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	Battle of Moscow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Moscow refers to the defense of the Soviet capital of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive against the German army, between October 1941 and January 1942 on the Eastern Front of World War II.
		The Soviet government was evacuated east to the city of Kuybyshev, (modern-day Samara), yet the Soviet leader Stalin remained in Moscow.
		It was in front of Moscow that the term Panfilovec was coined: I.V. Panfilov, commander of the Soviet 316th Rifle Division, died in fierce self-sacrificing infantry combat against German tanks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Moscow (903 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Soviet Military Doctrine - William E. Odom
		Concludes that, in the light of the continuing ideological basis of Soviet doctrine, the West must be careful not to underestimate the danger which lies behind the undermining of deterrence through badly-conceived arms control measures.
		—Soviet ground forces are composed of more than two hundred divisions, all mechanized, and organized under army, front and high commands in at least five theaters of military operations.
		The Soviet military manpower base is equally large, consisting of over five million on active service and a reserve pool of over 55 million.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19881201faessay7929/william-e-odom/soviet-military-doctrine.html?mode=print (671 words)

	Âÿçåìñêàÿ îïåðàöèÿ 1941
		Other three armies of the Reserve Front, which has been stretched in one line on a wide front, were on positions in direct depth of a defense of Western Front on a line Ostashkovo- Olenino-Yelny.
		Since morning on October 3, 30th, 19th Soviet Armies and forces of front reserve incorporated in group under command of the general I.V.Boldin counter-attacted with the purpose to stop the broken Germans and to restore situation.
		Soviet counter-attack, in a strip of Western Front was put during October 3- 5, by forces of front operative group under commander of the general V.I.Boldin, which structure included two Rifle, two Tank (107th and 101th) Divisions and two Tank Brigades (126th and 128th), all about 300 tanks.
	www.serpukhov.su /dima/war/eng/eviz.htm (1345 words)

	The Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union Union
		To the Soviet government, however, the most disquieting manifestation of dissatisfaction with war communism was the rebellion in March 1921 of sailors at the naval base at Kronshtadt (near Petrograd), which had earlier won renown as a bastion of the Bolshevik Revolution.
		Blocking Soviet attainment of these desires were lingering suspicions of communism on the part of the Western powers and concern over the foreign debts incurred by the tsarist government that the Soviet government had unilaterally canceled.
		In 1935 the Soviet Union concluded defensive military alliances with France and Czechoslovakia, and from 1936 to 1939 it gave assistance to antifascists in the Spanish Civil War.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Soviet1.html (6709 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 1999
		In front of the armored spearheads, the Luftwaffe smashed artillery positions, command posts, and resupply columns on the roads in a spectacular reprise of its performance in France the year before.
		The Soviet Southwestern and Southern Fronts formed the Southwest Theater under the aging civil war cavalry hero Marshal Budenny, with eight armies.[10] The difference in the south was very strong Soviet tank forces, echeloned in depth.
		Incomprehensibly, Soviet commanders had elected to fight on the frontiers, inviting encirclement and destruction.[15] Once the Germans were through the front-line defenses, the pace and depth of their attack prevented the Soviets from forming coherent defensive fronts, leaving isolated pockets to be cut off and destroyed.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/99spring/hooker.htm (6004 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C
		The Soviet Union claimed that the creation of the Warsaw Pact was in direct response to the inclusion of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in NATO in 1955.
		Soviet leaders believed that the Warsaw Pact allies would be most likely to remain loyal if the Soviet armed forces engaged in a short, successful offensive operation against NATO while deploying NSWP forces defensively.
		The Soviet Union resorted to occasional propaganda offensives, accusing West Germany of revanchism and aggressive intentions in Eastern Europe, to remind its allies of their ultimate dependence on Soviet protection and to reinforce the Warsaw Pact's cohesion against the attraction of good relations with the West.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html (6968 words)

	Military.com Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Soviet attacks varied in strength from company to brigade level, and while the attackers suffered heavy losses they could afford it more than the defenders.
		Soviet artillery fire was so intense that within hours of the breakthrough all 15 of the armored vehicles that accompanied the 5th Gebirgsjäger to the Citadel were destroyed, and the decision was made to evacuate to the west.
		From the Soviet viewpoint, the battle was a repeat of the failed tactics of the previous winter, with objectives that were too ambitious and reserves that were never committed.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=PRsovietf2 (1855 words)

	Combat HQ - Articles
		Whilst these Soviet views on the conduct of the mechanised offensive were reasonably sound for the era, the tremendous emphasis they placed on precision and co-ordination, and the sheer number of the units involved (often corps level) required a very high level of technological communications which did not exist at that time.
		The contemporary Soviet defence was based upon a system of anti-infantry and anti-tank fire combined with the use of the most advantageous terrain, heavily fortified buildings and obstacles and upon counter-attacks and counter-thrusts by the second echelon with the aim of routing or wedging-in the enemy.
		Tank sub-units comprising the manoeuvre reserve of the combined-arms commander would frequently be used in combination with second-echelon units for the liquidation of the wedged-in enemy and thereby the restoration of the defence.
	www.combatmission.com /articles/soviet/sov_part2.asp (2188 words)

	Soviet Bombing Raids
		The Soviets were prepared, however, and intense AA fire and over 300 searchlights managed to disperse the raiders.
		Although given a high priority, the Soviet raids were never intended to have carry the same weight as the RAF, RCAF and USAAF raids in the west.
		It is kind of ironic that while the bombing of Germany's capital was left mainly to the airmen operating from southern England, it was the humble Soviet infantryman that dealt the city's final death blow, capturing it block by bloodily contested block.
	zhukov.mitsi.com /sovietbombers.htm (1969 words)

	Soviet Offensive Ground Doctrine Since 1845 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Soviets discuss the postwar years by dividing them into separate periods, each period characterized by distinct doctrinal and technological features that are reflected in the Soviet military force structure.
		Soviet postwar military doctrine fully incorporated the doctrine expressed in the Field Service Regulations (USTAVs) of 1944, amended by the experiences of the campaigns of 1945 and in particular by the Vistula-Oder offensive and the Manchurian campaign.
		Above all, the Soviets, from their study on the theme of the beginning period of war, have concluded that surprise is absolutely essential; strategically regarding timing and operationally and tactically regarding the form and nature of the offensive.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1983/mar-apr/glantz.htm (6498 words)

	The Karelian Isthmus front-line, 1 February 1940
		The Soviet forces had suffered grievous losses on the repeated frontal assaults against the Finnish defense-lines throughout December and the first days of the year 1940.
		The 21st division was moved behind the III Corps, to act as a strategic reserve, and the 23rd was moved behind the IV Corps, fighting on the northern shores of Lake Ladoga.
		The result was, that on the chosen 40 km long front, the approximate Soviet strength per kilometer of front was between 2 - 4,5 infantry battalions and 50 - 70 artillery pieces.
	www.winterwar.com /Maps/Frontline2.htm (873 words)

	[No title]
		The Soviet counterattack at Staraya Russa by the 34th Army succeeds in caving in the flank of the German 10th Corp. Three German divisions are threatened with encirclement on the south bank of Lake Illmen.
		The remnants of the old West Front and the Reserve Front are combined to form the new West Front under General Zhukov’s command.
		Soviet resistance in the Vyazma pocket collapses as the last remnants of the outer defenses to Moscow are destroyed.
	www.bartcop.com /411028.htm (13230 words)

	WWII Battle of Kursk: Mine/Countermine operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The major Soviet planning error, as Marshal Zhukov later admitted, was that they anticipated the major German attack would be against the north face of the salient, when in fact the stronger German forces were on the south face.
		With deliveries of such quantities of equipment, the Soviets were able not only to replace their losses of tanks and self-propelled artillery in the units but also to organize new units and build up reserve supplies in depots and front and army replacement units -- a luxury which the Germans did not have.
		If substantial Soviet forces were able to withdraw to the next line, joining the forces there and the corps and army reserves arriving, the defending forces would soon outnumber the attacker at that point.
	www.geocities.com /armysappersforward/kursk.htm (16040 words)

	Battle of Moscow - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Battle of Moscow refers to the defense of the Soviet capital of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive against the German army, between October 1941 and January 1942, during the Great Patriotic War.
		The Soviet defence conditions were catastrophic, and the casualties were enormous.
		The Soviets are estimated to have lost 500,000 troops during the defensive phase of the battle, and another 140,000 during the counter-offensive.
	www.free-definition.com /Battle-of-Moscow.html (889 words)

	Barbarossa Scenario
		This exercise is repeated after the Soviet player's 30th turn (creating a 4x7 battlefield, with German victory at 35 turns), and the 45th turn (creating a 4x8 battlefield, with German victory at 50 turns).
		With foxholes dug into the swamp, the Soviet defense was tough, and the swamp made the Germans reluctant to enter with an armored or half-track unit.
		The Soviet reserve was wearing thin, and the Germans had about 2/3 of the battlefield filled with 2 and 3 unit positions, with a good 15 or 20 solid units waiting to be brought forward.
	members.tripod.com /~Charlemagne64/redbeard.html (2083 words)

	The Karelian Isthmus front-line 13 March 1940
		Despite of the Soviet dominance in the air, the Soviet troops on the ice were attacked by strafing fighters and bombers, who made several sorties every day.
		The resulting Soviet bridgeheads in Vilaniemi and Häränpääniemi were contained by heroic efforts from a mixed variety of small sub-units (Groups Berg and Varko) and badly mauled regiments.
		In the Taipale area, all Soviet attacks were stopped throughout the war, although the Soviets had managed to push the defense line back a little.
	www.winterwar.com /Maps/Frontline3.htm (771 words)

	Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943
		By the summer of 1943, Soviet tactical defenses had evolved from their noncontiguious nature to a dense, deeply echeloned trench defense system, providing greater protection for infantry and a more secure environment maneuver of forces and fire support weaponry along the front and in the depth of the defense (see figure 8).
		Soviet divisional artillery fire stripped the accompanying infantry from the tanks and destroyed ten of the tanks.
		Soviet superiority in equipment, at least in numbers, was greater than in the past and important for the outcome of the strategic operation.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp (13301 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Background
		The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 but was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces supplied and trained by the US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others.
		The surprising first round success of the fundamentalist FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) party in the December 1991 balloting caused the army to intervene, crack down on the FIS, and postpone the subsequent elections.
		The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2028.html (15472 words)

	Semyon Budyonny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1920 Budyonny's Cavalry Army took part in the invasion of Poland in the Polish-Soviet War, whichresulted in a heavy defeat for the Bolsheviks outside Warsaw, mainly because Budyonny'sArmy was bogged down at Lwow (now L'viv).Budyonny was then sent south to fight the Whites in Ukraine and the Crimea.
		In 1941 Budyonny was put in charge of the south-western front, facing the German invasion of Ukraine which beganin June.
		He was placed in charge of the Reserve Front and later of the Soviet Cavalry.
	www.therfcc.org /semyon-budyonny-257530.html (558 words)

	The MOUT Homepage
		The Soviet Union’s Frunze Military Academy compiled the information contained in this book for their command and general staff combat arms officers in order to capture the lessons of Soviet tactical leaders learned in Afghanistan and to explain the change in tactics that followed.
		A reconnaissance patrol moved 300 meters in front of the column.
		The battalion’s sub-units, which were prepared to conduct a sweep, conducted an approach march along a single march route, which was so constricted as to prevent maneuver by the sub-units.
	www.specialoperations.com /mout/soviet1.html (761 words)

	1.JmA - NKVD troops in the front line
		After the major Soviet counter-offensive in winter of 1941-1942 dozens of cities, towns and villages were recaptured, and, according to the State Committee of Defence Decree dated January 4, 1942, strong garrisons of fresh NKVD troops were to be deployed in the liberated areas, with a possibility of future participation in combat.
		Maslennikov’s troops broke through the Panther-Line in July 1944, and maintained heavy pressure on the Germans until the front was disbanded on the 16th of October 1944, and it was in July that Maslennikov was awarded the rank of Army General.
		This unit participated within the ranks of 18th Army in the crushing assault on the port of Novorossijsk on the Taman peninsula in autumn 1943, landing in the city with the seaborne element of the operation and breaching the German defences.
	www.1jma.dk /articles/1jmaarticlesNKVD.htm (3356 words)

	GMT GAMES East Front Series: Typhoon!/Barbarossa:AGS Retrofit
		Treat the Soviet 199 Naval and 200 Naval arty units as super-heavy arty per Barbarossa rules.
		Front side (mobile mode) -- range box blank, support factor zero, defenseense factor one, Green MA of two on both units.
		These units function identically in all respects to the other Soviet air units except that unless released by expending the air point, they are limited to conducting missions within ten hexes of any Moscow hex (count the Moscow hex -- do not count the air mission hex).
	www.gmtgames.com /bags/gmtefret.htm (1701 words)

	Soviet Airborne and Airmobile
		Soviet airlift has decided limits, which probably means that airborne divisions will be used minus their BMDs.
		Soviet citizens know when they see the blue berets of the VDV that party time is over.
		In a significant departure from normal Soviet practice, the training commanders would be majors training men for their own units in Afghanistan.
	www.sovietairborne.com /VDV.html (2939 words)

	HobbyTerra - Excellent scale model kits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The second part of the book narrating about the Battle for Smolensk is devoted to preparing and conducting the Briansk and Reserve Fronts counter-blows at attacking German troops.
		The offensive operation by the Reserve Front's 24th Army commanded by Army General G. Zhukov ended in serious success for the first time since the Great Patriotic War had been started.
		On September 6, 1941 Elnia was redeemed and by September 8 the whole Elnia salient had been eliminated.
	www.hobbyterra.com /book.asp?idBook=31 (112 words)

	[No title]
		The vast quantity of nuclear weapons and weapon materials in Russia and other nations of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) presents the greatest risk of theft or diversion.
		At its peak, there may have been as many as 45,000 nuclear warheads in the Soviet stockpile.1 Today, about 10,000 warheads are still deployed, and there may be another 10,000 warheads in reserve or awaiting dismantlement.2 A large fraction of the rest have been dismantled, but most of their nuclear materials are still in storage.
		From the very outset of the civil war, the Soviet Union refused to take part in the international naval patrols around Spain, preferring to 'entrust this to the imperialist powers -- Britain and France.
	www.lycos.com /info/soviet-union--cold-war.html (325 words)

	Axis History Factbook: 707. Infanterie-Division
		Infanterie-Division was formed Apr 1941 and was sent to the Eastern front in Oct 1941.
		It served mainly behind the lines and as a reserve unit.
		It took part in the defence against the Soviet attack on Heeresgruppe Mitte in June 1944 suffering very heavy losses as the remains were disbanded.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=3975 (124 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the second echelon of front, in Smolensk area, 16th Army arrived from reserve of the Soviet High Command of the general of M. Lukin.
		This Soviet offensive was stopped by German reserves from the west (53rd Army Corps), which in turn as a result of active actions of the Soviet armies has appeared held down here on long time.
		The general plan was reduced to deal blows on three directions from areas to the south of Bely, Yartsevo and Roslavle on converging directions on Smolensk with a task in interaction with forces of 20th and 16th Armies rout the opponent in areas to the north and to the south of Smolensk.
	www.personal.utulsa.edu /~phillip-sheehan/files/battle.doc (2155 words)

	Research
		The 39th Guards Rifle Division was part of the 62nd Soviet Army, which was formed from the inactive 7th Reserve Army in July of 1942.
		According to official Soviet histories from the Battle of Stalingrad, the 39th was officially credited with entering the "Stalingrad Theater" on August 12th, 1942 and they would stay through February 2nd, 1943.
		They then advanced as far as Magnuszew, and captured a major bridgehead on the Vistula River, which was the key for the Soviet advance towards Silesia, central Poland and the German border.
	www.reenactor.net /units/39guards/history.html (771 words)

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