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Topic: Soviet coup attempt of 1991

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	Soviet coup attempt of 1991 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Soviet Coup of 1991, also known as the August Putsch, Vodka Putsch or August Coup, a group of hardliners within the Soviet Communist party briefly deposed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country.
		The coup leaders were conservatives who felt that Gorbachev's reform program had gone too far and that a new union treaty that he had negotiated dispersed too much of the central government's power to the republics.
		On December 25, 1991, a now-defeated Gorbachev announced his resignation as Soviet president; the red hammer and sickle flag of the USSR was lowered from the Kremlin and replaced with the tricolour flag of the Russian state; the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991 (1257 words)

	President of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The President of the Soviet Union was the Head of State of the USSR from March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991.
		The office had not existed until 1990; previously the head of Soviet state had been the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (Chairman of the All-Union Executive Committee, ВЦИК) from 1922-1938, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1938-1989, then the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet in 1989-90.
		From the mid-1920s on, all effective executive political power was in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the Chairman exercising largely symbolic and figurehead duties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union (747 words)

	Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with KGB Spetsnaz group Alfa, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Vilnius to suppress the free media.
		On March 17, 1991, in a Union-wide referendum 78 % of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.
		On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian republics met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha to issue a declaration that the Soviet Union was dissolved and replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union (2719 words)

	Untitled
		Yeltsin urged the assembled Soviet forces to consider the serious consequences of their actions to themselves and to others whose main goal was developing democracy by peaceful means.
		The coup failed and the BMD commander was sent to another part of the Union before he could accomplish these tasks.
		In late 1991 and into 1992 several attempts were begun to oust the Gorbunovs/Godmanis government, but the efforts were thwarted at the planning stages.
	www.suite101.com /print_article.cfm/international_trade_politics/94212 (873 words)

	Untitled Document
		The History of the Soviet Union commences with the Russian Revolution of 1917 in an effort to implement communism by Vladimir Lenin on a large scale, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when its central government was dissolved.
		Soviets were the bodies of direct popular democracy; although they held no official position of power in the provisional government, they exerted considerable influence over the hearts and minds of the working classes.
		With this in mind, some Soviet and Russia specialists have argued that the Kosygin Reforms of 1965 - not Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s - were the last chance to spare the leadership of the Soviet administrative command economy and to spare the population of the hardships that would surface in the late 1970s.
	www.geocities.com /henry_cup/sov.htm (13219 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 19 \| 1991: Hardliners stage coup against Gorbachev
		News of the coup was broken in an announcement on state radio earlier on Monday.
		In a televised broadcast, the eight coup plotters, who include the heads of the army, the KGB and the police, said they were saving the country from a "national catastrophe".
		He said the coup was a "new reign of terror" and called for civil resistance.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2499000/2499453.stm (383 words)

	Lithuania - History
		One of major German attempts to attract more Lithuanians to their side was attempt of creation of special army unit, which was meant supposedly to defend Lithuania.
		During the Soviet coup attempt of 1991, Soviet military troops took over several communications and other government facilities in Vilnius and other cities, but returned to their barracks when the coup failed.
		This led to the Coup of the Volunteers; however with time the situation was calmed down, and Lithuanian military built to the common standart in the world, with it's air force, navy and land army.
	www.lithuania-look.com /History-3.html (5317 words)

	End of the Soviet Union
		The August 1991 coup, designed to halt the weakening of the centralized USSR, ironically hastened the Union's dissolution.
		On August 23, 1991 Boris Eltsin, as President of the RSFSR, decreed the suspension of the Russian Communist Party on the grounds that it had lent its support to the coup attempt and had otherwise violated Soviet and Russian laws.
		Gorbachev, who upon returning to Moscow after the coup had tried to absolve the party of any blame and announced his intention of continuing his efforts to reform the party, was left with little choice but to resign as General Secretary of the entire (All-Union) party, which he did two days later.
	www.soviethistory.org /index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1991end&Year=1991 (502 words)

	COLD WAR : Encyclopedia Entry
		The period between the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader in 1985 was characterized by a marked "freeze" in relations between the superpowers after the "thaw" of the Détente period of the 1970s.
		This period began at the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader in 1985 and continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
		Conservatives often argue that one major cause of death of the Soviet Union was the massive fiscal spending on military technology that the Soviets saw as necessary in response to NATO's increased armament of the 1980s.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Cold_War (4268 words)

	[No title]
		The coup was in violation of the law and the constitution.
		Through the eyes of people in Moscow (which is NOT all the Soviets) one sees Gorbachev, Yeltsin, the Deputies in the Congress, and the leaders of the various republics all as players in a process of redefining the Soviet Union as some sort of federation of sovereign states.
		As the coup attempt began to crumble, there was anger toward the Communist Party since the leadership had supported the coup attempt.
	eserver.org /history/soviet-diary.txt (5867 words)

	6 The august 1991 coup attempt and the transition to independence
		The failure of the August 1991 coup in the USSR can be regarded as the landmark of the fourth stage of socio-political transition in Moldova.
		The same period between August 1991 and December 1991 was marked by a new crisis in inter-ethnic conflict between the Moldovan majority and the Russophones of left-bank Moldova.
		On 2 September, the outlawed Supreme Soviet of the PMSSR approved the Constitution of the republic, adopting the former socialist Moldovan state emblem and flag as symbols of the Republic of Trans-Dniester (IZ, 2, 3 September 1991; ST, 7 September 1991).
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu12ee/uu12ee0b.htm (5001 words)

	Alpha Group - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Their most notable mission during the Soviet period was the seizure of Amin's palace in Afghanistan on 27 December 1979, the special operation which began the Afghan war.
		During the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 the Alpha group, under the command of Major General Viktor Karpukhin was assigned the task of entering the White House, Russia's parliament building, and killing Boris Yeltsin and the other Russian leaders following a planned assault on the entrance by paratroopers.
		The most recent operation conducted by Alpha was the liberation of Moscow hostages and the killing of 49 well-armed guerrillas in the Moscow theatre siege of 2002, by knocking out everyone in the theater and then executing the disabled terrorists with single shots to the head, none the less several terrorists still managed to escape.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Alpha_Group (874 words)

	The Soviet Estimate: U.S. Analysis of the Soviet Union, 1947-1991
		On December 25, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev, having weathered a dramatic coup attempt earlier that year, resigned the presidency of the Soviet Union, bringing to an end that nation's existence.
		The Soviet Union was the major concern of U.S. national security decisionmakers for more than 40 years, and represented the most important single target of all U.S. intelligence collection efforts.
		The compilation The Soviet Estimate is a gold mine for analyzing Soviet developments on the Cold War, and no less important, contemporary American intelligence assessments of those developments.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/soviet/soviet.html (1539 words)

	[No title]
		What the 1991 coup plotters did not have was a clear plan of action, a set chain of command and the resolve to crush the spontaneous protests by tens of thousands of Muscovites.
		On the morning of the coup, Igor Sherman, the young editor of his city's first independent newspaper, Bryanskoye Vremya, was woken up by a telephone call from his father.
		From the morning of Aug. 19, 1991, as they heard about the coup and the Yeltsin-led opposition forming at the White House, people began converging there and — unarmed — placed themselves in the line of fire should the coup leaders try to storm the building.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /indexes/146.html (867 words)

	CNN - Almanac - February 23, 1998
		In 1966, in Syria, the military seized power in a coup and Dr. Nureddin el-Atassi was named head of state.
		Antonio Tejero and a group of civil guards burst into the Spanish parliament firing shots in a failed coup attempt.
		In 1994, the Russian parliament voted to pardon participants in an armed rebellion against President Boris Yeltsin in October 1993 and a Soviet coup attempt in 1991.
	www.cnn.com /almanac/9802/23 (537 words)

	Free Press News : Printable Format
		The defiant Boris Yeltsin atop an armored vehicle during the Soviet coup attempt of August 1991 is one of the iconic images of our time.
		Broadcast on “Vremya” the first night of the putsch, the image sent a supremely important message to a frightened nation: A coup was under way, yes, but so was peaceful, political resistance.
		Tired Soviet publications such as Ogonyok suddenly were free to look at the world with newly curious eyes.
	www.freepress.net /news/print.php?id=8999 (1033 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		Several analyses also look at the failed Soviet coup of August 1991 as Russia observed the 10th anniversary of the uprising yesterday.
		An editorial in "The Washington Post" says that 10 years after the unsuccessful coup attempt in Russia, the results are mixed: "Most Russians find nothing to celebrate after a decade of attempted reform.
		The paper goes on to suggest the reasons for this indifference, and writes: "For the younger generation, the coup is irrelevant, an echo of a past so distant that it is a foreign land.
	www.rferl.org /features/2001/08/20082001113113.asp (2095 words)

	Internet Relay Chat - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		IRC gained prominence when it was used to report on the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 throughout a media flout.
		Under the original TS protocols, for example, there was no protection against users setting bans or other modes in the losing channel which would then be merged when the split rejoined, even though the users who had set those modes were no longer opped.
		Proxy Detection: Most modern servers support detection of users attempting to connect through an insecure (misconfigured or exploited) proxy, which can then be denied a connection.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Internet_relay_chat (3441 words)

	[No title]
		The Soviet union was created approximately 75 years ago by the descendants of the same Plutocratic families that took control of the world through London a few centuries ago, and then took control of America in the 1800's.
		He proclaimed that the Soviet Union was returning to a Western‑style constitutional government, to freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and a return to free elections with secret ballots.
		The Soviet military and secret police are still intact in all of the Eastern European satellite states, with perhaps the exception of East Germany which has recently been reunited with West Germany.
	www.israelect.com /reference/WillieMartin/WAR-2.htm (17412 words)

	Putin's Career Rooted in Russia's KGB (washingtonpost.com)
		The Soviet Bloc was so far behind, according to a German specialist, that agents at Stasi headquarters often preferred to work on a Western-made Commodore personal computer rather than on their office mainframe.
		Yuri Andropov, the KGB boss and later Soviet leader, had responded in the early 1980s by trying to impose more discipline on the ailing system, and many in the KGB shared his hope it could be saved from within.
		And these weaknesses are, in part, a legacy of the Soviet police state of Putin's early career, when the Communist Party had a monopoly on power.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/putin.htm (3176 words)

	[No title]
		2 At the start of the coup, Press was linked to the USEnet news feed via CSUnet and read a message from his colleague that had been posted in the talk politics.soviet forum of netnews.
		6 As the coup progressed, the Demos staff realized that they could be shut down or imprisoned and began to disperse their computers and communications equipment so that they could transmit from locations other than their headquarters located within a mile from the KGB headquarters.
		Although the coup has ended, the political clout of global computer networks will undoubtedly continue to manifest itself in the future.
	web.mit.edu /e-club/Archive/Moscow/relcom_story_larry_press (662 words)

	CANADA COURIER: Finding the missing link (08/11/96)
		During his convalescence, a researcher-friend from Ukraine continued to send Dr. Bociurkiw copies of documents from the Lviv archives, which were hidden during the failed Soviet coup attempt in August 1991.
		After serving a four-year stint as a Soviet spy overseas during the 1930s, Danylenko returned to the Soviet Union and became head of Stalin's special operations on state security to fight Ukrainian nationalists and the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in 1944.
		By 1946, the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Ukraine was officially dead, as far as the Soviets were concerned.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1996/329616.shtml (825 words)

	This Day in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The coup attempt signified a decline in Gorbachev's power and influence, while one of his most ardent opponents, Boris Yeltsin, came out of the event with more power than ever.
		By August 1991, hard-line elements of the Soviet government and military decided to act and staged a coup against Gorbachev.
		In December 1991, with the Soviet Union crumbling around him, he resigned as leader of the nation.
	www.historychannel.com /tdih/tdih.jsp?category=coldwar&month=10272960&day=10272983 (474 words)

	washingtonpost.com
		Their actions led to a three day coup d'etat which ended in dramatic fashion when Boris Yeltsin, the first popularly elected president in Russian history, stood atop a Soviet tank in defiance of the coup leaders and won the support of the Russian people.
		President Mikhail Gorbachev returned to the seat of power in the Soviet capital following the collapse of the three-day coup and the arrest of members of the disbanded junta.
		The details of President Mikhail Gorbachev's political miscalculations, his capture and his liberation became clearer in the aftermath of the three-day Soviet coup.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/world/shoulders/coup.htm (302 words)

	The official website of former U.S. Congressman Bob McEwen
		Hours later, the new Prime Minister, in his first official act, received the Congressman and Senator prior to meeting with the Soviet representatives of the regime that had occupied that nation for fifty years.
		This action was the spark that encouraged the collapse of Soviet dominated governments throughout Eastern Europe culminating in the destruction of the Berlin Wall ten weeks later.
		Representative McEwen served as an official United States observer in Moscow during both the 1991 Soviet Coup attempt and to the Kremlin in January of 1992 when the Soviet Union was dissolved.
	www.bobmcewen.com (600 words)

	Aleksandr Rutskoy
		He was a prisoner of war held by the mujaheddin, and on his release returned to the Soviet Union as a war hero.
		In 1991 he became the vice president of the RSFSR (now Russia), running on the ticket with Boris Yeltsin, who chose him because of his military experience.
		A hero of the resistance to the August 1991 Soviet coup attempt, Rutskoy raised the Russian flag at the barricades outside the White House (Russia's legislative building).
	www.fortunecity.com /boozers/ferret/451/profiles/arutskoy.htm (398 words)

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