behind the Iron Curtain are much less able to withstand the overtures of Christian missionaries.
		Even before the collapse of the Soviet Union, missionaries had set their sights on Russian immigrants at transit centers in Italy and upon arrival in North America and Israel.
		Hoping to convert as many Jews as possible before the doors close again, several "Hebrew Christian" organizations have established full-time branches in the major population centers of the former Soviet Union.
	www.jewsforjudaism.org /web/j4jlibrary/silent.html (1090 words)

	Remember and Save
		Long the target of anti-Semitic pogroms and policies, Soviet Jews were routinely denied such basic rights as the practice of their faith, employment in certain jobs, free travel within the country and emigration outside the USSR.
		She organized Omaha’s Free Soviet Jewry Committee and served on the board of the national Union of Councils for Soviet Jews.
		Richter said the famous Soviet dissident, Anatoly (now Natan) Sharansky, “often tells the story that his KGB interrogators tried to torment him by telling him he was only supported by Western ‘students and housewives.’ But that was the strength of the Soviet Jewry movement.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/soviet_jews_exodus/English/WhoHelped_s/WhoHelpedGoldstein_1.shtml (4060 words)

	SULAIR
		As a result, many Soviet Jews were unfamiliar with Jewish holidays and with such fundamental rites of passage as berit milah (ritual circumcision of newborn males), or bar and bat mitzvah (the introduction of young Jews into adulthood).
		And in the process of photographing Soviet Jewish immigrants in their homes, businesses, and public places, Ira Nowinski has captured some unforgettable faces through his camera’s lens—further evidence (if such were required) of this contemporary photographer’s mastery of his art.
		For Jews of the wartime generation Victory Day has extraordinary resonance: on the one hand, hundreds of thousands of Jews served in the Soviet Army during World War II; on the other hand, more than one million Soviet Jewish civilians lost their lives during the Nazi occupation.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/spc/exhibits/nowinonlinsoviet.html (1222 words)

	100,000 Former Soviet Jews In Israel Return To Russia
		Azanyan and her family fled the repressive Soviet regime at the tail end of a massive wave of emigration that saw about 1 million Soviet Jews settle in Israel by the mid-1990s.
		One of Lenin's first actions as Soviet leader was to abolish the Pale of Settlement and grant freedom of worship.
		Many historians contend that, at the time of his death in 1953, Stalin was preparing for a mass deportation of Soviet Jews to the so-called Jewish Autonomous Zone in the Siberian wastelands north of China.
	rense.com /general65/100000formersovietjews.htm (1966 words)

	Birobidzhan
		Elevated in May 1934 to the status of Jewish Autonomous Region (oblast), Birobidzhan, situated in Siberia on the border with China, was the Soviet answer to the question of a Jewish homeland.
		Earlier attempts to settle the Soviet Jews on dedicated land in the Ukraine, and later in Crimea, had yielded partial success, most of all in turning "unproductive" Jews into productive tillers of land.
		Finally, life as farmers held a tremendous, if ironic appeal to many Jews, who had been confined to city life for centuries, and who felt that the right to plow the land would give Jews as a full a national existence as the peoples around them.
	www.soviethistory.org /index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1934birobidzhan&Year=1934 (549 words)

	RIA Novosti - Opinion & analysis - ONE IN EVERY TEN SOVIET JEWS FOUGHT AT THE FRONT
		Fyodor Sverdlov was born in Kharkov in 1921.
		On quite a few occasions Jews managed to survive in camps because they lied about their surnames and were not betrayed by their fellow prisoners." Jews all over the world continue to express their gratitude to the people who protected them.
		At the age of 17, she was the first underground resistance fighter to be publicly executed by the Nazis in occupied Soviet territory.
	en.rian.ru /analysis/20050505/39936041.html (1980 words)

	RIA Novosti - Opinion & analysis - SOVIET JEWISH DOCTORS DISSECTED HITLER
		The remaining 1,700,000 Soviet Jews, who had either been evacuated or had remained on unoccupied territory, fought against the Nazis, with Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and other ethnic groups of the USSR.
		Jews were also instrumental in shaping the ideology that would underpin the Soviet role in the war.
		He had traveled extensively and was perhaps the only Jew in the USSR who was aware of the racist motivations for the war.
	en.rian.ru /analysis/20050506/39940317.html (931 words)

	Germany To Stop Accepting Ex-Soviet Jews
		Germany began offering Jews from the former Soviet bloc the right to settle in the country in 1991 to help rebuild its own Jewish communities, devastated by the country's Nazi regime.
		But the fact the number of ex-Soviet Jews coming to Germany has in recent years been higher than the number going to Israel had led to a policy rethink, the newspapers said.
		Berliner Zeitung reported around 9,400 ex-Soviet Jews were expected to come to Germany this year, exceeding the number settling in Israel by more than 1,000 for the first time.
	www.rense.com /general60/maman.htm (249 words)

	Enigma Books - Stalin and the Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		His attitude towards Jews ranged from the opportunistic to the oppressive and finally, towards the end of his life, toward the genocidal.
		Had he not died on March 5, 1953, when his murderous rampage and state-organized paranoia were in full career, the Jews of the Soviet Union may well have suffered a final harrowing such as would beggar the imagination.
		The Nazi juggernaut that swept across the Soviet border on June 22, 1941, and initially overwhelmed the Red Army, bled white by Stalin in the late thirties, was the most fearsome land invasion in history.
	www.enigmabooks.com /stalinjews.htm (864 words)

	JEWSWEEK - From Russia, with love (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Whereas during the communist era, Jews tended to deny their Jewish ancestry in order to avoid discrimination, today most Jews, including those who had been denied access to their Jewish heritage during the Soviet regime, usually display pride in their Jewish identity and openly support Israel.
		Those who recall the drab and miserable former Soviet lifestyle are usually stunned when they return to Moscow and encounter the luxury and glitz, the five-star hotels, the designer boutiques, the restaurants, and the neon lights manifestations of crass materialism.
		Yet the collapse of the evil Soviet empire combined with the presence of a million former Soviet Jews in Israel can only be regarded as one of the most stunning achievements of the past century.
	www.jewsweek.com /bin/en.jsp?enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enDispWho=Article^l1143&enZone=Opinions&enVersion=0& (1312 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews:
		A Georgian Jew, Yuza Enukashvilly, was kidnapped in July 1994 in Kutaisi.
		They left a note with antisemitic slurs and a demand that the Jews leave their home and Georgia and that if they did not do so voluntarily, they would be forced from their home.
		During the 15th Century, life for the Jews deteriorated with the decline of the Georgian Kingdom and the numerous occupations by various Muslim powers.
	www.fsumonitor.com /stories/asem1ga.shtml (2053 words)

	Soviet Jewry Movement
		The protest movement on behalf of Soviet Jewry, which spread throughout the United States and other Jewish communities during the 1960s and 1970s, was in large measure a response to the Holocaust.
		To cite one example: When Soviet performers visited the United States, whether they were a small string quartet or the world renowned Bolshoi Ballet, they were greeted by Jewish pickets demanding rights for Soviet Jews.
		The large majority of Soviet Jews applying to emigrate were being permitted to do so, and inside the Soviet Union, for the first time since the Communist revolution of 1917, a yeshiva was established.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Human_Rights/sjmove.html (592 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews: Azerbaijan
		The Jewish population of Azerbaijan, three-quarters of whom live in the capital Baku, is divided into Ashkenazi Jews and Jews of Persian origins, who are known as Mountain Jews.
		Emigration to Israel by Jews continues, due to the poor economic situation and uncertain political situation.
		In the small town of Auguz, with approximately 800 Jews, the synagogue was returned to the community and its renovations are nearly complete, including plans for a classroom and a library.
	www.fsumonitor.com /stories/asem1az.shtml (1642 words)

	Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
		and The Conference on the Status of Soviet Jews
		and other U.S. leaders formed the Conference on the Status of Soviet Jews, which convened in October of that year to discuss the plight of Soviet Jewry.
		King was outspoken on the plight of Soviet Jewry.
	www.adl.org /mlk/mlk_soviet_j.asp (194 words)

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