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Topic: Soviet union invades afghanistan

	Soviet war in Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With Afghanistan in a dire situation during which the country was under assault by an externally supported rebellion, the Soviet Union deployed the 40th Army in response to previous requests from the government of Afghanistan.
		The operation by the Soviets was not legally considered an invasion, and the Soviet Union claimed that the labelling of it as such was only as a result of anti-Soviet US propaganda.
		The Soviet Army was unfamiliar with such fighting, had no anti-guerrilla training, and their weaponry and military equipment, particularly armored cars and tanks, was sometimes ineffective or vulnerable in the mountainous environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_Union_invades_Afghanistan (4285 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
		Soviet troops ultimately withdrew from the area between May 15, 1988 and February 2, 1989.
		Western analysts at the time also believed that the Soviet Union's presence in Afghanistan was motivated by a desire to bring its forces closer to a strategic choke-point: the mouth of the Persian gulf, the conduit for most of the world's oil supertankers.
		Afghanistan is separated from the Arabian Sea by the sparsely populated Pakistani province of Baluchistan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Soviet-Union-invades-Afghanistan (1893 words)

	Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Some believe the Soviet of Afghanistan was intended to prevent constituent in the southern Soviet Union from breaking At the time of the invasion Iran had recently staged an Islamic revolution deposing a United States -supported government.
		Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982
		The conflict in Afghanistan is one from which the whole world must learn, The extensive media coverage that accompanied its every nuance was often dealing with the circumstances current at the time and was unable, of course, to view events retrospectively...
	www.freeglossary.com /Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan (1318 words)

	Central and North Asia, 1900 A.D.-present \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After the breakup of the Soviet Union, artists of the new independent republics become active in producing creative work that is socially and politically critical—one that expresses their unique concerns.
		In 1922, once the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed, the decision is made for the latter and in 1924 the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan are born.
		The Afghans conclude a Treaty of Friendship with the new Bolshevik regime of the Soviet Union.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/11/nc/ht11nc.htm (2167 words)

	Afghanistan War
		The Soviet invasion, which sparked Afghan resistance, intially involved an estimated 30,000 troops, a force that ultimately grew to 100,000.
		The conflict largely settled into a stalemate, with Soviet and government forces controlling the urban areas, and the Afghan guerrillas operating fairly freely in mountainous rural regions.
		Soviet citizens had become increasingly discontented with the war, which dragged on without success but with continuing casualties.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0802662.html (542 words)

	[No title]
		the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in a struggle called the Cold War which changed the face of the world in political, economic, and social terms.
		The Soviet Union, who during the war had taken the brunt of the Nazi attack and was socially and economically devastated demanded that Germany pay reparations of $20 billion and that half should go to the USSR for reconstruction.
		After the political struggle in Iran between the U.S. and the USSR the Truman administration feared that the Soviet Union was quickly becoming a major enemy of the United States and that they would have to stop Soviet influence in strategically crucial areas, such as Greece and Turkey.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/coldw.htm (3082 words)

	CNN - Cold War Summaries
		In the Soviet Union, an increasingly suspicious Stalin sends thousands to the Gulag, reinforcing the climate of terror that keeps him in power.
		Red Spring (The Sixties) Premieres January 10, 1999 In the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the denial of liberties and incentive stifles ambition and achievement.
		The Soviet Union finds itself mired in a Vietnam-style conflict causing dissatisfaction at home and hastening the end of the Cold War.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/guides/about.series/texts/summaries.html (1626 words)

	Taliban Timeline
		Munguia was the first foreign aid worker killed in Afghanistan since the Taliban was deposed.
		Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld claims that most of Afghanistan is now secure and that American forces had moved from major combat operations to stabilization and reconstruction projects.
		Between 70 and 100 Taliban fighters were killed during a week of clashes in Afghanistan's southeastern Zabul province.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/taliban-time.html (1910 words)

	USMLM Cold War Timeline
		Soviet Union objects to American domination of any U.N. agency and is unwilling to surrender their veto or accept inspection within the Soviet Union.
		Soviet Union restricts mobility of all foreign diplomats in Moscow to a 25-mile radius.
		Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announces Soviet readiness to eliminate all intermediate-range nuclear weapons including those deployed in the Asian part of the Soviet Union in the context of a United States-Soviet INF treaty.
	www.usmlm.org /home/coldwar/usmlmtimeline.htm (6836 words)

	Addressing Tragedy in the Classroom
		Fascist dictatorships and the Soviet Union offer the first modern examples of state-sponsored terrorism during peacetime, as government authorities began to dispatch assassins and saboteurs to dispatch their enemies.
		Afghanistan was divided in the 16th and 17th centuries between Mughals of India and Safavids of Persia, and in 19th century, it was both disputed area and a buffer zone between British India and the Russian Empire.
		The Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989.
	www.h-net.org /teaching/journals/sept11/mintz/historical.html (2736 words)

	CBSNews.com
		Soviets install their puppet, Babrak Karmal, as ruler of Afghanistan.
		After Afghanistan, the USSR, the U.S. and Pakistan sign a peace treaty, the Soviet Union begins pulling out troops.
		Mujahadeen soon overthrow the Soviet puppet, but continue to fight among themselves for control of the country.
	www.cbsnews.com /htdocs/america_under_attack/terror/timeline.html (613 words)

	Afghanistan: in the valley of drought.
		Bomb craters still scar the ground while flags flutter in the wind, commemorating the shahids—the martyrs of the war against the Soviet Union.
		Afghanistan is a patchwork of ethnic groups and the Jalrez Valley hosts a rare combination.
		In 1974, Afghanistan, one of the world’s 10 poorest countries, had 500,000 school pupils, 15,000 teachers (2,000 of them women), 350 schools for girls and 2,500 for boys.
	www.unesco.org /courier/2001_02/uk/doss7.htm (1393 words)

	History from 1747-1978 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The British are defeated and withdraw from Afghanistan.
		Afghanistan votes against a Pakistan memberhsip in the UN.
		The Soviet Union immediately recognizes the new communist government and later in the year invades Afghanistan to support the communist rule.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mvcarmac/history.html (359 words)

	U.S. Sponsors the Enslavers of Afghan Women
		Afghanistan’s 1978 “April Revolution” launched by modernizing petty-bourgeois elements proposed to carry out a modest land reform and introduce some democratic rights, among them legal equality and education for women.
		When the Soviet Union intervened in December 1979 to stave off a collapse of the embattled Afghan government, U.S. president Jimmy Carter responded by launching Cold War II.
		In the early Soviet Union, the heroic fight of Central Asian Bolshevik women and men to smash feudalist counterrevolution ultimately required the intervention of the Red Army to smash the Basmachi rebellion.
	www.internationalist.org /afghanwomen1001.html (1747 words)

	Wide Angle . Bitter Harvest \| PBS
		Afghanistan accounts for roughly 79 percent of the world's opium and heroin trade and over half of the Afghan drug traffic goes through its neighbors to the north, in poverty-stricken Central Asia, according to the United Nations Drug Control Programme.
		Founded in 1998 by underground mullah Tohir Yuldashev and Afghan War vet Juma Namangani, the IMU declares as its goal the overthrow of the repressive regime of Uzbekistan's President Islam Karimov -- one with a long track record of persecuting practicing Uzbek Muslims -- and the establishment of an Islamic state.
		The group fought with the Taliban and al-Qaeda against U.S. forces during the war in Afghanistan and is believed to have received funding both from Osama bin Laden and Saudi sources.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/shows/centralasia (433 words)

	CBSNews.com
		The United States and the Soviet Union sign SALT II, which restricts the number of strategic offensive weapons.
		The United States does not ratify the treaty after the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in December.
		The United States and the Soviet Union sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which requires the elimination of all intermediate-range missiles (IRMs), shorter-range missiles (SRMs) and associated equipment.
	www.cbsnews.com /htdocs/nuclear_weapons/timeline_two.html (836 words)

	Global Connections . Related Links \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		December 24, 1979: The Soviet military invades and occupies Afghanistan, beginning a decade-long conflict.
		The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in an effort to stabilize its government and support socialism.
		The conflict lasts 10 years and is often referred to as the Soviet Union's Vietnam.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/timeline/text/links/event_499.html (65 words)

	NATO Update - 1979
		In spite of some progress in the field of arms control, Soviet forces had continued to be strengthened while Alliance defence spending and force levels had remained static for some years.
		These anxieties become more acute when the Soviet Union begins the rapid deployment of the SS-20, multiple warhead, intermediate-range nuclear missiles, most of which are targeted on Western Europe.
		On 27 December 1979, the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in order to preserve the Marxist regime that had taken power in the country the year before.
	www.nato.int /docu/update/70-79/1979e.htm (532 words)

	The Cold War
		Soviet Union, United States, Great Britain, and France divide Berlin and Germany into four zones of occupation, a decision made during the Yalta conference.
		1955 The Warsaw Pact is formed by the Soviet Union and communist countries in eastern Europe as a military defense organization to counter NATO.
		1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I) is signed by the Soviet Union and the United States, limiting the proliferation of weapons, including nuclear missiles.
	www.factmonster.com /timelines/coldwar.html (573 words)

	History 2710 MacKay 2005
		The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was founded in 1922 with four republics.
		The cold war began with mistrust between the Soviet Union and the western democracies as early as the Russian Revolution.
		The west did not invite the Soviets to the Munich Conference which decided the fate of Czechoslovakia in the years leading up to World War II, even though the Soviet Union had a security pact with Czechoslovakia.
	faculty.weber.edu /kmackay/history_2710_2005unit12.htm (559 words)

	[No title]
		Seventy thousand Soviet soldiers will die in the course of the conflict. 1980 — Muhammad al-Sadr & his sister are executed by Saddam Hussein — al Sadr had advocated the establishment of an Islamic State in Iraq.
		In 1996 al-Qaeda moves its headquarters to Afghanistan under the protection of the Taliban, a radical group of Arabs who establish a strict Islamic state in Afghanistan.
		To the contrary, he is deceiving.” He goes on to claim that the Iraqi leader “has shown utter contempt for the United Nations and the opinion of the world.” He announces he is ready to attack Iraq, even without a UN mandate.
	www.homestead.com /coachburke/Terrorism2.doc (6944 words)

	After Afghanistan/Bin Laden
		Sharansky is deputy prime minister of Israel and a former Soviet dissident.
		One of the principles of just-war theory is "proportionality," and the restricted total tonnage of the first strike suggests this principle is being followed.
		Bin Laden graduates college and relocates to Afghanistan to aid the mujahedeen against Soviet forces, using his considerable means and family's construction empire to deliver food, ammunition, weapons, and medical supplies to the guerillas.
	www.aijac.org.au /updates/Oct-01/111001.html (4990 words)

	The Breadwinner
		Men are forced to grow long beards, the national sport of Afghanistan is outlawed, all forms of political and religious dissent is absolutely forbidden, and so forth.
		The recently adopted Afghan constitution states that "the citizens of Afghanistan - whether man or woman- have equal rights and duties before the law".
		So far, women have been allowed to return back to work, the government no longer forces them to wear the all covering burqa, and they even have been appointed to prominent positions in the government.
	faculty.tamu-commerce.edu /kroggenkamp/AfghanistanTimeline.htm (594 words)

	Chronology of Major Events in Afghanistan - MSNBC Wire Services - MSNBC.com
		_1979: The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, sparking a decade-long civil war with anti-communist mujahedeen forces supplied and trained by the United States.
		_1989: The Soviets withdraw after about 15,000 of their troops are killed, leaving in place a pro-Moscow government.
		22, 2002: Hamid Karzai, an ethnic Pashtun who leads one of the largest tribes in southern Afghanistan, is sworn in as head of a six-month interim government.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6199787/from/RL.1 (449 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		1979Soviet Union invades Afghanistan as Soviet-backed government there is weakened by Islamist forces; US sides with and provides arms to the rebels, ending détente.
		USSR responds.1982-85Era of “Funeral Diplomacy”: Three Soviet Party Secretaries (Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko), along with a number of prominent Western current and former heads of state/government, die.
		This double-zero response was a surprise.July 1988Gorbachev begins restructuring of Soviet domestic institutions under a process known as “perestroika (restructuring [of government-economy relations]).” Parallel process of “glastnost (openness in political life).”August 1989Polish Communist governing party defeated in elections; Lech Walesa’s ‘Solidarity’ party sweeps to power.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~lpowner/wpdocs/coldwar.doc (887 words)

	The Second Anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A brilliant strategist and an uncompromising fighter, Massoud [was] the bane of the Soviet
		The civil war in Afghanistan opened the path for the arrival
		Unfortunately for the people of Afghanistan, the people of the United States, and the people of the world,
	members.aol.com /massoudbeliever/AnniversaryYearTwo.html (389 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Khadr
		There had been allegations that Abdullah ran an al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan while he was a teenager in the 1990s.
		The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, which provokes the declaration of a holy war.
		Ahmed Said travels to Afghanistan to fight against Soviet forces as a volunteer.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/khadr/timeline.html (1438 words)

	Scotsman.com News - International - Al-Qaeda timeline
		MAY: Bin Laden splits from the MAK and founds a new more militant group - al-Qaeda (the 'foundation' or 'base') - that is intended to spread Islamic revolution beyond the borders of Afghanistan.
		JANUARY: Bin Laden and his followers are expelled from Sudan after a series of incidents are attributed to al-Qaeda, including the attempted assassination of Egypt's President Mubarak.
		Al-Qaeda and Taliban units are devastated by air and ground attacks and, although never confirmed, it is suspected that Bin Laden is killed.
	news.scotsman.com /international.cfm?id=306832004 (819 words)

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