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Topic: Soviet collectivism

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	Freedom not War
		What Stalin did in the old Soviet Union, when he killed or politically murdered millions of his own people, in societal purges, was done in the name of communism or socialism, and also was said to be done for the good of the Soviet Socialist State, or collectivism.
		Collectivism and collectivist thinking have brought about totalitarianism, in countries like Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and China, they were, and China still is, a virtual police state.
		To my way of thinking, China and the old Soviet Union possessed the ultimate form of Fascism, with a State run Economy, they both have or had a ruling-class and a working-class and the ruling-class is or was the State, or Ruling Elite, or the Leaders of the Government.
	www.freedom4ever.net /freedom_not_war.htm (875 words)

	Economy of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to Soviet reports, roughly 110 million Soviet workers took part in discussions in the final period of state planning in the late-1980s and early-1990s (even though such participation was mostly limited to a rubber-stamping of prepared statements during huge pre-staged meetings).
		The Soviet Union became the world's leading producer of oil, coal, iron ore, and cement; manganese, gold, natural gas and other minerals were also of major importance.
		Organized on a large scale and highly mechanized, the Soviet Union was one of the world's leading producers of cereals, although bad harvests (as in 1972 and 1975) necessitated imports and slowed the economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_collectivism (2949 words)

	Anniversary of Soviet Collapse Reminds Us of Danger of Collectivism, Relativism
		Collectivism is the principle that subsumes the individual completely to the state.
		Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union, some Western Sovietologists argued such high numbers could not possibly be true, but revelations from post-Soviet Russia clearly showed that if anything, the extent of Stalin's crimes had been underestimated in the West.
		The former Soviet republics will take decades to recover from the effects of 70 years of Soviet domination, but the U.S.S.R. also had an enormous impact on politics in the United States.
	www.leftwatch.com /soviet_union/soviet_001.html (948 words)

	Soviet collectivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), all but a handful of the 15 former Soviet republicshave dismantled their Soviet-style economies (see Transition from economic planning in the former Soviet Union).
		The Soviet Union became the world's leading producer of oil, coal, ironore, cement, and steel ; manganese, gold, natural gas and other minerals were also of major importance.
		Agriculture was organized into a system of state and collective farms.Organized on a large scale and highly mechanized, the Soviet Union was one of the world's leading producers of cereals, althoughbad harvests (as in 1972 and 1975) necessitatedimports and slowed the economy.
	www.therfcc.org /soviet-collectivism-11607.html (2041 words)

	Sample Chapter for Hessler, J.: A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Soviet scholars, by contrast, stressed the extent to which the reforms were consistent with Lenin's, Stalin's, and, indeed, socialism's long-term goals of modernization and economic growth.
		Soviet trade policy was on a hair trigger; the policy preferences of Lenin, and especially Stalin, drew on economic rationality, but their political culture was steeped in the mentality, privations, and struggles of the civil war.
		This is not to say that Soviet society became a consumer society; the preoccupations with marking status and expressing individuality through consumption choices, identified by several commentators as essential components of modern consumerism, remained restricted to a small minority of the buying public.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7742.html (4706 words)

	Economy of the Soviet Union biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		According to Soviet reports, roughly 110 million Soviet workers took part in discussions in the final period of state planning in the late-1980s and early-1990s.
		The Soviet economy became the largest and the strongest after that of the United States.
		The Soviet Union became the world's leading producer of oil, coal, iron ore, cement, and steel; manganese, gold, natural gas and other minerals were also of major importance.
	www.biography.ms /Soviet_collectivism.html (2248 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Soviet Bloc was similar in a lot of ways to other 'idealized' ways to make the entire world better, doing a lot of de mage in the process.
		The Soviets were not monsters who only destoried society, as sometimes they are portrayed; they encouraged national nationalistic artistic development and modernization within the less developed national socialist republics.
		Jeans were not easily come by in the soviet union, and the possesion of them was almost a social status which shows a quiet rebellion against the system.
	members.shaw.ca /t.chu/103/02oct.htm (1130 words)

	ipedia.com: Economy of the Soviet Union Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Despite immense land resources, extensive machinery and chemical industries, and a large rural work force, Soviet agriculture was relatively unproductive, hampered in many areas by the climate (only 10 percent of the Soviet Union's land was arable), and poor worker productivity.
		Although the Soviet Union was the world's second leading agricultural producer and ranked first in the production of numerous commodities, agriculture was a net drain on the economy.
		The Soviet currency was non-convertible between 1926 and 1937.
	www.ipedia.com /economy_of_the_soviet_union.html (2178 words)

	Reply to Report on Anthem: A Defense of Collectivism
		Just as Ayn Rand appears to have thought she was writing against collectivism, the CIB Man appears to have thought this is the same as Communism.
		In the Soviet Union, children were tested to see what they had an aptitude for and what society would need in coming years, and were trained appropriately.
		Collectivism cannot be understood by reading Rand any more than one could get an adequate understanding of politics from my high school government teacher, who taught that Anarchism is a form of totalitarianism, or my university ROTC brigade commander, who told me he would personally kill anyone under his command who exhibited National Socialist tendencies.
	www.geocities.com /c_ansata/Anthem.html (4223 words)

	collectivism vs. individualism
		"Collectivism holds that the individual has no rights, that his life and work belong to the group (to "society," to the tribe, the state, the nation) and that the group may sacrifice him at its own whim to its own interests.
		Collectivism means the subjugation of the individual to a group -- whether to a race, class or state does not matter.
		Collectivism holds that man must be chained to collective action and collective thought for the sake of what is called `the common good.´ Throughout history, no tyrant ever rose to power except on the claim of representing `the common good.´ Napoleon `served the common good´ of France.
	freedomkeys.com /collectivism.htm (5838 words)

	Bureaucratic collectivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trotsky held that the Soviet Union was a degenerated workers state and that if it did not undergo a new workers' political revolution, it could move towards a new form of society, such as bureaucratic collectivism.
		However, Trotsky doubted that a state of pure bureaucratic collectivism would ever be reached; he believed that, in the absence of a proletarian revolution to return the Soviet Union to socialism, a comprehensive counter-revolution would return the nation to capitalism instead.
		The theory of bureaucratic collectivism was maintained by socialists such as Hal Draper, and is now held by sections of Solidarity in the USA and Workers Liberty in the United Kingdom and Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism (599 words)

	Grant Schuyler's essay "Collectivism and Communism"
		Collectivization returned to high gear in the early 1930s when Stalin collectivized Soviet agriculture.
		Forced collectivization of farms and industrial enterprises worked so badly that by 1960 the Soviets were giving bonuses to workers and factories who produced beyond the quota established in the Five-Year Plan.
		Most of the Soviet Union's food came from private plots tended by caring farmers, though this land was actually only a minor fraction of the acreage devoted to agriculture in the collectives.
	home.ca.inter.net /~grantsky/collectivism.html (1283 words)

	Mikhail Epstein
		In the Soviet Union, de-ideologization means the end of the "particular" ideology which originally had a definite class character, social ideals, and aimed to inspire the proletariat to launch a socialist revolution and construct communism.
		Soviet Marxist ideology has proven rich enough to acquire fiery souls hating capitalism and striving for "the bright future," rich enough to appropriate the mighty forces of progress and youth in the world.
		Paradoxically, the Soviet scholarly community most closely approaches the specificity of ideological language when treating its Western counterpart__the tricks and devices of "bourgeois propaganda." The same "tools of deception" which are used in "bourgeois propaganda" provide insights into the subjectivity, logical traps, predominance of value judgements, and other pitfalls of Soviet propaganda.
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/ideolanguage2.html (12024 words)

	Laos Foreign Policy
		The most obvious recent example is the economic collapse and political breakup of the Soviet Union and the consequent retrenchment of its economic assistance throughout Indochina.
		The hundreds of training years provided in the Soviet Union did not produce a solid base of junior diplomatic officers intellectually prepared to move easily among UN economic development agencies or in Western state capitals.
		Following the economic collapse of the Soviet Union, Laos has become heavily dependent upon the advice and contributions of UN agencies and the readiness of regional states such as Australia, Japan, and Thailand to invest in its economy.
	www.country-studies.com /laos/foreign-policy.html (1477 words)

	Marburg Journal of Religion (December 1999) Elliot Harvey Shaw
		In undertaking such a contextualised comparative textual analysis, we seek to show that the scholar of religion and culture does not work in isolation but in creative tension with his or her context and that context is a fundamentally important factor in contributing to the shaping of ideas and texts.
		In his analysis of the courage to be a part Tillich identifies Soviet collectivism as an important example of a social system that enables the individual to cope with the anxiety of nonbeing through submerging the identity of the individual into the collective.
		In 1950 the Soviet Union is described as the "most oppressive of all social systems"; in 1952 it is "a system of enslavement of everyone, even of those who enslave the others." Here the depiction of the Soviet Union has undergone a transition from being an oppressive system to being a slave state.
	web.uni-marburg.de /religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/shaw.html (4962 words)

	What Ivan really saw on the eastern front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In this narrow sense, the Brest fortress is much like many other Soviet war monuments: although grandiose and impressive, and although certainly reflective of the scale of wartime suffering, they don't always tell the whole truth about the Soviet experience of war.
		The first is her own, or rather our own: Western popular and official perceptions of the "semi-Asiatic" Soviet soldier who, according to a pamphlet prepared by the US Department of the Army in 1950, "is subject to moods which to a Westerner are incomprehensible; he acts by instinct.
		The Soviet Union because of it's size, materiel resources and form of government was the true great enemy of the US and the only one ever likely to get across the oceans to us.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1618559/posts (3322 words)

	On Bureaucratic Collectivism
		The question of whether the burgeoning Soviet bureaucracy was best understood as "class" or "caste" was ultimately fended off by Trotsky who anticipated a revolutionary upsurge at the end of World War II which would reduce the issue to one of historic curiosity without practical significance.
		The collapse of state collectivization in the East and its parallel shrinkage in the West is of comparatively recent circumstance.
		The corporate bureaucracy, moreover, fails to evolve in the direction of class autonomy, because as soon as it acquires capital it is reabsorbed into the preexisting network of social relations and is subject to the same social parameters as the organizational property form which gave birth to it.
	www.wpunj.edu /~newpol/issue23/finger23.htm (4083 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Ronald Reagan: The Evil Empire
		It is that the Soviet Union would remain a one-party nation even if an opposition party were permitted because everyone would join the opposition party....
		It is the Soviet Union that runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens.
		Were it not for the private sector, the tiny private sector tolerated in Soviet agriculture, the country might be on the brink of famine.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1982reagan1.html (1993 words)

	Land of the Shamans
		His attempts were persistently thwarted by Soviet authorities until his death in 1988, but "Tuva or Bust," written later by Leighton, along with the Friends of Tuva association Leighton founded in honor of his late friend, continues to revive international interest in the Tuvan landscape and culture.
		Although Tuva was not annexed by the Soviets until 1944, its Moscow-educated authorities fell increasingly under the influence of their Communist brothers in the Kremlin.
		Even after becoming an independent republic within the Soviet Union in 1962, the intellectual tyranny of Soviet collectivism forced Tuvans to deny their independent identity.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2000/07/22/106-print.html (1737 words)

	SovMusic.ru - Soviet Music
		You are browsing a resource which is devoted first of all to the history and culture of the Soviet Union, the country which the West for a long time usually named as "The Empire of Evil", the country to which some people in the West perceive as "something big and snowy".
		Cheerful and optimistically by its nature, the Soviet music was spreading a cult of friendship, collectivism, mutual assistance and respect to the working people.
		But nevertheless it is possible to tell with confidence, that the purposes, which were set upon the Soviet culture, namely spiritual education of the new, Soviet person, were achieved in much ways.
	www.sovmusic.ru /english (505 words)

	Guggenheim Museum - Curriculum Online
		Then called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union, it included a number of now independent nations, such as Estonia and Kazakhstan.
		From the Soviet perspective, collectivism allowed the fruits of society’s labors to be fairly distributed.
		This new country, the Soviet Union, was the first world communist state.
	www.guggenheim.org /artscurriculum/lessons/russian_history.php (643 words)

	A child of the 'Reagan revolution' grateful for inheritance \| csmonitor.com
		Collectivism was the great idea of the 20th century, and opposition to it was the unifying element of Reagan's thought.
		Soviet socialism, what Reagan called the "Evil Empire," was only the most grotesque example of collectivism taken to its extreme limit.
		Not only was Reagan prophetic in forecasting the Soviet demise, he was prescient in the strategy he employed to hasten it.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0607/p09s01-coop.html (1208 words)

	Introduction -- Theories of Stalinism
		In the aftermath of the revolution the Soviet workers’ state degenerated rapidly: workers’ gains were stripped away and the international revolution was dammed up and defeated.
		It startlingly contradicted the early Bolshevik understanding that the Soviet revolution had achieved not socialism but rather a workers’ state (or “dictatorship of the proletariat”) governing a society transitional to socialism.
		The idea that the Soviet system is neither capitalist, socialist nor transitional between the two is an empirical, common-sense view held by theorists who agree only on what the Soviet Union is not.
	www.lrp-cofi.org /book/intro.html (6163 words)

	STAR TREK for Communists
		To a Soviet TV audience of the late 1960s, this was shockingly broad-minded—the closest thing to having an "alien" like Spock aboard.
		Brezhnev was known for his enthusiasm for show business and the Soviet space program (and graft and booze and mistresses and diamonds and expensive foreign cars, but that's another story).
		I'm sure there are a lot of Star Trek fans out there who might be upset at learning that their favorite show had been pitilessly exploited by mono-brow cultural commissars intent only on staging a politically palatable puppet show for a boozed-up party hack.
	www.stim.com /Stim-x/0996September/Automedia/soviet.html (1142 words)

	Science and Society: OVERVIEW PAGE
		The socialist states were the main support of secular and developmental forces, both democratic and otherwise, throughout Central Asia, and their disappearance left those forces exposed and isolated.
		I remember a session of a left professional organization, in 1992, at which a representative of Solidarity, a decidedly third-camp group, was extolling the marvelous victory for the workers of the world afforded by the fall of Soviet bureaucratic collectivism and state capitalism.
		Most of the audience consisted of people who were deeply suspicious of the "socialist" characterization and doubtful about many aspects of Soviet reality; virtually all would have pointed to the dearth of civil liberties there and would insist upon the centrality of personal and intellectual freedoms to the socialist project.
	www.scienceandsociety.com /editorial_spr04.html (997 words)

	Hal Draper: The Two Souls of Socialism (Chap.9) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the 1930’s, the mystique of the “Plan,” taken over in part from Soviet propaganda, became prominent in the right wing of the social-democracy, with Henri de Man hailed as its prophet and as successor to Marx.
		The tendency toward the collectivization of capitalism is indeed a reality: as we have seen, it means the bureaucratic collectivization of capitalism.
		This type of neo-Stalinist ideologist is often critical of the actual Soviet regime – a good example is Deutscher, who remains as far as possible from being an uncritical apologist for Moscow like the official Communists.
	marxists.org /archive/draper/1966/twosouls/9-6strains.htm (2393 words)

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